Defensive reactions of gastropod molluscs. Humoral reactions

Humoral protective reactions and their mechanisms in gastropod mollusks are considered based on the results of various investigations. It is important to note that lectines in molluscs, as well as in other invertebrates, are functional analogues of immunoglobulins in vertebrates.     

Protective reactions of gastropod molluscs. 1. Cell reactions

Protective reactions of molluscs are traditionally considered in cell and humoral aspects. The paper analyses original data and recent reference data oncell (phagocytic) reactions of gastropod molluscs. The main attention is paid to peculiarities of hemopoiesis, cell elements of hemolymph, and dynamics and mechanics of encapsulating the parasites.     

Genetics of graft-versus-host reactions

Intracardiac injection of lymph node cells into newborn allogeneic recipients incompatible with congenic donors at multiple loci within theH-2 complex (B10B10.A) led to GVH splenomegaly, retarded growth, and mortality. In contrast,H-2I region differences [B10.A(4R)B10.A(2R)] required fortyfold more cells to produce a comparable splenomegaly, and did not produce runting or GVH mortality despite a strong proliferative response in the spleen. However, when 4R donors were preimmunized with host lymphoid cells, 51 percent of 2R recipients died of allogeneic disease. GVHR was also observed in the reciprocal combination (2R4R), in contrast to previous reports. The phenotypic determinants governing GVHR in the 4R2R combination are probably coded for byI-C subregion genes. Disparities at theI-B orI-J subregions did not evoke detectable GVHR. The data indicate thatI-C subregion loci have the impact of so-called minor or moderate histocompatibility (MoH) loci. Possible implications for allogeneic human bone marrow transplantation are discussed.Portions of this work were presented at the 60th annual meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology on April 13, 1976 in Anaheim, California     

Calorimetry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

This mini-review shows the valuable contributions of Professor Julian Sturtevant to the current applications of calorimetry to the study of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The more recent applications of calorimetric techniques such as isothermal titration calorimetry and flow calorimetry to the study of enzyme kinetics, as well as the advantages on using calorimetric techniques in the determination of kinetic parameters of enzymes, is also discussed here.     

Michael-addition reactions of levoglucosenone

The Michael-addition reactions of levoglucosenone with diethyl malonate, ethyl cyanoacetate, 2-nitropropane, and 2-methylcyclohexanone have been examined, using a variety of catalysts. This reaction may be conveniently used to prepare, in reasonable yields, 4-substituted levoglucosenone derivatives having the d-erythro configuration. Better yields of the diethyl malonate adduct were obtained on using bis(2,4-pentanedionate)-Ni(II) as the catalyst.     

Template-directed reactions of aminonucleosides

Summary We have studied the reactions between adenosine 5-phosphorimidazolide and 9-(2-amino-2-deoxyxylofuranosyl) adenine (I) or 3-methylamino-3-deoxyadenosine (II), both with and without a poly (U) template. We find that both amino compounds react much more rapidly than does adenosine, in the absence of a template. The rate of reaction is greatly enhanced by a poly (U) template in the case of I, but the enhancement is slight in the case of II.Abbreviations A adenosine - xylo A_NH2 9-(2-amino-2-deoxy--D-xylofuranosyl) adenine - A_NHMe 3-methylamino-3-deoxyadenosine - ImpA adenosine 5-phosphorimidazolide - A³ pA adenylyl-[35]-adenosine - A² pA adenylyl-[25]-adenosine - U_NPA adenylyl-[52]-2-amino-2-deoxyuridine - xylo A_NPA 9-[adenylyl-(52)-2-amino-2-deoxy--D-xylofuranosyl]adenine - A_(NMe)pA adenylyl-[53]-3-methylamino-3-deoxyadenosine - pA adenosine 5phosphate - AppA P₁, P₂-diadenosine 5pyrophosphate - (pA)_n n = 2, 3 [2-5]-linked oligomers of pA - A² pA² pA [2-5]-linked trinucleoside diphosphate of A - poly (U) polyuridylic acid     

Additional reactions of levoglucosenone

Several new, [4 + 2] cycloaddition products of levoglucosenone have been synthesized, and the oxidation of products of this type has been accomplished by several methods, including epoxidation and osmium tetraoxide oxidation, producing interesting polycyclic molecules. Additions of long-chain hydrocarbons to levoglucosenone have also been investigated via Grignard reactions.     

Some reactions of porphyrins

I thought that it might be of interest to fellow porphyrin workers to hear about some reactions which have not been published, but date back to 1953.