荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫龄数及各发育阶段在不同温度下的发育历期

【目的】荔枝蒂蛀虫 Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley是荔枝龙眼上的主要害虫,以幼虫蛀果为害。本研究旨在明确荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫龄数及不同温度下各虫态和各龄幼虫的发育历期,为该虫发生规律、预测预报和防控技术研究提供基础生物学数据。【方法】定期收集处于不同发育时期的荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫,测量幼虫头壳宽度,对其进行频次分析,Crosby指数验证和曲线回归分析,以确定幼虫龄数。通过室内群体饲养的方法,测定了17~38℃区间8个温度梯度下荔枝蒂蛀虫各虫态和各龄幼虫的发育历期,并采用线性日度模型对其发育速率与温度的关系进行回归分析。【结果】根据荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫头壳宽度频次分布图,其头壳宽度的频次分布可明显分为5个区域,说明其幼虫分5个龄期,符合Dyar定律。1-5龄幼虫的头壳宽度分别为：0.092~0.120, 0.140~0.206, 0.217~0.319, 0.356~0.523和0.582~0.728 mm。温度对荔枝蒂蛀虫卵、各龄幼虫和蛹的发育历期有明显影响,其发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短,其发育速率均与温度呈显著正相关,并符合线性回归模型。在20~32℃,荔枝蒂蛀虫可完成世代发育;在17℃时,该虫只能发育至3龄幼虫;在35℃时,蛹多不能羽化;在38℃时,卵多不能孵化。在20~32℃,其世代历期为41.16~19.34 d,蛹期为12.74~5.38 d,而产卵前期为4.75~4.22 d,温度对产卵前期无明显影响。在20~35℃,荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫可正常发育,其1龄幼虫龄期为4.50~1.17 d,2龄幼虫期为2.09~1.40 d,3龄幼虫期为2.84~1.00 d,4龄幼虫期为3.41~1.18 d,5龄幼虫期为3.00~1.37 d,预蛹期为2.41~0.69 d。在17~35℃,荔枝蒂蛀虫卵可正常孵化,其卵期为7.73~2.09 d。【结论】荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫分5个龄期,不同于前人所报道的4个龄期。在20~32℃温度范围内,卵、各龄幼虫和蛹的发育历期均随温度升高而缩短。本研究结果有助于荔枝蒂蛀虫预测预报方案的制定和实施。     

自然变温条件下番石榴实蝇发育历期、起点温度和有效积温

在室内自然变温条件下研究了番石榴实蝇Bactrocera correcta(Bezzi)发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,除雌虫产卵前期表现出26℃最短、随着温度升高或者降低均延长的规律外,卵、幼虫和蛹发育历期随着温度升高总体呈现变短的趋势。该虫卵、幼虫、蛹、雌虫产卵前期的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为15.25、9.24、10.35、20.14℃和21.24、91.06、180.85、135.66日·度,建立了各虫态发育速率与温度关系模型。     

Testing the rate isomorphy hypothesis using five statistical methods

Abstract Organisms are said to be in developmental rate isomorphy when the proportions of developmental stage durations are unaffected by temperature. Comprehensive stage‐specific developmental data were generated on the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), at eight temperatures ranging from 16°C to 30°C (in 2°C increments) and five analytical methods were used to test the rate isomorphy hypothesis, including: (i) direct comparison of lower developmental thresholds with standard errors based on the traditional linear equation describing developmental rate as the linear function of temperature; (ii) analysis of covariance to compare the lower developmental thresholds of different stages based on the Ikemoto‐Takai linear equation; (iii) testing the significance of the slope item in the regression line of versus temperature, where p is the ratio of the developmental duration of a particular developmental stage to the entire pre‐imaginal developmental duration for one insect or mite species; (iv) analysis of variance to test for significant differences between the ratios of developmental stage durations to that of pre‐imaginal development; and (v) checking whether there is an element less than a given level of significance in the p‐value matrix of rotating regression line. The results revealed no significant difference among the lower developmental thresholds or among the aforementioned ratios, and thus convincingly confirmed the rate isomorphy hypothesis.     

温度对取食芦笋蓟马的巴氏钝绥螨生长发育、存活和繁殖的影响

观察了巴氏钝绥螨Amblyseius barkeri Hughes在5种温度(15、20、25、30和35℃)、食料为芦笋蓟马,相对湿度72%,L∶D=12∶12条件下的发育历期、存活率和繁殖力。结果表明:巴氏钝绥螨卵、幼螨、前若螨、后若螨及世代发育历期在15℃下最长,随着温度的升高而缩短,35℃下最短。产卵前期在15～30℃下,随温度的上升而缩短,35℃下稍有延长。存活率15℃下最低,随温度的上升而提高,30℃下最高。产卵量15℃下最少,其次是35℃,20～30℃下产卵量较多。根据实验结果,组建了巴氏钝绥螨以芦笋蓟马为食料在5种不同温度下的实验种群生命表。     

南亚果实蝇各虫态发育历期及有效积温研究

【背景】南亚果实蝇是世界性的检疫性害虫,在我国多个省市发生为害,对瓜果作物造成了严重的经济损失。【方法】采用人工恒温饲养方法,分别设置10、14、18、22、26、30、34℃7个恒温条件,测定不同温度条件下南亚果实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的生长发育历期,并推算出相应的发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】南亚果实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为7．36、2．43、7．64℃,卵期、幼虫期和蛹期的有效积温分别为20．21、187．69和156．65日度。完成整个世代的发育起点温度是7．64℃,有效积温为364．55日度。当温度达到34℃时,卵的发育历期相对延长,而蛹则不能正常发育,无法羽化为成虫。【结论与意义】在10～30℃,南亚果实蝇的卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,各虫态的发育速率和温度呈显著正相关;在26和30℃下,卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期均显著短于其他各处理温度的发育历期。该试验结果为了解南亚果实蝇的发育温度极限和进一步开展该害虫的适生性分析提供了基础信息,进而为制定该虫的检疫措施提供依据。     

Lineages with long durations are old and morphologically average: an analysis using multiple datasets

Lineage persistence is as central to biology as evolutionary change. Important questions regarding persistence include: why do some lineages outlive their relatives, neither becoming extinct nor evolving into separate lineages? Do these long‐duration lineages have distinctive ecological or morphological traits that correlate with their geologic durations and potentially aid their survival? In this paper, I test the hypothesis that lineages (species and higher taxa) with longer geologic durations have morphologies that are more average than expected by chance alone. I evaluate this hypothesis for both individual lineages with longer durations and groups of lineages with longer durations, using more than 60 published datasets of animals with adequate fossil records. Analyses presented here show that groups of lineages with longer durations fall empirically into one of three theoretically possible scenarios, namely: (1) the morphology of groups of longer duration lineages is closer to the grand average of their inclusive group, that is, their relative morphological distance is smaller than expected by chance alone, when compared with rarified samples of their shorter duration relatives (a negative group morpho‐duration distribution); (2) the relative morphological distance of groups of longer duration lineages is no different from rarified samples of their shorter duration relatives (a null group morpho‐duration distribution); and (3) the relative morphological distance of groups of longer duration lineages is greater than expected when compared with rarified samples of their shorter duration relatives (a positive group morpho‐duration distribution). Datasets exhibiting negative group morpho‐duration distributions predominate. However, lineages with higher ranks in the Linnean hierarchy demonstrate positive morpho‐duration distributions more frequently. The relative morphological distance of individual longer duration lineages is no different from that of rarified samples of their shorter duration relatives (a null individual morpho‐duration distribution) for the majority of datasets studied. Contrary to the common idea that very persistent lineages are special or unique in some significant way, both the results from analyses of long‐duration lineages as groups and individuals show that they are morphologically average. Persistent lineages often arise early in a group's history, even though there is no prior expectation for this tendency in datasets of extinct groups. The implications of these results for diversification histories and niche preemption are discussed.     

金银花尺蠖发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

利用光照培养箱,在16、19、22、25、28、31和34℃7个恒温条件下饲养金银花尺蠖Heterolocha jinyinhuaphaga Chu,对其各虫态的发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。结果表明,该虫在16～34℃的温度范围内均能正常生长发育,但各虫态的发育历期随温度变化而变化,在31℃以下的温度时,发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,超过31℃时,发育速度反而减慢,发育历期则逐渐延长;卵、幼虫、蛹、产卵前期和整个世代的发育起点温度分别为9.42、11.44、5.42、13.98和9.74℃,有效积温分别为122.64、303.15、195.95、39.15和673.03日.度;根据有效积温法则预测该虫在滁州市1年的理论发生代数为3.07代,这与实际发生情况基本相符合。     

温度对桃蛀螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

为了明确温度对桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée)生长发育和繁殖的影响, 本实验在恒温条件（15, 19, 23, 27和31℃共5个温度梯度）下, 以板栗为寄主食料, 研究了温度对桃蛀螟实验种群生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明： 温度对桃蛀螟各虫态的发育历期、 存活率、 蛹重以及种群繁殖力有显著影响。在15~27℃范围内, 各虫态的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短, 发育速率与温度呈显著正相关。但是, 当温度上升至31℃时, 幼虫生长发育受到抑制, 其发育历期比27℃时延长了1.11 d, 而卵期、 蛹期和产卵前期仍符合随温度升高趋于缩短的趋势。此外, 15℃下桃蛀螟5龄幼虫发育停滞, 表明老熟幼虫的发育起点温度高于其他低龄幼虫。桃蛀螟世代存活率随环境温度变化的大小顺序为23℃>27℃>19℃>31℃, 其中, 23~27℃的存活率较高, 为54.44%~63.56%, 31℃时为4.30%, 说明温度过高或过低均不利于其生长发育。成虫产卵量在23℃时最高, 单雌平均产卵量达55.00粒, 其次为19℃和27℃, 单雌平均产卵量分别为43.30和39.70粒; 31℃下产卵量最少, 仅为20.90粒。由直接最优法计算得到桃蛀螟卵期、 幼虫期、 蛹期、 产卵前期及全世代的发育起点温度分别为10.37, 10.06, 14.27, 7.47和11.85℃, 有效积温依次为70.84, 287.71, 118.42, 58.33和509.06日度。研究结果为桃蛀螟发生期的预测预报提供了基础参考数据, 对指导生产实践有实际的应用意义。     

A comparison of different thermal performance functions describing temperature-dependent development rates

The impact of temperature on developmental duration of insects has been long kept a high profile in the studies of insect pests. The relationship between developmental rate, which is the reciprocal of developmental duration, is generally represented by a straight line over a range of moderate temperature; over two ranges of extreme temperature (i.e., low temperatures and high temperatures), the relationship cannot be accurately reflected by a straight line (Campbell et al., 1974). For describing the effect of constant temperature on developmental rate over the full range of temperature, some non-linear models were proposed. To analyze the effect of temperature on ectothermic performance, twelve non-linear functions, including Gaussian, Logan1, Logan2, Performance, Wang–Lan–Ding, Sharpe–Schoolfield, Ratkowsky, Brière1, Brière2, Weibull, modified Gaussian and exponentially modified Gaussian functions, are compared using the coefficient of determination, adjusted coefficient of determination, Akaike information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), corrected Akaike information criterion (AICC) and a new method best on a weighted average of the five listed indicators. These models were compared using the development rate data of two species of insects at the egg stage. We found that the Performance, Brière1 and Brière2 functions are all very suitable for explaining temperature-dependent development rates. The three functions both belong to the asymmetrical skew thermal performance curves, and show better goodness-of-fit than the symmetrical Gaussian function. The Performance function might be the best function, because it can reflect the linearity between temperatures and developmental rates below the optimal developmental temperature.     

Coexistence of Competing Parasitoid Species on a Host with a Variable Life Cycle

Several special cases of a general model in which two parasitoid species attack different developmental stages of a single host species are presented. The inclusion of different mathematical forms of a maturation weighting function allows us to investigate the effect of several aspects of variation in immature stage durations on the outcome of competitition between the parasitoids. The two parasitoid species cannot coexist if the host developmental stages are fixed in duration. The outcome of competition depends in part on the relative duration of the two stages attacked by the parasitoid species. However, coexistence is possible if there is sufficient variation in the time that different host individuals remain in each stage. Distributed host developmental delays promote coexistence because they cause the host population to be composed of a mixture of host types with different relative egg versus larval stage durations. Each host type is thus largely available to only one of the parasitoid species.     

厚环黑蝇生长发育规律及其对于死亡时间推断的意义

厚环黑蝇Hydrotaea spinigera是在尸体腐败时全程在尸体上及尸体周围的泥土中出现的昆虫种类, 对于死亡时间的推断有着比较重要的意义。迄今尚未见该种类生长发育系统研究的报道。为了明确其生长发育规律, 以对相关的死亡时间推断提供基础数据, 本研究通过放置幼猪尸体于野外环境诱集该种类, 在室内饲养建立试验种群, 分别于20, 24, 28和32 （±1）℃恒温下饲养该昆虫, 对其生长发育历期、 体长随时间的变化及在尸体演替中出现的时间进行了研究。结果表明： 厚环黑蝇在20, 24, 28和32 （±1）℃下完成幼期生长发育所需最短平均发育历期分别为869.6±21.6, 673±18.5, 410±16.4和379±17.2 h, 平均发育历期分别为966±74.0, 808±80.2, 570±40.7和470±30.5 h; 其体长随发育时间的增加逐渐增长, 到达最大体长后在12~14 mm内波动, 体长与发育时间的关系可用方程y=（a+bx）/［1+exp（c+dx）］模拟。本研究为较为系统的厚环黑蝇发育生物学研究, 其结果对于高度腐败尸体的死亡时间推断及卫生害虫控制有较重要价值。     

Changes in first flowering dates and flowering duration of 232 plant species on the island of Guernsey

Climate change has affected plant phenology; increasing temperatures are associated with advancing first flowering dates. The impact on flowering duration, however, has rarely been studied. In this study, we analysed first flowering dates and flowering durations from a 27 year dataset of weekly flower observations on 232 plant species from the island of Guernsey in the English Channel. The aim of this study was to explore variation in trends and relationships between first flowering dates, flowering duration and temperature. We specifically looked for evidence that traits, such as life forms and phylogenetic groups, explained variation in sensitivity of first flowering and flowering duration among species. Overall trends revealed significantly earlier flowering over time, by an average of 5.2 days decade^?1 since 1985. A highly significant shortening of flowering duration was observed by an average of 10 days decade^?1. Correlations between first flowering, flowering duration and year varied between different species, traits and flowering periods. Significant differences among traits were observed for first flowering and to a lesser degree for flowering duration. Overall, in comparison to first flowering, more species had significant trends in flowering duration. Temperature relationships revealed large differences in strength and direction of response. 55% of the species revealed a significant negative relationship of first flowering dates and temperature. In contrast, only 19% of flowering durations had a significant negative temperature relationship. The advance in first flowering date together with a shortening of flowering duration suggests potentially serious impacts on pollinators, which might pose a major threat to biodiversity, agriculture and horticulture. Human health, in terms of pollen allergies, however, might benefit from a shortening of specific plant pollen seasons.     

Changes in breastfeeding initiation and duration in Peru, 1977–1986

Abstract

Both breastfeeding initiation and duration increased in Peru during 1977–86. Although one would have expected that the average incidence and duration of breastfeeding would have declined as a result of changes in population characteristics, the potential for an overall decline was more than overcome by changes in behavior. A net increase in initiation and duration is shown for all subgroups of interest. The largest absolute increases are documented for children who, in 1977, were the least likely to be breastfed and who were breastfed for the shortest durations.     

SEMG power spectrum changes during a sustained 50% Maximum Voluntary Isometric Torque do not depend upon the prior knowledge of the exercise duration.

Endurance time (Tlim) is a relevant indicator of muscular resistance to fatigue. It has been recently shown that SEMG changes computed during shorter periods (sub-maximal durations) than the whole test duration could serve to predict Tlim. The aim of the present study was to test whether the prior knowledge of the sub-maximal duration had any influence on Tlim prediction throughout SEMG changes. For this purpose, we compared myoelectric changes estimated over a 30-s isometric contraction whose duration was known by the subjects, to those changes measured during the first 30 s of a test prolonged until exhaustion. The effort intensity was set at 50% of the maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVIT). The myoelectric manifestations of muscle fatigue appeared to change in a similar way during both sessions for temporal and spectral analyses. In conclusion, the prior knowledge of the duration of sustained isometric contraction did not influence the motor unit recruitment strategy throughout surface EMG evaluation. These results confirmed that the use of SEMG changes computed over shorter periods than expected endurance time may be applied to investigate the capability of the initial rate of SEMG changes to predict muscle endurance capacity at 50%MVIT. This may be of particular interest for patient evaluation in the clinical field.     

中国各棉区棉铃虫滞育解除特点

试验研究了我国华南棉区、长江流域棉区、黄河流域棉区、北部特早熟棉区和西北内陆棉区棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)13个地理种群的滞育解除特点。随纬度升高地理种群滞育蛹在高温下的发育时间显著延长,羽化格局趋于松散,在30℃下湖南衡阳种群和新疆哈密种群的发育时间分别为(15.6±4.9)d和(41.4±9.0)d。低温处理可明显降低长江流域以北种群的滞育历期,但对华南棉区北部种群则无明显的活化作用。湖南衡阳种群、湖北武穴种群、北京种群和新疆哈密种群活化滞育蛹的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为17.4℃和146.O日度,16.6℃和146.5日度,15.7℃和156.4日度及15.7℃和167.7日度。     

The relative duration of similar periods in the early embryogenesis of teleosts

The absolute (in min.) and relative (in the number of tau0) duration of the periods of cleavage, epiboly and that between the onset of gastrulation and the stage of 10 pairs of somites were determined in Cyprinus carpio L., Misgurnus fossils L., Esox lucius L. and Coregonus peled Gmel. at different constant temperatures. The stability of the dimensionless characteristics for the duration of each of these periods in the species in question within the limits of optimum temperatures was shown. A comparison of the relative duration of the same periods of early embryogenesis in C. carpio, M. fossilis, E. lucius, Salmo trutta L. morpha fario and S. gairdneri Rich. has shown that in the species under comparison the relative durations of the period of synchronous cleavage divisions are similar, whereas those of the period of asynchronous cleavage divisions differ. The relative durations were found to be similar for the period between the onset of gastrulation and the stage of 10 pairs of somites in M. fossilis, E. lucius and 2 species of Salmo. Differences were revealed in the relative duration of the period of epiboly; the average relative rate of the movement of blastoderm cells toward the vegetative pole is similar in the species with the eggs of small size (C. carpio, M. fossilis, Coregonus peled) and increases with the egg size. The temporal relationships between the embryonic periods under study in the species in question and possible mechanism which determine these relationships are considered with respect to the data on egg structure, as well as on the stage when the isolated blastoderm acquires the capacity of differentiation in vitro.     

柏小爪螨发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

在恒温条件下测定了柏小爪螨Oligonychusperditus卵、幼螨、若螨历期 ,成螨产卵前期和世代发育历期 ,用直线回归法和李典谟直接最优法分别计算了柏小爪螨各螨态和 1代的发育起点温度和有效积温 ,并根据有效积温法则预测了该螨在山东泰安地区 1年可能完成代数为 1 1代左右     

温度对胡萝卜微管蚜生长发育繁殖的影响

【目标】明确温度对胡萝卜微管蚜Semiaphis heraclei(Takahashi)生长发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】在室内5个温度梯度下(19、22、25、28、31℃)观察并比较胡萝卜微管蚜的发育历期、存活率、存活寿命及产仔量。【结果】在19?31℃范围内,胡萝卜微管蚜各龄期及完整世代的发育历期均随着温度的升高而缩短,完成一个世代分别需要22.17、17.13、12.57、10.03和7.83 d。温度与发育速率呈极显著相关(P<0.01,r>0.8),温度越高发育速率越快。胡萝卜微管蚜4个若蚜期和世代的发育起点分别为14.15、13.87、13.64、15.06、12.92℃,有效积温分别为29.98、29.30、28.54、24.00和144.21日?度。建立了胡萝卜微管蚜各个发育阶段的历期预测式。在5个恒温下胡萝卜微管蚜1?4龄及世代的存活率随温度的变化而小幅波动。在19?31℃范围内,该蚜虫世代的存活率分别为40.0%、52.5%、62.5%、60.0%和47.5%。25℃该蚜虫的存活率相对较高,1?4龄及世代的存活率分别为82.5%、81.8%、92.6%、100%和62.5%。在相同温度条件下该蚜虫不同发育阶段的存活率存在差异。存活寿命随着温度的升高而缩短,19℃时寿命最长,为33.30 d,31℃时寿命最短,为15.40 d。产仔期随着温度的升高而缩短,19℃时产仔期为11.13 d,31℃时为7.57 d。在19?31℃范围内,该蚜虫的单雌产仔总量分别为26.33、27.93、32.53、27.13和17.93头。【结论】温度是影响胡萝卜微管蚜的生长发育、存活和繁殖的重要因素。25℃时胡萝卜微管蚜各龄期及世代的发育历期较短,存活率较高,单雌产仔总量最大。25℃较适合该蚜虫生长发育和繁殖。     

Thermal and thermoperiodic effects on larval development and diapause in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

Effects of temperature and thermoperiod on larval development and the induction of diapause were investigated in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. Developmental threshold temperatures characteristic of the first four larval instars were estimated under both thermoperiods and constant temperatures. Threshold values were similar under the two conditions, but the 4th-larval instar was shown to display a significantly lower developmental threshold temperature than was characteristic of the earlier instars. Although developmental times (days per instar) were not greatly affected by fluctuating temperature regimes, the quantity of growth (weight, head width) during the 4th and 5th (last) stadia was found to be much greater under thermoperiodic regimes than under comparable constant temperature conditions. By means of thermoperiodic regimes having identical mean temperatures but different cryophase durations, it was demonstrated that the induction of diapause is dependent on the duration of the cryophase rather than on the mean temperature of the thermoperiod. To be effective, the cryophase must be colder than the insect's thermoperiodic response threshold. It was also demonstrated that thermoperiodic responses that are readily produced under continuously dark rearing conditions are not manifested under continuous light.     

Misspecifications of Stimulus Presentation Durations in Experimental Psychology: A Systematic Review of the Psychophysics Literature

Background

In visual psychophysics, precise display timing, particularly for brief stimulus presentations, is often required. The aim of this study was to systematically review the commonly applied methods for the computation of stimulus durations in psychophysical experiments and to contrast them with the true luminance signals of stimuli on computer displays.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In a first step, we systematically scanned the citation index Web of Science for studies with experiments with stimulus presentations for brief durations. Articles which appeared between 2003 and 2009 in three different journals were taken into account if they contained experiments with stimuli presented for less than 50 milliseconds. The 79 articles that matched these criteria were reviewed for their method of calculating stimulus durations. For those 75 studies where the method was either given or could be inferred, stimulus durations were calculated by the sum of frames (SOF) method. In a second step, we describe the luminance signal properties of the two monitor technologies which were used in the reviewed studies, namely cathode ray tube (CRT) and liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors. We show that SOF is inappropriate for brief stimulus presentations on both of these technologies. In extreme cases, SOF specifications and true stimulus durations are even unrelated. Furthermore, the luminance signals of the two monitor technologies are so fundamentally different that the duration of briefly presented stimuli cannot be calculated by a single method for both technologies. Statistics over stimulus durations given in the reviewed studies are discussed with respect to different duration calculation methods.

Conclusions/Significance

The SOF method for duration specification which was clearly dominating in the reviewed studies leads to serious misspecifications particularly for brief stimulus presentations. We strongly discourage its use for brief stimulus presentations on CRT and LCD monitors.