陕南寒武纪早期仙女洞组生物礁灰岩微相序列

扬子地台北缘在寒武纪筇竹寺期—沧浪铺期出现海退,该时期的仙女洞组属浅海碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩的混合沉积单元,分布于陕西南部及四川北部。陕南南郑福成和碑坝剖面组成完整仙女洞组序列,其中包含8期生物礁相单元。单层礁体为米级厚度,形态特征显示丘状隆起或平缓延伸。水体的清澈度、深度以及水动力强度变化对各期礁相单元生长的控制力度因时而异,陆源碎屑数次侵入导致海水浑浊度增高,点断了礁体生长。礁灰岩微相类型包括钙质微生物粘结岩、古杯-钙质微生物绑结岩、古杯漂砾-砾屑灰岩、粒泥状-泥粒状灰岩以及泥状灰岩。早期礁灰岩中钙质微生物粘结岩含量丰富,之后古杯绑结岩在礁灰岩构建中具有丰度增长的趋势,且上部礁灰岩层位中不规则古杯占主要地位。仙女洞组沉积晚期海水变浅和水动力条件增强,常见漂砾灰岩和砾屑灰岩。     

新疆塔里木中央隆起区中2井上奥陶统良里塔格组礁滩沉积相和测井参数

塔里木中央隆起区中2井位于塔中南坡台缘带,上奥陶统凯迪阶良里塔格组频繁出现浅水粒屑滩沉积,以及由蓝藻、钙藻兼以少量珊瑚、苔藓虫等造礁生物以不等含量分别构成生物障积或粘结型礁灰岩,棘皮类、腕足类和三叶虫等壳相生物碎屑丰富。可分出数层典型的生物礁、滩组合序列,总体显示为原地生长和近源搬运的生物礁滩复合体建造。环境的动能条件略有变化,但皆属浪基面之上的沉积深度。礁、滩储层形成模式主要受于沉积相带、成岩改造的控制,储层以生屑灰岩、藻粘结灰岩、障积灰岩及砂屑灰岩为主,储集空间类型包括次生溶蚀孔隙、晶洞与裂缝,同时伴随少量的白云岩化作用,且孔隙以深埋藏溶蚀成因为主,次生胶结作用也十分强烈,礁相储层潜力好于滩相。     

川东南古蔺铁索桥剖面志留系石牛栏组上段生物-沉积相特征

川东南古蔺铁索桥剖面志留系兰多维列统沉积时的古地理位置处于滇黔桂古陆之北的陆表海环境。埃隆阶上部石牛栏组从下段薄层泥状灰岩形成之后,相变为上段的生屑-砂屑灰岩夹含少量粉砂质泥岩,展示海水深度变浅的过程。本文基于该剖面露头和灰岩薄片鉴定,专述石牛栏组上段生物-沉积类型并分析浅海环境指标。石牛栏组上段粉砂质泥岩中大化石稀少,而灰岩层中底栖型后生动物壳相化石具有中等多样性,少量出现能鉴定属级的大化石密集层,可识别3种不同水动力强度改造的腕足类介壳滩;该段上部赋存珊瑚-层孔海绵原地格架生长建造的小型点礁,标定了该时期最接近滇黔桂古陆的后生动物造礁群落生态域分布点。石牛栏组上段不同粒度的壳相生屑颗粒与泥状灰岩砂屑构成灰岩的重要组分;海底环境指标,特别是不同水动力强度作用主导了灰岩中颗粒与灰泥含量的差异。     

黔东北石阡志留系雷家屯组的生物-岩相分异

黔东北石阡志留系兰多维列统埃隆阶上部的雷家屯组属灰岩和碎屑岩混合相,其分布限于滇黔桂古陆以北离岸几十千米范围内的浅海区。出露于枫香铺子沟、雷家屯、白沙龙口—筷子山、白沙均田和本庄岩门的5个剖面存在生物-沉积相的差异性。铺沟村粉砂岩—泥岩含量高于灰岩,达到4∶1,壳相化石丰度最低且无生物礁滩灰岩沉积;其它4个剖面的碎屑岩—灰岩比例约1∶1,雷家屯壳相化石最丰富,上部出现米级厚度的珊瑚-层孔虫点礁;筷子山剖面的雷家屯组下部开始出现雏形礁,之上的礁核灰岩现已被剥蚀掉,但从礁基的菲利普构造和礁翼塌积岩推测,点礁的正向隆起规模是很明显的;均田剖面仅出露雷家屯组上部约7m的地层,多为粉砂岩和生屑灰岩薄层;岩门剖面多为薄层细颗粒生屑滩相灰岩,近顶部出现钙质微生物形成的叠层石。偏西剖面的雷家屯组顶部展现侵蚀面、泥裂等现象,是桐梓上升期海底暴露的证据,唯有最靠东的铺沟村雷家屯组顶部未见暴露标志,与之上马脚冲组呈整合接触。     

黔东北石阡香树园剖面志留系香树园组生屑滩微相

奥陶纪末赫南特冰期和生物大灭绝事件结束后,扬子陆表海区志留纪兰多维列世早期的海进序列伴随着生物逐渐复苏的过程。在黔中古陆北缘石阡一带鲁丹晚期至晚埃隆早期的香树园组属近岸浅水带灰岩—碎屑岩沉积区。石阡县城北香树园剖面的香树园组以灰岩为主,夹含少量粉砂质、泥质陆源碎屑岩,频繁出现含丰富壳相后生动物化石碎片形成的薄层滩相单元。与大颗粒壳相化石为主形成的各类生物层状礁类似,生屑滩多为动荡流水改造的后生动物碎片近源沉积。滩相具有较高的生物多样性和化石丰度,是奥陶纪末生物礁复苏前浅海暖水区广泛分布的生态单元。此地香树园组缺少粗砂级以上的陆源碎屑颗粒,也无岩屑颗粒,指示沉积物具有较高的成熟度。推测黔中古陆靠近石阡的部位已经夷平,黔东北浅海区在香树园组灰岩沉积期具有偏低的海水浑浊度和碎屑岩沉积速率,生屑滩相灰岩单元是在正常盐度和高清洁度的环境下堆积的,附近有粉砂-泥级颗粒注入,但无大型河流输入丰富的淡水和陆源粗碎屑。     

淮南地区新元古代九里桥组叠层石成礁过程及其影响因素

淮南地区新元古代九里桥组中段灰岩中发育有形态多变的叠层石礁体,具有与显生宙生物礁相似的相分异特征,基底、礁核、盖层、礁前、礁后、礁翼等不同微相可以明确区分,定殖期、拓殖期、泛殖期和衰亡期等不同造礁阶段的叠层石柱体变化特征明显。该组叠层石礁体自下而上分别为分散分布的小型丘状礁体、连绵分布的大型丘状礁体和分散分布的小型丘状礁体或透镜状礁体,该变化趋势指示了九里桥组沉积时期海平面先升高后降低的变化趋势,结合该组沉积期沉积环境变化特征可将该组叠层石礁体划分为风暴环境型礁体、海进环境型礁体和海退环境型礁体三种类型。对九里桥组沉积学、古生物学等研究表明,该组沉积时期造叠层石生物与其它生物之间存在较强的生存竞争关系,但更能适应风暴沉积环境,叠层石在该组沉积晚期的消失很可能与以海平面变化为特征的沉积构造环境变化有关。     

湖北利川二叠纪生物礁的埋藏学特征及其环境意义*

二叠纪钙质海绵礁的研究已逾百年,但缺乏埋藏学方面的研究。本文选取鄂西利川典型钙质海绵礁剖面,对造架生物的属种组成、保存状态(直立还是倒伏)、个体大小、古石孔藻包壳和泥晶含量进行统计研究。共鉴定出17个属种的钙质海绵和一个属种的水螅;通过统计研究发现,含钙质海绵的灰岩厚98m,其下部4/5厚度所含钙质海绵以倒伏的为主,上部1/5厚度以直立的为主;含倒伏钙质海绵的灰岩中藻包壳(古石孔藻)不发育,钙质海绵以直立为主的灰岩中,藻包壳发育;钙质海绵的个体大小由海绵灰岩下部而上增大不明显;泥晶基质的含量自海绵灰岩的下部而上明显减少。由此推断:下部的钙质海绵灰岩形成时由于没有藻包壳,大多被风浪打倒。上部具有藻包壳的钙质海绵灰岩,尽管形成时的水动力能量更强,但由于有藻包壳,其抗风浪能力得到加强,所以大多直立保存。     

黔北桐梓志留系石牛栏段近岸相灰岩

黔北石牛栏组上部的石牛栏段灰岩时代为志留纪兰多维列世埃隆晚期,是上扬子区浅海底栖壳相后生动物繁盛阶段的产物。桐梓代家沟剖面处于黔中古陆以北的近岸带,石牛栏段灰岩序列呈现海退过程,微相特征表明这里频繁出现各类近岸浅海带清澈环境中常见的生屑滩沉积。石牛栏段下部出现风暴浪基面附近腕足类Zygospiraella和Pentamerus密集的介壳滩,大多数的滩相灰岩以细颗粒生屑堆积为主,夹含薄层腹足类生屑滩和鲕粒滩,仅见少量珊瑚薄层,可以排除此地为后生动物礁的栖居区;石牛栏段上部见数期叠层石生长,形态呈穹窿状或平缓席状,每期厚度不超过1m,伴生的暗色泥质夹层中产出的腕足类Lingullela-Eospirifer群落指示澙湖相;潮间带特有的薄层灰岩交错层理以及石牛栏段顶部的喀斯特面进一步昭示区域性逐渐发生的桐梓上升事件结束了近岸沉积。     

塔里木柯坪地层区中-上奥陶统萨尔干组碳酸盐岩微相和古地理

塔里木板块西北柯坪地层区中-上奥陶统萨尔干组的分布和相变受控于当时西浅东深的海底深度差异。萨尔干组的厚度10米左右,为富含有机物的黑色页岩并夹少量灰岩薄层或透镜体。位于研究区西南的伽师西克尔剖面缺失大部分奥陶纪地层,上奥陶统铁热克阿瓦提组碎屑岩不整合于下-中奥陶统鹰山组灰岩之上,中-晚奥陶世的大部分时段属于暴露海面的剥蚀区;北部乌什的亚科瑞克剖面无萨尔干组岩性单元,为红色居多且粒度偏粗的碎屑岩夹白云岩薄层,属于近岸带碎屑岩为主的沉积区。西克尔向东北延伸150km至柯坪羊吉坎亦无萨尔干组,与萨尔干组同期沉积的地层在此表现为大湾沟组上部浅海灰岩的相变,且与上奥陶统桑比阶坎岭组偏深水相的红色薄层含泥瘤状灰岩之间呈整合接触;由西向东出露于柯坪苏巴什沟、柯坪大湾沟、阿克苏四石厂3个剖面的萨尔干组黑色泥页岩指示典型的滞流盆地相,而夹含于萨尔干组下部和上部的薄层灰岩之微相特征差异甚为显著,表现为该组下部可见数层密集砂屑颗粒形成泥粒状灰岩或颗粒灰岩,可解释为西部相邻的浅海碳酸盐岩台地区灰岩经重力流搬运后的再沉积;而该组上部含生屑泥状灰岩则属滞流盆地相区类似于黑色页岩环境的正常沉积。从羊吉坎灰岩台地到苏巴什沟滞流盆地相之间距离仅20余千米,坡度偏大是导致重力流形成的主要原因。     

桂林北郊岩山中泥盆世吉维期珊瑚-层孔虫礁

桂林北郊灵川县岩山大村剖面和乌龟山剖面为中泥盆世吉维期沉积,其沉积构造、生物组成、微相序列反映出生物礁的特点,大量层孔虫为造礁的主要生物,其生长形式为：（１）厚板状;（２）半球状和穹窿状;（３）大型柱状和不规则状;（４）披覆状或薄板状。珊瑚有３层,或作为礁基,或参加造礁,前者为单体珊瑚,后者为复体珊瑚。刺毛虫主要为根茎状,常被层孔虫包统,也是造礁的主要生物。藻类生物很少。横向上可以分出礁核相,礁后相和礁前斜坡相。主要的微相类型有１３种,纵向上可以识别出两个造礁旋回,从礁基－珊瑚、层孔虫礁－礁后外带－礁后内带,两个造礁旋回之上为礁坪所覆。根据礁的规模、礁体与上下沉积物的关系、礁生物组成的变化和古地理位置的讨论推测为一岸礁体系。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.