哈尔滨行道树的空间异质性分析

城市行道树空间异质性分析是优化城市森林调查、科学管理与生态服务功能提升的基础。本研究以哈尔滨为例,基于网络街景测定哈尔滨市879个样方、26140棵行道树的树高、胸径、冠幅、冠下高等指标,半方差函数和分形分析相结合,旨在确定树木空间异质性特征,为分析城市森林合理采样布点提供依据。结果发现,不同指标存在明显的空间异质性,表现为自相关距离明显差异,但是没有明显的方向性(在0°、45°、90°、135°方向上各向同性)。这些空间异质性受结构、随机因素影响,但是不同指标明显不同,即:冠幅空间变化中随机因素占比为26.56%,而冠下高、树高、胸径的占比分别为8.16%、8.14%、12.80%,后者更多的受城市化相关的结构因素影响(>88%)。冠幅、冠下高、树高、胸径的变程分别为2340、1320、1470、1890m,考虑到采样间距应控制在变程之内就可以有效揭示空间格局特征,测量不同指标的最小采样数量为:冠幅156个样方;冠下高440个样方;树高360个样方;胸径224个样方。分形分析结果显示,哈尔滨树木冠幅、冠下高、树高、胸径的D值分别为1.957、1.961、1.961和1.971,都接近于2,说明空间变异主要发生在各个样方间(距离:666m),与半方差函数分析交互验证。我们的研究结果为哈尔滨市城市森林研究与管理提供了基础数据支持,有助于今后研究确定合理的采样方案。     

沈阳市行道树树种的选择与配置

采取典型抽样的方法对沈阳市行道树进行了全面的群落调查。结果表明 ,研究区内行道树共 13科 ,2 4属 ,2 2 91株 ,森林覆盖率为 15 13%。胸径 <0 2 5m(1级胸径 )和 0 2 5～ 0 5m(2级胸径 )的树木分别占 4 3 0 %、17 9% ;树高 <4 6m (1级 )的树木占 4 9 8% ,介于 4 6～10 7m(2级 )为 4 3 3% ;健康状况为中等以上 ,沈阳市行道树处于种群稳定时期 ,但树种多样性指数不高 ,结构单一。根据城市的自然条件和行道树的选择标准 ,提出了沈阳市行道树树种选择与配置的对策与建议。     

基于i-Tree模型的青岛市南区行道树组成及生态效益分析

本文运用i-Tree模型对青岛市南区的行道树组成体系进行分析,统计并量化了2012年青岛市市南区内行道树截留雨水、CO2吸收和固碳、改善空气质量、节能等生态效益的经济价值。结果表明:市南区主要道路有行道树43种,共计12322株,其中悬铃木、银杏等10种主要树种占整个行道树树木总数的84.4%;行道树胸径径阶分布主要以中(DBH为15～30 cm)、小(DBH<15 cm)胸径为主,分别占53.54%、29.06%;行道树总体健康状况良好,健康树木占总数的97.4%;市南区行道树年生态效益价值2303.2万元,单株行道树加权平均效益为1869元。本研究可为城市行道树种植规划提供参考。     

科尔沁沙地不同密度(小面积)樟子松人工林生长状况

在内蒙古科尔沁沙地丘间片林中选择不同密度的樟子松样地,对樟子松在不同栽植密度条件下的生长情况进行了研究.由于受多年降水偏少的影响,科尔沁沙地的樟子松出现了大量枯梢继而死亡的现象,而这种现象与林地的密度存在很强的相关性.样地林木的死亡率随林地密度的加大呈幂函数关系增加,原先最高密度情况下的林地,保存到现在的活木数量反而最少;林木的平均死亡年龄、最早死亡年龄、冠幅、树高和胸径随林地密度的增加而减小.虽然在其它一些区域的研究结果表明,树高较少受竞争的影响,但是在半干旱区,树高仍然与密度相关.枯梢林木的比例在高密度的样地大于低密度的样地,枯梢对低密度样地的林木基本上没有大的影响.各样地的冠幅和胸径比相差不大,平均只有0.297,以此指标衡量,该地可能更适合单一樟子松林的种植.综合来看,科尔沁沙地的气候和土壤条件适合栽植樟子松,但初始密度应控制在2800株/hm2以下,并应根据生长情况在进入生长高峰期后对林木进行适时间伐,20a龄期的林木其密度保持在2100株/hm2左右比较适宜.     

不同郁闭度下胸高直径对杉木冠幅特征因子的影响

树冠是树木进行光合作用和呼吸作用的重要场所,冠幅和冠长率直接影响树木的生活力和生产力。以湖南省黄丰桥国有林场103块杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林样地为例,样地按郁闭度CD≥0.8(类型1)、0.7≤CD<0.8(类型2)、0.6≤CD<0.7(类型3)、0.5≤CD<0.6(类型4)和CD<0.5(类型5)划分5个等级。分析不同等级林分中树木冠幅和冠长率的分布结构以及与胸径的关系,同时利用非线性混合效应模型分析各类型郁闭度对冠幅和冠长率的随机影响。研究结果表明:5种类型的冠幅大小主要分布在区间(2.5—4.0m)之间,分别占65.82%、69.56%、70.79%、58.15%和53.21%,小于1.5 m和大于5.0 m分布较少;5种类型冠长率主要分布在区间(0.3—0.7)之间,分别占55.69%、71.93%、67.01%、82.22%和79.28%,在区间小于0.2和大于0.8分布较少,大于0.9的冠长率几乎没有;冠幅与胸径之间呈现较弱的线性相关性,而冠长率与胸径之间几乎线性不相关。在相同的胸高直径时,类型5的冠幅最大,而类型1的冠幅最小。对于冠长率,恰好相反,即类型1的冠长率最大,而类型5的冠长率最小;同时给出的冠幅模型(模型11)和冠长率模型(模型14)具有较高的预测精度,在实际应用中可以利用它们对冠幅和冠长率进行预测。     

塔里木河下游胡杨空心特征

本文选取塔里木河下游阿拉干断面胡杨林长期监测样地,分析胡杨林空心率、树洞特征及其在不同胸径和树高组间的分布特点。结果表明: 研究区胡杨种群具有较高的空心现象,空心胡杨占调查胡杨总数量的56%,约159株·hm^-2;胡杨空心率在不同胸径和树高组间呈显著差异,其与胸径呈显著正相关,与树高呈显著负相关。该监测样地胡杨树洞密度约560个·hm^-2,平均每株2个;所调查的胡杨树洞大部分出现在树干上(57.1%),均以树干中部洞口为主(31.3%);直径为5~15 cm的树洞(38.2%)所占比例最大。总树洞数量、单株树洞数量、树洞直径等特征与胸径呈显著正相关,与树高呈显著负相关,而各树洞类型在不同胸径和树高组间的分布不同,变化趋势不一致。胡杨树洞在各方位上的分布差异显著,树洞集中分布在正西方向上。胡杨荒漠河岸林的空心发生率较为严重,且胸径越大其空穴化程度越明显。加强保育幼龄胡杨和修复退化荒漠河岸林具有重要意义。     

红松杈干类型与林分密度、个体生长指标及丰年株均结实量的关系

选取4种密度的红松人工林,设置15块25 m×40 m的临时样地,采用单因素Logistic回归分析和Meta分析方法定量分析了不同杈干类型与红松林分密度、树高、胸径、冠幅及丰年结实量的关系。结果表明:杈干率随着密度的增大呈现降低趋势,与密度600株·hm~(-2)相比,密度750、900和1200株·hm-2的杈干发生概率分别降低了24%、51%和59%;3种杈干类型中以双杈为主,样地内双杈类型株数占杈干总株数的60%以上;杈干对红松各项生长指标和丰年结实量均有显著影响(P≤0.05),杈干木的平均树高、胸径、冠幅和丰年单株球果产量与未杈干木相比分别增加了2.12%、4.69%、4.89%和29.57%;不同杈干类型对红松树高、胸径和结实的影响规律不同,单杈类型对红松生长和结实指标影响不显著(P0.05),其平均树高、胸径、冠幅、丰年单株结实量分别比未杈干类型增加了1.49%、1.99%、1.47%和20.64%;双杈和多杈干类型的各指标与未杈干类型相比有显著差异(P≤0.05),其平均树高、胸径、冠幅及丰年单株球果产量比未杈干木分别增加了2.07%和2.90%,6.00%和6.09%,6.29%和5.99%,及34.61%和26.22%。Logistic回归模型和Meta分析结果证明,红松杈干木对生长结实的促进效应明显,其中双杈和多杈干类型的促进效应表现明显,单杈木的杈干效应不明显,40 a左右的红松人工林杈干效应在林分密度600~750株·hm~(-2)是最佳的。     

栓皮栎地上部分构型及生物量分配

研究秦岭南坡商洛地区不同径级栓皮栎的地上部分构型、生物量及其分配和构型与生物量的关系.结果表明： 不同径级栓皮栎地上部分构型与生物量的分配存在差异.随着径级的增大,栓皮栎树高、胸径和冠幅逐渐增大;平均递减率先增大后减小;栓皮栎总体分枝率和逐步分枝率先增加后下降;不同径级栓皮栎垂直方向上的比叶面积为0.02～0.03,叶重比、叶面积指数和叶面积比的较大值在径级为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ时出现于树干中、上部,在径级为Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ时出现在树干中部,径级进一步增大则在垂直方向上出现2个峰值,分别位于树干中下部和中上部.栓皮栎地上部分生物量中,树干生物量占71.8%～88.4%,枝生物量占5.8%～19.6%,叶生物量占4.2%～8.6%.随着径级的增大,树干生物量所占比例先减小后增大,而枝、叶生物量所占比例呈先增大后减小再增大的趋势.栓皮栎地上部分生物量与树高、胸径、冠幅和逐步分枝率(R_2∶1)呈显著正相关,与总体分枝率和逐步分枝率(R_3∶2)呈正相关趋势,但相关性不显著.树干生物量、地上总生物量与树干递减率呈负相关趋势,枝生物量、叶生物量与树干递减率呈正相关趋势,但相关性均不显著.     

山坡退化林地林木生长对微地形人工干预的响应

为探究水土保持微地形人工干预措施(等高反坡阶)对坡面退化林地林木生长的影响,在昆明市松华坝水源区内选取典型山坡退化林地,通过动态观测和对比分析不同样地林木胸径、树高、新枝生长量及样地叶面积指数(LAI)的变化差异,再结合土壤水分有效性分析以探讨差异原因.结果表明:等高反坡阶样地云南松胸径和树高的最大值和均值均大于对照样地(CK),退化林群落中小径阶和低矮的植株占更大比例,表明等高反坡阶样地中优势木新生植株和退化严重植株的生长潜力得到激发,不同样地云南松植株新枝平均枝长和枝径的年变化差异率达到了72.4%和39.1%.等高反坡阶样地云南松植株新枝生长量和样地LAI的变化及新枝生长的速度大于CK.土壤含水率和新枝生长量与LAI均呈显著相关,对水分有效性分析后得到等高反坡阶样地易效水比例(64.2%)整体高于CK(54.7%),5月至9月雨季中,等高反坡阶样地易效水存在时间更长,这有利于林木的生长,进而改变退化林地植物群落结构.     

塔里木河下游林地树冠QuickBird影像信息提取与分析

基于QuickBird影像,采用人机交互方法提取了塔里木河下游不同离河距离胡杨、柽柳树冠信息,以实测数据为真值检验遥感提取冠幅、郁闭度及混交比精度;并建立了胡杨冠幅、胸径、树高关系模型,为塔里木河流域植被调查、生物量估测及生态恢复评价提供依据和方法借鉴.结果表明:胡杨、柽柳冠幅提取精度分别为84.00%、76.24%;林分郁闭度、混交比提取精度分别为69.45%、66.96%.基于实测数据建立的冠幅与胸径、胸径与树高模型相关显著(R2>0.8,P<0.01);根据遥感解译因子反演胡杨胸径、树高的平均精度分别为80.33%、89.25%.     

PoInTree： A Polar and Interactive Phylogenetic Tree

PoInTree （Polar and Interactive Tree） is an application that allows to build, visualize, and customize phylogenetic trees in a polar, interactive, and highly flexible view. It takes as input a FASTA file or multiple alignment formats. Phylogenetic tree calculation is based on a sequence distance method and utilizes the Neighbor Joining （N J） algorithm. It also allows displaying precalculated trees of the major protein families based on Pfam classification. In PoInTree, nodes can be dynamically opened and closed and distances between genes are graphically represented. Tree root can be centered on a selected leaf. Text search mechanism, color-coding and labeling display are integrated. The visualizer can be connected to an Oracle database containing information on sequences and other biological data, helping to guide their interpretation within a given protein family across multiple species. The application is written in Borland Delphi and based on VCL Teechart Pro 6 graphical component （Steema software）.     

Tree Reconciliation: Reconstruction of Species Phylogeny by Phylogenetic Gene Trees

It is well known that phylogenetic trees derived from different protein families are often incongruent. This is explained by mapping errors and by the essential processes of gene duplication, loss, and horizontal transfer. Therefore, the problem is to derive a consensus tree best fitting the given set of gene trees. This work presents a new method of deriving this tree. The method is different from the existing ones, since it considers not only the topology of the initial gene trees, but also the reliability of their branches. Thereby one can explicitly take into account the possible errors in the gene trees caused by the absence of reliable models of sequence evolution, by uneven evolution of different gene families and taxonomic groups, etc.     

杭州市不同土地利用类型的树木生长和碳固存

随着全球城市化的加剧,城市作为一个受强人类活动支配的生态系统,在显著改变土地利用的同时,也改变了城市内植被的碳吸收和碳储存能力.本文选取杭州具有代表性的2个树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia)为研究对象,调查并测量了720株树木的胸径、株高、株距和冠幅,测量了230株样木近10年的平均轮面积增量,对城市不同土地利用类型上不同树种的碳储存和碳吸收速率进行了估算和比较.结果表明,香樟碳储存为45 kg C·m-2,悬铃木104 kg C·m-2.香樟碳吸收速率在政府机关用地上最大,住宅区最小;而悬铃木在住宅区碳吸收速率远远大干商业区和政府机构用地.冠幅是影响香樟碳吸收速率的主要影响因子,而悬铃木的碳吸收速率与冠幅相关外还受到年龄的影响.在城市土地利用类型中乔木碳吸收是野外相同年龄乔木的5倍甚至更多.     

Relationships between branch spacing, growth rate and light in tropical forest saplings

1. The spacing of branches along central stems was related to growth rate and light level in forest saplings and trees in tropical moist forest on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. The study included 14 species with tiers of plagiotropic branches (having planar leaf arrangements) and four species with continuous distributions of plagiotropic branches.
2. All species showed increases in branch spacing with increasing light and growth rate of diameter, similar to the patterns in leaf spacing noted previously in species which initially bear large leaves on unbranched stems.
3. Non-tiered species had shorter internodes than tiered species but because the latter bear more branches per node, both groups had similar numbers of branches per unit stem length, when compared at similar growth rates.
4. Differences in the relationship between internode length and growth rate among tiered species were related to demographic characteristics, suggesting that tree architecture may influence forest composition.
5. The strong correlation observed between branch spacing and growth rate suggests that branch spacing may be used to estimate past growth histories of forest tree species with plagiotropic branches.     

Coalescent histories for discordant gene trees and species trees

Given a gene tree and a species tree, a coalescent history is a list of the branches of the species tree on which coalescences in the gene tree take place. Each pair consisting of a gene tree topology and a species tree topology has some number of possible coalescent histories. Here we show that, for each n≥7, there exist a species tree topology S and a gene tree topology G≠S, both with n leaves, for which the number of coalescent histories exceeds the corresponding number of coalescent histories when the species tree topology is S and the gene tree topology is also S. This result has the interpretation that the gene tree topology G discordant with the species tree topology S can be produced by the evolutionary process in more ways than can the gene tree topology that matches the species tree topology, providing further insight into the surprising combinatorial properties of gene trees that arise from their joint consideration with species trees.     

Contribution of paddock trees to the conservation of terrestrial invertebrate biodiversity within grazed native pastures

Abstract: Paddock trees are a common feature in the agricultural landscapes of Australia. Recent studies have demonstrated the value of scattered paddock trees for soil fertility, native pasture plants and arboreal faunas; however, the degree to which scattered paddock trees contribute to the conservation of terrestrial invertebrate biodiversity within grazed landscapes remains unknown. We ask three questions: (i) Is there a difference between the terrestrial invertebrate assemblages found under paddock trees compared with surrounding grazed native pastures? (ii) Can gradients in soil and litter variables from the base of trees explain patterns in invertebrate assemblages? and (iii) Does the presence of scattered paddock trees have implications for the conservation of terrestrial invertebrate biodiversity within grazed native pastures? We used pitfall trapping and extraction from soil cores to sample the invertebrate assemblages under six New England Peppermint trees (Eucalyptus nova‐anglica Deane and Maiden) and compared them with assemblages sampled from the open paddock. Formicidae and Collembola univariate and multivariate data were analysed along with a range of soil and litter variables. We found (i) significant differences in the assemblages of invertebrates under trees compared with surrounding grazed pastures; (ii) that most soil and litter variables revealed gradients away from tree bases and these variables explained significant variation in invertebrate assemblages; and (iii) more native invertebrates and more species of invertebrates were found under trees compared with the surrounding pastures. We discuss the relationships between paddock trees, the ground and soil environments and the invertebrate communities that inhabit these environments, and conclude with a discussion of the future for paddock trees and the biota supported by them.     

mtDNA基因树拓扑距离比较和基因分群

基因树间拓扑距离数据的比较进一步证明：与分割拓扑距离相比,能经拓扑距离是一种更为精确的测度,利用相对通经拓扑距离构建了8个基因的拓扑距离树。基因的拓扑距离树能直观地反映不同基因树的拓扑结构差异大小,可用来对基因进行分群。此外,发现不同DNA序列用于构建多基因树中其系统发生信息存在“累加”,“合取”,“含盖”,“相斥”等数学关系。这可解释在mtDNA基因组中一些基因比另一些基因更适合用来的构建树的结果。结果提示从GenBank中应选择具有累加基因的DNA序列或蛋白质氨基酸序列合并来构建物种。在讨论中还提出了一种获得真树的新建树策略。     

SEARCHING FOR EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS IN THE SHAPE OF A PHYLOGENETIC TREE

If all species in a clade are equally likely to speciate or become extinct, then highly symmetric and highly asymmetric phylogenetic trees are unlikely to result. Variation between species in speciation and extinction rates can cause excessive asymmetry. We developed six non-parametric statistical tests that test for nonrandom patterns of branching in any bifurcating tree. The tests are demonstrated by applying them to two published phylogenies for genera of beetles. Comparison of the power of the six statistics under a simple model of biased speciation suggests which of them may be most useful for detecting nonrandom tree shapes.     

云南茶树上的附生地衣

对云南茶叶农场中的附生地衣进行调查发现: 附生在茶树上的地衣有25 属, 51 种; 其中, 45 种是首次报道附生在茶树上, 包括2 个中国新记录种: 癞屑衣( Lepraria lobificans) 和阿曼原胚衣( Protoblastenia amagiensis) , 以及20 个云南新分布种。壳状地衣的共生菌丝侵入茶叶树干外皮层组织, 在生长过程中产生地衣酸, 一定程度的加速了农场中茶树的老化; 靠近茶树发芽点生长的壳状地衣和叶状地衣, 造成芽体发育不良, 对茶叶的产量和品质有一定影响。     

分子分类的若干问题

本文简要介绍了分子分类学中的几个重要问题：即,（１）分子分类法的优点及其局限性;（２）分子树和物种树的关系;（３）分子种与分子分类法的关系;（４）核酸序列数据与蛋白质序列数据之比较;（５）ＭＰ、ＮＪ和ＭＬ法之比较;（６）分子树的可靠性。另外还简要介绍了两个分子分类软件,ＰＨＹＬＩＰ和ＣＬＵＳＴＡＬＶ。