土荆芥挥发性化感物质诱导蚕豆保卫细胞死亡及信号调节

为了探讨入侵植物土荆芥的化感作用机制,以其入侵地广泛种植的农作物蚕豆叶片下表皮为受试材料,通过对保卫细胞的活性分析,研究了土荆芥挥发油及其两种主要成分α-萜品烯和对伞花素诱导保卫细胞死亡及其信号调节的机制。结果表明:土荆芥挥发油、α-萜品烯、对伞花素具有显著的细胞毒性,随着处理剂量增加,保卫细胞存活率显著下降,细胞核出现了畸形、碎裂和降解等程序性细胞死亡的典型特征;活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)、一氧化氮合酶(Nitric oxide synthetase,NOS)和Ca~(2+)的组织化学定位显示,在土芥挥发油、α-萜品烯和对伞花素作用下,保卫细胞内ROS、NOS和Ca~(2+)的水平明显高于对照组;活性氧清除剂(AsA)、Ca~(2+)螯合剂(EGTA)和硝酸还原酶抑制剂(NaN——3)均可有效缓解土荆芥挥发油、α-萜品烯和对伞花素的细胞毒性,显著提高了保卫细胞的存活率(P0.05)。上述结果表明,ROS、NO和Ca~(2+)参与了土荆芥挥发油、α-萜品烯和对伞花素诱导蚕豆保卫细胞死亡的信号调节过程。土荆芥挥发油、α-萜品烯和对伞花素诱导的保卫细胞死亡,可能是通过ROS和NO调控保卫细胞内Ca~(2+)水平的变化而引起的。     

土荆芥挥发性化感物质对蚕豆叶表皮保卫细胞的影响

化感作用是外来植物土荆芥( Chenopodium ambrosioides)成功入侵的机制之一。为了探讨土荆芥挥发油的化感作用机制,该文以蚕豆( Vicia faba)叶的下表皮为材料,将表皮条孵育在分别含土荆芥挥发油、α-萜品烯和对伞花素的MES [2-( N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid]缓冲液中,25℃下光照培养30 min,采用吖啶橙/溴乙锭( AO/EB)双荧光染色法和Feulgen染色法,研究土荆芥挥发油、α-萜品烯和对伞花素对保卫细胞活性和细胞核形态的影响。结果表明：在土荆芥挥发油、α-萜品烯和对伞花素的作用下,蚕豆气孔保卫细胞活性降低,细胞核出现固缩、畸形或降解等细胞凋亡特征。随着处理剂量增加,保卫细胞活性显著下降,核异常率显著增加,表明土荆芥挥发油、α-萜品烯和对伞花素均对蚕豆保卫细胞具有细胞毒性,其中,挥发油毒性最大,α-萜品烯的毒性次之,对伞花素的毒性最小;Caspase抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK可缓解挥发油、α-萜品烯和对伞花素对保卫细胞的毒性,提高细胞活性,这种缓解效应随着抑制剂浓度的增加而增大。由此可见,土荆芥挥发油、α-萜品烯和对伞花素诱导蚕豆保卫细胞发生了Caspase依赖性的细胞凋亡。     

六种农作物叶保卫细胞形态特征对不同入侵地土荆芥挥发物胁迫的响应

选择两个环境条件差异明显的土荆芥(Chenopodium ambrosioides L.)入侵地(四川成都和贵州安顺)为对象,以其入侵农田中6种农作物为受体,分析了两地土荆芥挥发油及其主要成分α-萜品烯和对伞花素对叶表皮保卫细胞活性和核结构的影响差异。结果表明:两地挥发油成分中,含量最多的成分均为α-萜品烯和对伞花素,成都植株二者的含量分别为21.07%和25.88%,安顺的分别为42.11%和24.04%;经挥发油、对伞花素、α-萜品烯、对伞花素+α-萜品烯处理后,保卫细胞活性下降,细胞核形态发生变化,除个别低剂量组(2μL)对保卫细胞无显著毒性外,各处理组毒性效应随处理浓度增加而显著升高(P0.05),当剂量为10μL时毒性效应最大,保卫细胞的最高死亡率达到93.85%,最高核畸变率达到81.16%;6种农作物保卫细胞对土荆芥挥发物的敏感程度由大到小依次为荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)、豌豆(Pisum sativum Linn.)、蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)、韭(Allium tuberosum Rottl.ex Spreng.)、花生(Arachis hypogaea Linn.)、白菜(Brassica campestris L.);细胞毒性表现为安顺挥发油大于成都挥发油、α-萜品烯大于对伞花素,对伞花素+α-萜品烯混合物的细胞毒性与α-萜品烯所占比例呈正相关。上述结果表明,土荆芥挥发物破坏了保卫细胞结构。入侵地环境较差时,土荆芥增加释放细胞毒性较大的化感物质。     

大叶桉挥发物对蚕豆细胞毒性效应及信号调节

为探讨大叶桉(Eucalyptus robusta)化感作用的细胞学机制，该研究以大叶桉挥发油及其主要成分α-蒎烯和桉油精为供体，以蚕豆(Vicia faba)的根细胞和叶保卫细胞为靶标，运用显微技术、细胞化学技术和qRT-PCR技术，研究了大叶桉挥发物的毒性效应。结果表明：(1)在大叶桉挥发物作用下，蚕豆幼根生长受抑制并表现为时间-浓度依赖效应，其化感效应强弱由大到小依次为挥发油、α-蒎烯和桉油精。(2)蚕豆根边缘细胞活性降低，分生区细胞微核率升高，有丝分裂指数下降且大部分细胞的细胞周期被阻滞在分裂前期。(3)蚕豆叶保卫细胞内NADPH氧化酶活性升高，活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)爆发，微丝聚合，气孔开度下降；叶保卫细胞的核畸变率升高，细胞活性降低甚至发生caspase依赖性细胞凋亡，而Ca²⁺通道阻断剂(LaCl₃)、活性氧清除剂(AsA)和硝酸还原酶抑制剂(NaN₃)均可显著提高保卫细胞存活率，说明大叶桉挥发物改变了信号分子Ca²⁺、ROS和NO的信号调节。...     

蚕豆幼苗光合特性对土荆芥挥发性物质胁迫的响应

以蚕豆(Vicia faba)为受体,采用盆栽试验评价了入侵植物土荆芥(Chenopodium ambrosioides)挥发油及其两个主要成分α-萜品烯和对伞花素对受体光合特性的影响。结果表明:土荆芥挥发油及其两个主要成分不同程度地影响了蚕豆叶片的特性。挥发油处理显著降低了净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和叶绿素含量,但增加了胞间CO₂浓度(C_i),这种效应表现为剂量和时间双重效应,高剂量挥发油处理的这种效应是不可逆的; 与对照相比,α-萜品烯处理组的P_n、F_v/F_m和ΦPSⅡ降低,C_i、G_s和T_r上升,停止处理后,各参数均趋于对照水平; 整体来看,对伞花素对蚕豆幼苗的光合特性影响不大。上述研究结果说明,土荆芥化感胁迫对受体光合特性的影响是诸多化感物质协同作用的结果,并非由单一组分决定。     

土荆芥挥发油对蚕豆根尖细胞的氧化损伤

土荆芥是一种入侵植物,对周围植物具有较强的化感潜力.采用培养皿土培法和培养皿滤纸法,分别模拟土荆芥挥发油通过淋溶和挥发两条途径对蚕豆根尖细胞膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响,并分析了挥发油诱导的细胞凋亡.结果表明:在培养皿土培和培养皿滤纸处理中,在处理前期(24 h),蚕豆根尖细胞超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活性均随土荆芥挥发油剂量的增大呈先升高后降低的趋势;根尖丙二醛含量随处理时间的延长和处理剂量的增大呈上升趋势.在处理中期(48 h)和处理后期(72 h),出现了典型的DNALadder条带,表明土荆芥挥发油可诱导蚕豆根尖细胞凋亡,并且随着挥发油剂量的增大和处理时间的延长,细胞凋亡程度加剧.土荆芥挥发油可以通过淋溶和挥发两种途径作用于周围植物,使受体植物的膜脂过氧化程度加剧,抗氧化酶活性受到抑制,诱导根尖细胞发生氧化损伤和细胞凋亡,从而抑制周围植物生长.而且,当挥发油以淋溶途径进入土壤时,蚕豆根尖抗氧化酶活性整体较高,DNA损伤程度较小,土荆芥挥发油通过挥发途径的化感作用大于通过淋溶途径.     

NO体外供体硝普钠诱导蚕豆气孔保卫细胞死亡机理研究

为分析NO在植物细胞死亡过程中的作用,以蚕豆表皮条和NO体外供体硝普钠(SNP)及NO信号途径抑制剂为材料,采用表皮条生物法,探讨SNP对蚕豆叶面保卫细胞的毒性机理.结果表明:(1)0.5～9 mmol· L-1的SNP可使蚕豆气孔保卫细胞活性降低,部分细胞死亡,且随着SNP浓度的增高细胞死亡率增高.(2)凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB或TLCK可显著降低SNP诱发的保卫细胞死亡率.(3)抗坏血酸(AsA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、Ca2+螯合剂EGTA或Ca2+通道抑制剂LaCl3与SNP共同作用时,细胞死亡率显著降低.(4)NO清除剂c-PTIO、MAPK激酶抑制剂PD98059和鸟苷酸环化酶抑制荆ODQ亦能有效阻止SNP诱发的细胞死亡.研究发现,较高浓度的SNP可诱导蚕豆保卫细胞程序性死亡,SNP诱发植物细胞死亡与胁迫组保卫细胞内NO、ROS和Ca2+水平升高有关,cGMP和MAPK参与了SNP诱发的细胞死亡.     

土荆芥挥发油对蚕豆根尖细胞的化感潜力

化感作用是外来植物成功入侵的机制之一。本研究以蚕豆根尖为材料,采用DNA Ladder分析技术和蚕豆根尖微核技术,分析了入侵植物土荆芥挥发油经土壤载体诱导的细胞凋亡以及对细胞的遗传损伤。结果表明：（1）经挥发油处理24 h和48 h,低剂量（＜5 μL）挥发油对蚕豆根的生长与根尖细胞有丝分裂具有显著的促进作用,但随着处理剂量增大（＞5 μL）和处理时间延长,根的生长与细胞有丝分裂过程明显受到抑制。（2）挥发油具有诱导染色体畸变的效应,根尖细胞微核率随处理剂量增加和时间延长而增大,但当挥发油剂量大于15 μL,这种诱导效应降低。（3）通过DNA Ladder分析,经挥发油处理后根尖细胞发生了凋亡,其中24 h处理组DNA未发生特异性降解,当剂量大于15 μL处理48 h和剂量大于10 μL处理72 h后,DNA开始发生特异性降解,形成DNA Ladder,表明随着挥发油剂量增大和作用时间延长,细胞凋亡过程加剧。本研究结果表明土荆芥释放的挥发性化感物质能以土壤为载体对根细胞产生影响。     

佛手挥发油特征化学成分群GC-MS研究

目的:分析6个不同产地佛手挥发油的化学成分,确定其特征化学指标成分群.方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取佛手挥发油.运用气相色谱质谱联用技术(GC-MS),结合计算机检索对其化学成分进行分离和鉴定,得到其共有的特征性化学成分群,用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量.结果:从广东、四川、金华、广西、安徽佛手的挥发油中鉴定16种共有特征成分,按保留时间的先后顺序分别为:α-水芹烯、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-月桂烯、α-萜品油烯、邻伞花烃、柠檬烯、顺式-β-罗勒烯、反式-β-罗勒烯、γ-萜品烯、γ-萜品油烯、乙酸芳樟酯、顺式-水合桧烯、α-萜品醇、β-柠檬醛、α-柠檬醛,其占总峰面积的的比例大于82.9%;其中柠檬烯和γ-萜品烯是主要成分,两者峰面积占总峰面积的比例大于65%.结论:所建立的特征成分群能充分地袁征佛手挥发油化学组成,可以为佛手挥发油的质量评价提供参考.     

2-环戊氨基-5,8-二甲氧基-1,4-萘醌抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞内ROS水平与NO的分泌

炎症反应过程中有效控制巨噬细胞一氧化氮(niric oxide,NO)的过度分泌和细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平,对抑制LPS诱导的巨噬细胞过度活化和巨噬细胞介导的急性炎症反应具有重要的临床意义。该研究检测了以5,8-二甲氧基-1,4-萘醌(5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone,DMNQ)为中间体,通过有机合成反应获得的6种新萘醌类衍生物对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞NO分泌和细胞内ROS水平的抑制效果及其机理。结果显示,在6种新合成的化合物中,2-环戊氨基-5,8-二甲氧基-1,4-萘醌具有明显抑制RAW264.7细胞NO分泌和细胞内ROS水平的效果,同时不影响细胞的吞噬能力。另外,通过对细胞信号传导通路的分析发现,#6化合物能够有效地抑制ROS依赖性的ERK和JNK磷酸化水平,最终发挥降低LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞NO分泌和i NOS蛋白质表达的作用。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

铜绿假单胞菌对青霉素类抗生素异质性耐药研究

【背景】铜绿假单胞菌是临床上常见的条件致病菌,其异质性耐药的发生常导致临床治疗失败。【目的】研究铜绿假单胞菌对青霉素类抗生素的异质性耐药情况,为相关临床感染治疗提供一定的依据。【方法】收集临床分离的50株铜绿假单胞菌,采用纸片扩散法(diskdiffusion method)即Kirby-Bauer (K-B)法、菌落谱型分析(population analysis profile,PAP)法、生长实验以及传代稳定性实验探究铜绿假单胞菌的异质性耐药特征。【结果】K-B法初筛得到铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林(piperacillin,PIP)、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(piperacillin/tazobactam,TZP)和替卡西林/克拉维酸(ticarcillin/clavulanic acid,TIM)的异质性耐药率分别为52%、52%和54%。PAP实验确认后有13株异质性耐药菌,其检出率占总实验菌株的26%。随机选取8株异质性耐药菌株,其耐药亚群的发生频率为7.3×10-7-1.2×10-5。通过无抗生素压力的生长实验发现,异质性耐药菌株PAS92、PAS57与其各自的3株最高PIP浓度平...     

厚藤脱水素基因IpDHN启动子IpDHN-Pro的克隆和调控转录活性分析

为了解厚藤(Ipomoea pes-caprae)脱水素基因IpDHN (GenBank登录号:KX426069)启动子的转录活性和对非生物胁迫和植物激素ABA的响应,通过染色体步移法克隆了IpDHN的上游启动子序列IpDHN-Pro,长度为974 bp。构建IpDHN-Pro调控下GUS转基因载体,转化拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)植株获得IpDHN-Pro::GUS转基因植株并进行GUS染色,验证IpDHN-Pro启动转录活性以及在氯化钠、甘露醇、ABA处理后拟南芥GUS基因表达变化。结果表明,扩增获得的IpDHN-Pro序列包含多个顺式作用元件,包括1个ABRE、3个Myb转录因子结合位点、富含TC的重复序列以及Skn-1基序等。转基因拟南芥GUS染色及qRT-PCR表明该序列可驱动GUS基因在拟南芥稳定表达,且表达受高盐、渗透压及ABA的诱导。这表明IpDHN-Pro是一个盐旱、ABA诱导的启动子序列,可应用于相关的植物抗逆遗传工程研究。     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.