α- 促黑激素的固相合成研究

目的:探索α-促黑激素的合成工艺。方法:采用多肽固相合成法制备α-促黑激素。以Rink amide-MBHA树脂为载体、使用Fmoc保护策略、TBTU、HOBt、DIEA为缩合剂体系,最后用TFA、苯甲硫醚、水、苯酚、乙二硫醇混合液将多肽从树脂上切割下来。结果:合成后的目标多肽产率达64.9%,经过RP-HPLC纯化纯度可达98%,质谱鉴定显示纯化产物与目标多肽理论相对分子质量一致。结论:该方法操作方便,反应结果稳定,为固相合成生产α-促黑激素提供了一种可行的工艺方案。     

固相法合成多肽AN-M的工艺研究

目的:探讨生物活性肽AN-M的固相合成工艺,并为工业化合成目的肽提供理论依据。方法采用固相法,以Fmoc-保护基保护的α-氨基酸和Wang树脂为原料,经1—氧—3—双二甲胺羧基苯骈三氮唑四氟化硼盐(TBTU)、1—羟基苯并三氮唑(HoBt)、二异丙基乙胺(DIEA)缩合,20%哌啶的DMF溶液脱保护,用切割试剂将AN-M粗品从Wang树脂上切割下来。结果经反相高效液相色谱分析纯化,可得目的肽的得率大于67．00%,最终成品的纯度在98．78%以上,经质谱鉴定其分子量与理论值一致。结论该合成方法步骤简便、便于操作、产品得率高,可用于大规模合成目的肽。     

Fmoc固相合成JFT的工艺研究

目的:研究多肽JFT的合成工艺。方法:本实验采用固相合成法(spps),以Fmoc—氨基酸为原料,TBTU\HoBt\DIEA混合试剂缩合,用三氟乙酸\苯甲硫醚\巯基乙醇\苯酚\水脱保护,将多肽从MBHA树脂上切割下来。结果:粗肽的收率为62%,经RP-HPLC纯化,即可获得纯度在98%以上的目标肽。经MALDI—MS质谱分析其分子量与理论值一致。结论:此工艺操作简单,便于推广,适合大规模生产。     

一种多肽固相合成方法与纯化策略研究

目的：多肽与小分子化学药物相比,具有生物活性高、特异性强、不容易产生耐药性等特点,是目前新型药物研发的重点领域。多肽的合成直接影响到多肽药物的作用机制以及药物效果,因此需要建立一种更加便捷、高效的多肽合成方法。方法：采用Fmoc固相合成法合成多肽HF01,通过比较氨基酸连接的反应体系以及氨基酸脱保护的反应体系,从中确定最优体系。利用乙酰化基团进行肽链末端保护,经肽链剪切制备干燥的粗肽,最后采用高效液相色谱仪与高分辨质谱仪联用对粗肽进行纯化。结果：确定多肽合成的连接和脱保护反应体系,并获得纯度高达98.3%的线性多肽。结论：建立了一种高效、便捷的多肽合成及纯化方法,提高了实验室合成多肽的效率,为多肽类药物的研发提供技术支撑。     

蜂毒肽片段的合成及其与钙调蛋白的相互作用

采用固相法设计合成了４个蜂毒肽片段：Ｍｅｌ１２、Ｍｅ１１３、Ｍｅｌ１４、Ｍｅｌ１５。应用电泳技术,抑制钙依赖性的磷酸二酯酶酶活方法和荧光技术研究了这些多肽与钙调蛋白的相互作用。结果表明这些多肽与钙调蛋白均形成１：１复合物,抑制钙依赖性的磷酸二酯酶的活性,其中Ｍｅｌ１４和Ｍｅｌ１５对钙调蛋白的结合活性与完整的蜂毒肽比较接近。     

蛋白质固相序列分析技术新进展

综述了近年来蛋白质与多肽固相序列测定技术的主要进展。对衍生PVDF膜载体,CPG毛细管柱,SDS与双相凝脘电泳分离的蛋白质的固相序列分析,TNBS的应用和磷酸化修饰位点的确定,以及第二代固相蛋白质序列分析仪等作了扼要的介绍。     

肽类化合物对H_(37)Ra抑制的优化筛选

通过抑菌试验,确定不同培养基条件下多肽化合物的抑菌效果,并测定其最小抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)。加入Vc,比较抑菌效果,进一步优化筛选H37Ra抑制剂。先根据ELISA试验结果进行噬菌体肽库筛选,然后利用分子对接软件模拟多肽与ICL蛋白晶体(1F8I)的分子对接,将成功对接的多肽采用Fmoc固相合成法合成,并对其生物活性进行检测。用制备型反相高效液相色谱仪对合成的多肽进行纯化并进行质谱检测。共筛选得到4条多肽且均有抑菌效果,并与剂量相关。结果显示,浓度为800-1 500μg/mL时,各组多肽均抑菌。浓度为500μg/mL时,正常培养基中只有一种肽有抑菌作用,而限制碳源培养基中均不能抑菌。2号肽抑菌效果最好,正常培养基中MIC为200μg/mL,限制碳源中为500μg/mL。阳性对照组,两种培养基抑菌效果一致,利福平MIC为0.8μg/mL,异烟肼MIC为0.5μg/mL。根据MIC结果,在正常培养基中加入Vc,检测到多肽、利福平和异烟肼的抑菌效果呈剂量依赖性升高。     

ω-芋螺毒素及其衍生物的合成

研究ω 芋螺毒素及衍生物的结构与生物活性的关系。采用固相多肽合成法合成了ω 芋螺毒素及其衍生物。结果显示 ,ω 芋螺毒素衍生物结构稳定性和生物活性均比ω 芋螺毒素差。     

液质联用多反应监测法定量目标多肽或蛋白质

为建立优化的血浆内源性多肽提取方法,并且构建目标多肽和蛋白质的质谱定量方 法,本研究考察了超滤法、有机溶剂沉淀法和固相萃取法对血浆内源性多肽的提取效果 ,并通过Tricine-SDS-PAGE对提取效果进行比较.通过液相色谱串联质谱多反应监测 （MRM）分析,建立了多肽标准品ESAT-6定量方法,并将ESAT-6定量建立的液相色谱和质谱条件应用于蛋白质的定量,对多肽和蛋白质MRM定量的标准曲线进行了考 察.Tricine-SDS-PAGE结果表明,乙腈沉淀法是最佳的血浆内源性多肽提取方法,低分子量的多肽可以得到很好的富集,且能有效地去除高分子蛋白质的污染.液相色谱串联 质谱MRM法检测血浆内提取的多肽,标准曲线的线性较好,相关系数为0.999.另外,采 用MRM法对胶内分离的蛋白质进行定量,标准曲线的线性相关系数为0.995.综上所述, 本研究构建了一种简单有效的血浆多肽提取方法,通过液质联用MRM法成功地实现了目标多肽和蛋白质定量测定.该定量方法可以推广应用于复杂样品中的多肽和蛋白质的定 量分析.     

多肽的α螺旋结构对多肽与钙调蛋白亲合力的影响

本文设计并采用固相法合成了4种钙调蛋白可结合多肽,这些多肽分成两组,每一组中两个多肽的碱性和疏水性相近,但形成α螺旋结构的倾向(预测)不同。研究了这些多肽与钙调蛋白的相互作用,在Ca~(2+)存在下,这些多肽与丹磺酰钙调蛋白结合,使丹磺酰钙调蛋白的荧光光谱发生显著变化,测定了多肽与钙调蛋白所形成的复合物的解离常数。结果表明,预测形成α螺旋结构倾向较大的多肽与钙调蛋白的亲合力也较大。     

Synthesis of “Difficult” Fluorescence Quenched Substrates of Granzyme C

The synthesis of fluorescence quenched peptide substrates of granzyme C is presented. These peptides which incorporate some unusual amino acids and have “difficult sequence” elements, in some cases could not be prepared by standard Fmoc-based SPPS. Application of three different contemporary strategies, namely the use of pseudoproline dipeptides, PEG-based solid supports and the application of microwave heating were able to provide for successful synthesis of our desired substrate peptides.     

Microwave-assisted Boc-solid phase peptide synthesis of cyclic cysteine-rich peptides.

In this study we describe the first protocols for the synthesis of cystine-rich peptides in the presence of microwave radiation with Boc-solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). This method is exemplified for macrocyclic peptides known as cyclotides, which comprise approximately 30 amino acids and incorporate a cystine knot arrangement of their three disulfide bonds. However, the method is broadly applicable for a wide range of peptides using Boc-SPPS, especially for SPPS of large peptides via native chemical ligation. Microwave radiation produces peptides in high yield and with high purity, and we were able to reduce the time for the assembly of approximately 30 mer peptide chains to an overnight reaction in the automated microwave-assisted synthesis.     

Methods and protocols of modern solid phase peptide synthesis

The purpose of this article is to delineate strategic considerations and provide practical procedures to enable non-experts to synthesize peptides with a reasonable chance of success. This article is not encyclopedic but rather devoted to the Fmoc/tBu approach of solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), which is now the most commonly used methodology for the production of peptides. The principles of SPPS with a review of linkers and supports currently employed are presented. Basic concepts for the different steps of SPPS such as anchoring, deprotection, coupling reaction and cleavage are all discussed along with the possible problem of aggregation and side-reactions. Essential protocols for the synthesis of fully deprotected peptides are presented including resin handling, coupling, capping, Fmoc-deprotection, final cleavage and disulfide bridge formation.     

Solid-Phase synthesis of a dendritic peptide related to a retinoblastoma protein fragment utilizing a combined boc- and fmoc-chemistry approach.

Dendritic peptides, often presented as multiple antigen peptides (MAPs), are widely used in immunological-based fields of research, although their synthesis can be extremely challenging. In this paper, a tetrameric dendritic MAP-like presentation of the retinoblastoma protein [649-654] sequence (4RB(649-654)) has been prepared using solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) methods. During the synthesis of this dendritic molecule, numerous modifications to the synthetic protocols were examined. These modifications included the introduction of a combination Boc- and Fmoc-chemistry approach and also the use of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene as a Fmoc-deprotection agent. The use in combination of Boc- and Fmoc-based synthetic strategies resulted in the production of the desired peptide molecule, 4RB(649-654), in high purity and acceptable yields following purification by reversed phase HPLC.     

Industrial Applications of Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis – A Status Report

Despite the fact that the structure of peptides has been known for more than a century, it was not until du Vigneaud published the synthesis of oxytocin 50 years later that the field was truly launched and the use of peptides as pharmaceuticals began. Since then, technical progress in the field has been astonishing, and the synthesis of peptides of virtually any size and complexity is now possible, with scale-up to the level of metric tonnes a reality. Perhaps the most important development was Merrifield’s publication of the solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) method, which completely revolutionized the field, both from the perspective of accelerating research and discovery, and also because of its now widespread use for the manufacture of peptides for use as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The application of the SPPS method to the manufacture of peptide APIs will be reviewed, including both a historical overview and a summary of the current status. Some of the remaining challenges will also be discussed.     

Tools for investigating peptide-protein interactions: peptide incorporation of environment-sensitive fluorophores through SPPS-based 'building block' approach

This protocol presents the synthesis and peptide incorporation of environment-sensitive fluorescent amino acids derived from the dimethylamino-phthalimide family. The procedure uses anhydride precursors of 4-dimethylaminophthalimide (4-DMAP) or 6-dimethylaminonaphthalimide (6-DMN), whose syntheses are described in a related protocol by these authors. In this study, the corresponding fluorescent amino acids can be readily obtained in Fmoc-protected form for convenient use as building blocks in solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The time required to complete the procedure depends on the size and the number of peptides targeted. Alternatively, the chromophores can be incorporated directly after SPPS via on-resin derivatization of peptides, which is an option described in a related protocol by these authors.     

Synthesis of phosphotyrosyl-containing phosphopeptides by solid-phase peptide synthesis.

The synthesis of phosphotyrosine-containing phosphopeptides using solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) techniques is described. We present the synthesis of a Boc-phosphotyrosine derivative, which when used with modifications of the conventional SPPS protocol permits the incorporation of phosphotyrosine into synthetic peptides. The resulting phosphopeptides were authenticated by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, amino acid analysis, and phosphate assay. Alkaline phosphatase was found to dephosphorylate synthetic phosphopeptides at different rates, supporting the potential use of these synthetic substrates for studies of phosphoprotein phosphatases. Synthesis of a phosphopeptide using the described protocol has several advantages over the preparation of phosphopeptides via enzymatic phosphorylation.     

Advances in Fmoc solid‐phase peptide synthesis

Today, Fmoc SPPS is the method of choice for peptide synthesis. Very‐high‐quality Fmoc building blocks are available at low cost because of the economies of scale arising from current multiton production of therapeutic peptides by Fmoc SPPS. Many modified derivatives are commercially available as Fmoc building blocks, making synthetic access to a broad range of peptide derivatives straightforward. The number of synthetic peptides entering clinical trials has grown continuously over the last decade, and recent advances in the Fmoc SPPS technology are a response to the growing demand from medicinal chemistry and pharmacology. Improvements are being continually reported for peptide quality, synthesis time and novel synthetic targets. Topical peptide research has contributed to a continuous improvement and expansion of Fmoc SPPS applications. Copyright © 2015 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemical synthesis of proteins and circular peptides using Nalpha-(1-phenyl-2-mercaptoethyl) auxiliaries

An overview of the applications of Nalpha-(1-phenyl-2-mercaptoethyl) auxiliary is presented. We describe the on resin preparation (Calpha-carboxy and thioester) of Nalpha-auxiliary derivatives of glycine and the synthesis and incorporation of preformed Nalpha-auxiliary derivatives of glycine and alanine with the protection schemes, including the thiazolidine strategy for SPPS. Such approaches allowed the synthesis of the protein cytochrome b562 as well as native circular peptides after successful removal of the auxiliary.     

Novel amino-Li resin for water-based solid-phase peptide synthesis

We report the first application of a novel amino-Li resin to water-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) applying the Smoc-protecting group approach. We demonstrated that it is a suitable support for the sustainable water-based alternative to a classical SPPS approach. The resin possesses good swelling properties in aqueous milieu, provides significant coupling sites, and may be applicable to the synthesis of difficult sequences and aggregation-prone peptides.