The Influence of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme and Angiotensinogen Gene Polymorphisms on Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Some studies have reported that angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensinogen (AGT) genes have been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, there have been inconsonant results among different studies. To clarify the influence of ACE and AGT on HCM, a systemic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies were performed. The following databases were searched to indentify related studies: PubMed database, the Embase database, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials database, China National Knowledge Information database, and Chinese Scientific and Technological Journal database. Search terms included “hypertrophic cardiomyopathy”, “angiotensin converting enzyme” (ACE) or “ACE” and “polymorphism or mutation”. For the association of AGT M235T polymorphism and HCM, “angiotensin converting enzyme” or “ACE” was replaced with “angiotensinogen”. A total of seventeen studies were included in our review. For the association of ACE I/D polymorphism and HCM, eleven literatures were included in the meta-analysis on association of penetrance and genotype. Similarly, six case-control studies were included in the meta-analysis for AGT M235T. For ACE I/D polymorphism, the comparison of DI/II genotype vs DD genotype was performed in the present meta-analysis. The OR was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.527, 0.998, P = 0.049, power = 94%, alpha = 0.05) after the study which deviated from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium was excluded, indicating that the ACE I/D gene polymorphism might be associated with HCM. The AGT M235T polymorphism did not significantly affect the risk of HCM. In addition, ACE I/D gene polymorphism did not significantly influence the interventricular septal thickness in HCM patients. In conclusion, the ACE I/D polymorphism might be associated with the risk of HCM.     

Association between Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and Prognosis of Kidney Transplantation: A Meta-Analysis

PurposeAngiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) is crucial in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism is a common genetic variation of this gene and is associated with several disease phenotypes. However, the results of published studies on the influence of this polymorphism on renal transplantation are inconsistent. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and prognosis of kidney transplantation.MethodsA meta-analysis was performed based on 21 case–control studies from 12 publications (1497 cases and 2029 controls) and 10 studies with quantitative values from 5 publications (814 patients). Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and weighted mean differences (WMDs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate associations.ResultsACE I/D polymorphism was found to be associated with acute rejection (AR) in genotypes DD+ID versus II (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.14–2.29) and with serum creatinine concentration after renal transplantation in genotypes DD versus ID (WMD = 13.12, 95% CI = 8.09–18.16). Stratified analysis revealed that recipients transplanted within a year had higher serum creatinine concentrations in the DD versus ID model. No significant association was found between hypertension and ACE I/D polymorphism.ConclusionACE I/D polymorphism is associated with AR and allograft function after kidney transplantation.     

IL-4 rs2243250 polymorphism associated with susceptibility to allergic rhinitis: a meta-analysis

Objective: The relationship between IL-4 rs2243250 polymorphism and the risk of allergic rhinitis is not clear at present. The present study aims to evaluate the exact association between IL-4 rs2243250 polymorphism and susceptibility to allergic rhinitis by a meta-analysis.Methods: The studies about IL-4 rs2243250 polymorphism associated with susceptibility to allergic rhinitis were searched using PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and China Wanfang databases. The last search time was on March 1, 2021. Data analysis was performed using Stata 15.0 software.Results: Nine documents were enrolled, from which 1709 patients with allergic rhinitis were included. Among them, six genotype frequencies in the control group conformed to Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE). The meta-analysis of all included studies showed significant heterogeneity of each gene model. After omitting the studies whose genotype frequency in the control group did not meet the requirements of HWE, no significant heterogeneity was found in each gene model. The meta-analysis results of the control group genotypes in line with the HWE showed statistically significant differences in the pooled odds ratio (OR) of allele model (T vs. C), recessive model (TT vs. TC+CC) and homozygous model (TT vs. CC), which were 1.19 (95%CI: 1.04–1.35), 1.28 (95%CI: 1.06–1.55) and 1.56 (95%CI: 1.13–2.17), respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed in dominant and heterozygous genetic models.Conclusion: IL-4 rs2243250 single nucleotide polymorphism associated with susceptibility to allergic rhinitis, allele T and genotype TT could increase the risk of allergic rhinitis.     

Gemcabene,a first-in-class lipid-lowering agent in late-stage development,down-regulates acute-phase C-reactive protein via C/EBP-δ-mediated transcriptional mechanism

The marked clinical and genetic heterogeneity seen in hypertrophic (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathies (DCM) suggests involvement of disease modifiers and environmental factors in the pathophysiology of these diseases. In the current study, we examined association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of three candidate genes, ACE2 (rs6632677), TNNI3K (rs49812611) and CALM3 (rs13477425) with clinical phenotypes of HCM and DCM patients of North Indian ethnicity. Prevalence of ACE2 (7160726 C>G) variant genotypes (CG and GG) was significantly higher in DCM subjects as compared to controls. Prevalence of TNNI3K (3784 C>T) and CALM3 (?34T>A) variant homozygous genotype were significantly higher in HCM and DCM subjects as compared to controls. DCM patients with CT genotype showed significant decrease in LVEF as compared to CC genotype (p < 0.03). There was significant gene–gene interaction between these SNPs and three-way SNP combination of ACE2 C>G, TNN13K C>T, CALM3 A>T gene variants and was associated with high risk of HCM and DCM. Presence of ACE2 (7160726 C>G) and CALM3 (?34T>A) variant genotypes in HCM Patients with mutations (sarcomeric or non sarcomeric genes) was associated with increased mean septal thickness, further suggesting a role of these gene variants in modifying disease phenotype. Our results suggest that ACE2, TNNI3K and CALM3 polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of HCM and DCM and may act as disease modifiers of these diseases.     

ACE I/D polymorphism in Indian patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy

Aim The study was carried to determine the association of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism with the risk of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). Methods and results A total of 174 patients diagnosed with cardiomyopathy (118 with HCM, 51 with DCM, and 5 with RCM) and 164 ethnically, age- and gender-matched controls were included in the study. ACE I/D genotyping was performed by PCR. In total, 25.86% of the patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III and IV at presentation. A total of 67.24% patients had dyspnea, 56.89% had angina pectoris, and 25.28% of the patients had at least one event of syncope. Frequency of occurrence of the disease was more in male patients compared to female patients (P < 0.05). After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and smoking habit, the prevalence of ACE DD genotype, and ACE ‘D’ allele was significantly higher in patients as compared to controls and was associated with increased risk (DD: OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.27–3.52, P < 0.05; ‘D’: OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.08–3.35, P < 0.05). The mean septal thickness was higher for DD and ID genotypes (20.40 ± 3.73 mm and 21.82 ± 5.35 mm, respectively) when compared with II genotype (18.63 ± 6.69 mm) in HCM patients, however, the differences were not significant statistically (P > 0.05). The DCM patients with ID genotype showed significantly decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at enrolment (26.50 ± 8.04%) (P = 0.04). Conclusion Our results suggest that D allele of ACE I/D polymorphism significantly influences the HCM and DCM phenotypes.     

STK39 Polymorphism Is Associated with Essential Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

A recent genome-wide association study identified STK39as a candidate gene for blood pressure (BP) in Europeans. Subsequently, several studies have attempted to replicate the association across different ethnic populations. However, the results have been inconsistent.

Objective and Methods

We performed a meta-analysis to elucidate the association between the STK39 rs3754777 polymorphism (or proxy) and hypertension. Published literature from PubMed and Embase databases were retrieved and pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using fixed- or random-effects model.

Results

Using appropriate inclusion/exclusion criteria, we identified 10 studies that included 21, 863 hypertensive cases and 24, 480 controls from different ethnicities. The meta-analysis showed a significant association of STK39 rs3754777 variant with hypertension (OR = 1.10, 95%CI = 1.06–1.15, p = 7.95×10⁻⁶). Further subgroup analysis by ethnicity suggested that the association was significant in Europeans (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.03–1.14, p = 0.002) and in East Asians (OR = 1.16, 95%CI = 1.07–1.25, p = 4.34×10⁻⁴), but not in Africans (OR = 1.01, 95%CI 0.80–1.27, p = 0.932). We further confirmed the positive association by sensitivity analysis. No publication bias was detected (Begg’s test, p = 0.721; Egger’s test, p = 0.744).

Conclusions

The present meta-analysis confirms the significant association of STK39 polymorphism with susceptibility to hypertension in Europeans and East Asians. Future studies should include gene–gene and gene–environment interactions to investigate the identified association.     

BTNL2 Gene Polymorphism and Sarcoidosis Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis

Background

Butyrophilin-like 2 (BTNL2) rs2076530 gene polymorphism has been implicated in susceptibility to sarcoidosis. However, results from previous studies are not consistent. To assess the association of BTNL2 polymorphism and sarcoidosis susceptibility, a meta-analysis was performed.

Methods

PubMed, Embase were searched for eligible case-control studies. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.

Results

Ten studies involving a total of 3303 cases and 2514 controls were included in this meta-analysis. Combined data indicated that BTNL2 rs2076530 polymorphism was associated with sarcoidosis susceptibility in allelic model (A vs. G, OR = 1.59, 95%CI: 1.47–1.72), dominant model (AA + AG vs. GG, OR = 2.10, 95%CI: 1.67–2.65), and recessive model (AA vs. AG + GG, OR = 1.93, 95%CI: 1.49–2.50).

Conclusions

This meta-analysis indicates that BTNL2 rs2076530 polymorphism contributes to the risk of sarcoidosis.     

Association of mTOR Polymorphisms with Cancer Risk and Clinical Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis

Genetic polymorphisms in mTOR gene may be associated with cancer risk and clinical outcomes of cancer patients by affecting mTOR gene expression or its activation. However, inconsistent results have been reported. The aim of this study is to systematically evaluate the association between mTOR polymorphisms (rs2295080, rs2536 and rs11121704) and cancer risk as well as clinical outcome by a meta-analysis. We identified 10 eligible studies and extracted data by two investigators. Based on dominant and recessive models, odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by using Stata, version 11 to evaluate the association strength. Our meta-analysis results showed that the wild genotype TT of rs2295080 polymorphism was associated with increased cancer risk under dominant model (OR = 1.24, 95%CI: 1.12–1.36, p<0.0005) in Chinese but not with clinical outcome parameters, while the TT genotype of rs11121704 was associated with poor clinical outcome parameters (OR = 1.53, 95%CI: 1.01–2.32, p = 0.044), such as death, metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. However, rs2536 may not influence cancer susceptibility. In conclusion, this meta-analysis indicated the common polymorphisms in mTOR gene might be genetic risk factors for the carcinogenesis and clinical outcomes of cancer patients. However, further investigation on large population and different ethnicities are warranted.     

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha rs1800629 Polymorphism and Risk of Cervical Lesions: A Meta-Analysis

Background

Tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine which may play important role on the immune response may control the progression of cervical lesions. There is a possible association between TNF-α rs1800629 G/A polymorphism and cervical lesions, but previous studies report conflicting results. We performed a meta-analysis to comprehensively assess the association between TNF-α rs1800629 polymorphism and cervical lesions risk.

Methods

Literature searches of Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Wanfang databases were performed for all publications on the association between TNF-α rs1800629 polymorphism and cervical lesions through December 15, 2012. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence interval (95%CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of the association.

Results

Twenty individual case-control studies from 19 publications with a total of 4,146 cases and 4,731 controls were finally included into the meta-analysis. Overall, TNF-α rs1800629 polymorphism was significantly associated with increased risk of cervical lesions under two main genetic comparison models (For A versus G: OR 1.22, 95%CI 1.04–1.44, P = 0.017; for AA versus GG: OR 1.32, 95%CI 1.02–1.71, P = 0.034). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity further showed that there was a significant association between TNF-α rs1800629 polymorphism and increased risk of cervical lesions in Caucasians but not in Asians. Subgroup analysis by the types of cervical lesions showed that there was a significant association between TNF-α rs1800629 polymorphism and increased risk of cervical cancer (For A versus G: OR 1.24, 95%CI 1.05–1.47, P = 0.011; for AA versus GG: OR 1.31, 95%CI 1.01–1.70, P = 0.043; for AA/GA versus GG: OR 1.25, 95%CI 1.01–1.54, P = 0.039).

Conclusion

The meta-analysis suggests that TNF-α rs1800629 polymorphism is associated with increased risk of cervical lesions, especially in Caucasians.     

Presenilin-2 polymorphisms and risk of sporadic AD: Evidence from a meta-analysis

Association studies of presenilin-2 (PSEN2) polymorphisms and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) have yielded inconsistent results, possibly because single studies often lack sufficient statistical power. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the association of the two most extensively studied PSEN2 polymorphisms, rs8383 and 5′indel, with the risk of sporadic AD. We systematically reviewed relevant studies retrieved by Medline, Pubmed, Embase, AlzGene, and CNKI. Data were analyzed using the Stata (v11.0) software package. The fixed effects model or random-effects model were applied depending on between-study heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated using Egger's test and Begg's funnel plots. Overall, the meta-analysis included 6 case–control studies for each polymorphism with 2186 confirmed AD cases and 2507 healthy controls in total. Analysis suggested a significant association between SNP rs8383 polymorphism and AD risk with no evidence of between-study heterogeneity or publication bias. In contrast, we found no evidence for an association between the 5′indel polymorphism and AD risk. Further stratified analyses by apolipoprotein ε4 status or ethnicity also failed to reveal a statistically significant association between the 5′indel polymorphism of PSEN2 and AD risk. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that the PSEN2 rs8383 polymorphism is associated with an enlarged risk of sporadic AD. However, larger scale association studies are necessary to further validate the association of PSEN2 polymorphisms with sporadic AD risk and to define potential gene–gene interactions.     

Association between Fat Mass- and Obesity- Associated (FTO) Gene Polymorphism and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis

Aims

Many studies have investigated the relationship between FTO gene polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) susceptibility but revealed mixed results. In this study, we aimed to perform a meta-analysis to clarify this association.

Methods

Published literature from PubMed, Embase and CNKI was retrieved. Meta-analysis was performed to calculate pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using the random- or fix- effects model.

Results

A total of 5 studies (4778 cases and 4272 controls) were included in our meta-analysis. The results suggested that FTO rs9939609 polymorphism (or its proxy) was marginally associated with PCOS risk after adjustment for body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.02–1.55). However, the marginal association was not stable after sensitivity analysis. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, the association was significant in East Asians (OR = 1.43, 95%CI = 1.30–1.59) but not in Caucasians (OR = 1.04, 95%CI = 0.85–1.29).

Conclusions

Our present meta-analysis indicated that FTO rs9939609 polymorphism (or its proxy) might not be associated with risk of PCOS in overall population. However, in East Asians, there might be a direct association between FTO variant and PCOS risk, which is independent of BMI (adiposity).     

Association of chemotactic chemokine ligand 5 rs2107538 polymorphism with tuberculosis susceptibility: A meta-analysis

A meta-analysis was carried out in this study by summarizing relevant research to evaluate the relationship between rs2107538 polymorphism in the chemotactic chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) gene and tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility. Published studies were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, and CNKI databases using the keywords ‘CCL5’, ‘TB’, and ‘polymorphism’. Nine studies involving 2584 patients with TB and 2265 controls were included in the current meta-analysis. The combined results suggested that the CCL5 rs2107538 polymorphism was correlated with TB susceptibility (recessive model: OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.02–2.07). Subgroup analysis according to race indicated that such correlation could be detected in Caucasians (CT versus CC: OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.20–1.95; dominant model: OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.25–1.99), but not in East Asian, South Asian, and South African populations. In conclusion, the results of our meta-analysis suggest that CCL5 rs2107538 polymorphism might contribute to the risk of TB, especially in Caucasians. Well-designed studies with more subjects will be required for further validation of these results.     

A Common Polymorphism near the ESR1 Gene Is Associated with Risk of Breast Cancer: Evidence from a Case-Control Study and a Meta-Analysis

Background

Genome-wide association studies have reported that a polymorphism near the estrogen receptor gene (ESR1) (rs2046210) is associated with a risk of breast cancer, with the A allele conferring an increased risk. However, considering the controversial results from more recent replicated studies, we conducted a case-control study in an independent Chinese Han population and a meta-analysis to clarify the association of this polymorphism with breast cancer risk.

Method and Findings

A hospital-based case-control study including 461 cases and 537 controls from a Chinese Han population was conducted initially, and this study showed that the rs2046210 A allele was significantly associated with breast cancer risk, with an OR of 1.32 (95% CI  = 1.10–1.59). Subsequently, a meta-analysis integrating the current study and previous publications with a total of 53,379 cases and 55,493 controls was performed to further confirm our findings. Similarly, a significant association between this polymorphism and breast cancer risk was also observed in the overall population especially among Asians, with ORs for per A allele of 1.14 (95% CI  = 1.10–1.18) in the overall population and 1.27 (95% CI  = 1.23–1.31) in the Asian population.

Conclusion

Our results provide strong evidence to support that the common polymorphism near the ESR1 gene, rs2046210, is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in Asian and European populations but not in Africans, although the biological mechanisms need to be further investigated.     

Association of SMAD7 rs12953717 Polymorphism with Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

Background

Accumulating evidence has suggested that Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 (SMAD7) rs12953717 polymorphism might be related to cancer risk. However, epidemiologic findings have been inconsistent. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to clarify the association between the SMAD7 rs12953717 polymorphism and cancer risk.

Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted to identify all eligible studies of SMAD7 rs12953717 polymorphism and cancer risk. We used odds ratios (ORs) to assess the strength of the association, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to give a sense of the precision of the estimate. Heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis were also explored.

Results

A total of 14 case-control studies, including 16928 cases and 14781 controls, were included in the present meta-analysis. The overall results showed that the variant genotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk of all cancer types (homozygote comparison, OR = 1.23, 95%CI = 1.10–1.38, P<0.01; heterozygote comparison, OR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.02–1.22, P = 0.02; recessive model, OR = 1.17, 95%CI = 1.07–1.29, P<0.01; dominant model, OR = 1.15, 95%CI = 1.06–1.25, P<0.01; allelic model, OR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.06–1.18, P<0.01). Further sensitivity analysis confirmed the significant association. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, SMAD7 rs12953717 polymorphism was significantly associated with cancer risk in both Caucasians and Asians. In the subgroup analysis by cancer types, SMAD7 rs12953717 polymorphism was significantly associated with colorectal cancer.

Conclusions

Our investigations demonstrate that rs12953717 polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility of cancer. Large-scale and well-designed case-control studies are necessary to validate the risk identified in the present meta-analysis.     

Lack of Association between Interleukin-10 Gene Polymorphisms and Graft Rejection Risk in Kidney Transplantation Recipients: A Meta-Analysis

Background

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important immunomodulatory cytokine. Several studies focused the association between IL-10 promoter gene polymorphisms and graft rejection risk in kidney transplantation recipients. However, the results of these studies remain inconclusive. The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to further assess the associations.

Methods

The PubMed, Embase, and Ovid Medline databases were searched. Two independent authors extracted data, and the effects were estimated from an odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses identified sources of heterogeneity.

Results

A total of 16 studies including 595 rejection patients and 1239 stable graft patients were included in order to study the IL-10 -1082 (rs1800896 G/A), -819 (rs1800871 C/T), -592 (rs1800872 C/A) and IL-10 (-1082,-819,-592) polymorphisms. The -1082 G/A polymorphism was not associated with an increased graft rejection risk (OR = 1.03; 95%CI, 0.85–1.25, P = 0.74 for GA+AA vs. GG model). Moreover, all of the -819 C/T (OR = 1.06, 95%CI, 0.79–1.42, P = 0.70 for TA+TT vs. CC model), -592 C/A (OR = 1.10, 95% CI, 0.85–1.42, P = 0.47 for AC+AA vs. CC model) and IL-10 (-1082,-819,-592) polymorphisms (OR = 1.00, 95%CI, 0.79–1.27, P = 0.98 for I+L vs. H model) did not increase the graft rejection risk. In addition, we also performed subgroup analysis by ethnic group (mainly in Europeans or Asians) and rejection type (acute or chronic). There was also lack of evidence of a significant association between the IL-10 gene polymorphism and graft rejection risk. The present meta-analysis indicated that the IL-10 gene polymorphism was not associated with graft rejection risk in kidney transplantation recipients.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis found evidence that the IL-10 polymorphism does not increase the risk of graft rejection in kidney transplantation recipients. Further chronic rejection and other ethnic population studies are needed to confirm our results.     

Polymorphisms of presenilin-1 gene associate with dilated cardiomyopathy susceptibility

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by ventricular chamber enlargement and systolic dysfunction with normal left ventricular wall thickness. It is the third leading causes of heart failure and the most common cause of heart transplantation due to its ventricular dilatation and contractile dysfunction. Currently, four hypothesized pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed: genetic predisposition, persistent cardiotropic viral infection, autoimmunity, and cell apoptosis. Presenilin-1 gene has been previously found to be associated with cell apoptosis and cardiac development. To assess the role of presenilin-1 in DCM, we examined two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in presenilin-1 gene, namely, rs1800844 and rs177415. A total of 282 DCM patients and 306 controls were included in the study, and all SNPs were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Compared with controls, the frequency of AA and AC genotypes and the A allele at SNP rs177415 were significantly increased in DCM patients. No difference of the SNP genotype and allele frequencies at SNP rs1800844 was detected between DCM and control groups. Unconditional logistic regression adjusting for type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, and gender, confirmed the association between that SNP rs177415 of the presenilin-1 gene and the susceptibility of DCM (adjusted OR 1.300, 95% CI 1.013-1.669; P?=?0.039). Our data indicate, for the first time, the association of the presenilin-1 gene SNPs with human DCM and the allele A at SNP rs177415 in presenilin-1 gene may increase the risk of DCM.     

Polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme and endothelial nitric oxide synthase genes in people with arterial hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Data on polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) genes in patients having arterial hypertension (AH) with or without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and those with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are presented. An association between polymorphism for the ACE and NOS3 loci and the LVH index among AH patients with LVH and HCM was shown. In AH patients, an association between the NOS3 locus polymorphism and some parameters of blood pressure was revealed. Possible relationships between the ACE and NOS3 polymorphisms and the clinical manifestation of the LVH and AH are discussed.