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1.
1. Strontium absorption was studied in vivo with loops of ileum in rachitic chicks and found to be increased by vitamin D(3), bile salts and sodium lauryl sulphate. 2. Bile salts and sodium lauryl sulphate rendered strontium soluble in butanol-benzene (1:1, v/v). 3. Bile was not concerned in the absorption of iron in rats from its water-soluble form, ferrous sulphate. 4. Ligation of the bile ducts in rats caused a decrease in the absorption of iron presented as its sparingly soluble phosphate. 5. The effect of bile on cation absorption is discussed.  相似文献   

2.
Four detergent actives, sodium lauryl sulphate, DOBS 055, Dobanol 25 sulphate LCU and Dobanol 25 sulphate HCB, were fed to rats in the diet for 90 days at the maximum tolerated dose, 1.13 percent active ingredient in each case. Sodium lauryl sulphate and DOBS 055 were also fed at half this concentration. Chromosome preparations were made from the bone marrow and scored for the presence of rearrangements, chromatid gaps and breaks and isochromatid gaps and breaks. The four detergent actives were found to have no effect on the chromosomes of rat bone marrow cells.  相似文献   

3.
Spores of Bacillus subtilis NCTC 8236 exposed at 22 degrees C to test biocides (alkaline glutaraldehyde, an iodophor, Lugol's solution, sodium hypochlorite and sodium dichloroisocyanurate) demonstrated varying degrees of injury to stressing agents (sodium hydroxide, sodium lauryl sulphate, polymyxin B sulphate or cetylpyridinium chloride) incorporated into a recovery agar medium. This injury to stressing agents was expressed mainly during outgrowth.  相似文献   

4.
The content, composition and structure of proteoglycans (PGs) in adult human laryngeal cartilage (HLC) were investigated. PGs were extracted from the tissue by using two different extraction protocols. In the first protocol, PGs were extracted under dissociative conditions, 4 M guanidine HCl (GdnHCl), and in the second protocol, sequentially, with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and solutions of increasing GdnHCl concentration (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 M). Chemical and immunological analyses of dissociate extracts (first protocol) revealed the presence of four, at least, different types of PGs. Aggrecan was the major PG, versican, decorin and biglycan being in small amounts. Galactosaminoglycan-containing PGs (GalAGPGs) represented the vast majority of total PGs present in extracts of HLC. Differential digestion with chondroitinase ABC and AC II showed that the GalAGPGs from HLC contained a significant proportion of dermatan sulphate (DS). In addition, disaccharide analysis showed that 6-sulphated disaccharides predominated in chondroitin sulphate (CS) chains. The sequential extraction (second protocol) indicated that PBS extract contained very little amount of PGs. The 0.5, 1 and 2 M GdnHCl extracts contained 6.3%, 24.5% and 15.2% of total extracted PGs, respectively. Four molar GdnHCl extracted the larger proportion, about 53%, of total PGs. This extract contained almost only proteoglycan aggregate components i.e., G1 bearing aggrecan, hyaluronan and link protein. The characterization of the aggrecan showed that it constituted a polydisperse population of monomers with an average molecular mass of 720 kDa. The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) present were chondroitin sulphate with a M(r) of 15 kDa, and keratan sulphate (KS) with a M(r) of 10 kDa, in proportions 84% and 16%, respectively.  相似文献   

5.
Treatment of goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) with sub-lethal concentrations of an anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate for 1, 2 or 4 weeks produced histological changes in the interrenal (steroidogenic) cells of the head kidney which are indicative of a cellular activation. Significant increases in both the nuclear diameter of these cells and the number of nucleoli contained in the nuclei occurred after 1 week's treatment, although these effects were more pronounced after 2 and 4 weeks. There were little associated alterations in chromaffin cell activity. Preliminary experiments with another pollutant, zinc sulphate, suggest that it exerts a similar action to sodium lauryl sulphate on the interrenal cells. It is suggested the increases in corticosteroid production which occur after exposure of fish to sub-lethal concentrations of pollutants may be important in the development of a generalized disease syndrome and to the long-term success of fish populations.  相似文献   

6.
SUMMARY. Histological and electron microscopical study of the gills of fish poisoned by the anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate indicates that the nature of the toxic action changes at a concentration of about 120 mg I−1. Toxicity tests were conducted to determine whether this change could be detected in the test data, using brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) and rainbow trout ( S. gairdneri ).
Toxicity curves showed no indication of the change in toxic action, but at concentrations of 120 and 130 mg I−1 of sodium lauryl sulphate 'split' probit lines occurred, and the lines for 150 mg I−1 consistently differed in slope from other lines.  相似文献   

7.
A high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of proguanil, cycloguanil and 4-chlorophenylbiguanide is reported using a hydrophobic stationary phase and lauryl sulphate as pairing ion. It is suggested, on the basis of the behaviour of phenylbenzoate as an undissociated solute and the variation of retention with lauryl sulphate and sodium ion concentrations that the mechanism of separation is one of ion exchange. The biguanides can be detected in serum at concentrations in the region of 60 ng ml-1 and preliminary results are presented to show the variation of proguanil in serum over a 24-h period following ingestion of 200 mg orgally.  相似文献   

8.
Sublethally heated spores of Bacillus subtilis NCTC 8236 were susceptible to posttreatment concentrations in agar of polymyxin B sulphate, sodium hydroxide, cetylpyridinium chloride and sodium lauryl sulphate that did not prevent colony formation to untreated spores. The non-ionic surfactants polysorbates 20 and 80 were not inhibitory when used at high concentrations against both heated and unheated spores. The method has been developed for detecting sublethal injury in biocide-exposed spores, since iodine-treated spores became highly susceptible to polymyxin contained in recovery agar.  相似文献   

9.
From synchronized sporulation and spore mutant studies, the order of development of resistance to biocides during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis strain 168 was toluene, formaldehyde, sodium lauryl sulphate, phenol, phenylmercuric nitrate, m -cresol, chlorocresol, chlorhexidine gluconate, cetylpyridinium chloride, moist heat, sodium dichlorisocyanurate, sodium hypochlorite, lysozyme and glutaraldehyde. These resistances could be assigned to different stages in spore development.  相似文献   

10.
Alcohol dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.1.) activity increases markedly in the germinating pea cotyledon in the first 2 days. The activity was not suppressed by the administration of actinomycin D, 6-methylpurine, DL-p-fluorophenylalanine, and D-chloramphenicol. The compounds rather depressed the decrease of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in cotyledons after 3 days of germination. The alcohol dehydrogenase activity in ungerminated pea seeds was activated by treatment with sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol and NADH. The inhibitory effect caused by the extract from 7 day-old cotyledons was diminished markedly in the presence of dithiothreitol and 2-mercaptoethanol, as well as by addition of bovine serum albumin. If dithiothreitol was added to the extraction medium, the enzyme activity from older cotyledons was greatly enhanced.  相似文献   

11.
S.F. BLOOMFIELD AND M. ARTHUR. 1992. Solutions of chlorine-releasing agents (CRAs) show varying activity against Bacillus subtilis spores; sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) shows higher activity than sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) which is more active than chloramine-T. Investigations with coat- and cortex-extracted spores indicate that resistance to CRAs depends not only on the spore coat but also the cortex. Whereas extraction of alkali-soluble coat protein increased sensitivity to NaOCl and NaDCC, degradation of coat and cortex material was required to achieve significant activity with chloramine-T. NaOCl (in the presence and absence of NaOH) and NaDCC (in the presence of NaOH only) produced degradation of spore coat and cortes material which may be related to their rapid sporicidal action at low concentrations under these conditions. By contrast, chloramine-T produced no degradation of cortex peptidoglycan and was only effective against normal and alkali-treated spores at high concentrations, requiring extraction of peptidoglycan with urea/dithiothreitol/sodium lauryl sulphate (UDS) or UDS/lysozyme to achieve significant activity at low concentrations. Results suggest that the sporicidal action of CRAs is associated with spore coat and cortex degradation causing rehydration of the protoplast allowing diffusion to the site of action on the underlying protoplast.  相似文献   

12.
Solutions of chlorine-releasing agents (CRAs) show varying activity against Bacillus subtilis spores; sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) shows higher activity than sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) which is more active than chloramine-T. Investigations with coat- and cortex-extracted spores indicate that resistance to CRAs depends not only on the spore coat but also the cortex. Whereas extraction of alkali-soluble coat protein increased sensitivity to NaOCl and NaDCC, degradation of coat and cortex material was required to achieve significant activity with chloramine-T. NaOCl (in the presence and absence of NaOH) and NaDCC (in the presence of NaOH only) produced degradation of spore coat and cortex material which may be related to their rapid sporicidal action at low concentrations under these conditions. By contrast, chloramine-T produced no degradation of cortex peptidoglycan and was only effective against normal and alkali-treated spores at high concentrations, requiring extraction of peptidoglycan with urea/dithiothreitol/sodium lauryl sulphate (UDS) or UDS/lysozyme to achieve significant activity at low concentrations. Results suggest that the sporicidal action of CRAs is associated with spore coat and cortex degradation causing rehydration of the protoplast allowing diffusion to the site of action on the underlying protoplast.  相似文献   

13.
The pathological effects often lethal concentrations of the anionic detergent, sodium lauryl sulphate, on the gills of Salmo trutta L. have been studied by light and electron microscopy. At concentrations to 120 mg/1 (medium survival times >1 h), epithelial cell death is associated with lysosome formation. Acute inflammation of the gill tissue, extensive detachment of the epithelium and, except at the lowest concentrations, collapse of the pillar cell system occur. At concentrations above 120 mg/1 (medium survival times <1 h) very rapid lysis of cells results in the complete disruption of cellular and tissue structure. Changes in the gross structure of the gills are explainable in terms of the rate and nature of toxic action at the cellular level. Review of the biomedical literature suggests the observed effects of sodium lauryl sulphate on gill cells correspond to the two mechanisms by which detergents cause death in isolated cells. These are autolysis, i.e. lysis by the action of the cell's own enzymes, induced by an initial lesion in the cell membrane whose precise nature is not known; and rapid lysis by the direct action of the detergent on the cell constituents.  相似文献   

14.
Proteoglycans (PGs) in bovine corneal stroma were stained with Cupromeronic Blue in 'critical-electrolyte-concentration' (CEC) methods for electron microscopy, and were located vis-à-vis collagen fibril a-e banding patterns. Keratanase and chondroitin ABC lyase digestion showed that a + c-band- and d + e-band-associated PGs were keratan sulphate-rich and chondroitin (dermatan) sulphate-rich respectively. The CEC pattern proved that the keratan sulphate PGs at the a and c bands differed. Comparison of their CECs with their behaviour on anion-exchange chromatography confirmed previous (indirect) attempts at identification [Scott & Haigh (1985) Biosci. Rep. 5, 765-774]. Similar arguments were applied to the dermatan sulphate PGs at the d and e bands. These results strongly support the one-PG-one-binding-site hypothesis [e.g. Scott (1988) Biochem. J. 252, 313-323]. Remarkable inter-species variations in the keratan sulphate PG patterns contrast with the relatively constant picture of dermatan sulphate PG-collagen fibril interactions.  相似文献   

15.
Outer membranes were isolated, by sodium lauryl sulphate extraction, from the American type strain, five Australian, and four English isolates of Campylobacter hyointestinalis. On SDS-PAGE examination, the protein profiles of seven strains (including the type strain) were similar, and were dominated by two major proteins of 47 and 50 kDa. Three other isolates had unique major protein profiles. The largest of these proteins was heat-modifiable in these isolates, and in the type strain. The flagellin of three isolates screened was of similar M(r) to that of Campylobacter jejuni/Campylobacter coli. The lipopolysaccharides of C. hyointestinalis isolates were heterogeneous in structure; 5/10 isolates synthesised material of M(r) value greater than that of the low M(r) C. jejuni/C. coli lipopolysaccharide. By gel excision and re-electrophoresis, it was shown that the higher M(r) materials of one isolate were not artifactual aggregates of lower M(r) species.  相似文献   

16.
Different proteoglycans (PGs) were isolated from pig aorta for aggregation studies with hyaluronic acid and human low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Extraction of the intima-media with 4M-guanidinium chloride and digestion of the residue with collagenase solubilized 91% of aortic hexuronic acid content. From the guanidinium chloride extract two PGs were isolated by ion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography: proteochondroitin sulphate (PGI) with a protein-core apparent Mr of 250 000 and proteodermatan-chondroitin sulphate (PGII) with a protein-core apparent Mr of 55 000. Only PGI forms high-Mr aggregates with hyaluronic acid. From the collagenase digest two other PGs were isolated: proteoheparan sulphate and proteochondroitin sulphate (PGIII and PGIV respectively). PGIV had a smaller hydrodynamic size than PGI. PGI and PGII formed insoluble complexes with human LDL in the presence of Ca2+. PGIII or PGIV did not form precipitates with the LDL. PGI and PGII, but neither PGIII nor PGIV, were bound to LDL-Sepharose. The main peaks of PGI and PGII were eluted from LDL-Sepharose with 60 mM- and 90 mM-NaCl respectively. The results indicate that aortic PGs have different interacting potentials with lipoproteins, depending on their Mr and their glycosaminoglycan composition.  相似文献   

17.
A little is known about proteoglycan (PG) changes, occuring in the course of scarring of tissues another than skin. The aim of present study was biochemical characterization of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) of normal and scarred fascia. Samples of normal fascia lata were taken at autopsy from 23 individuals and samples of scarred fascia lata were removed from 23 patients at reoperations for femoral fracture. The obtained tissues were divided into two samples: first of them was submitted to GAG isolation and the second one to PG isolation.GAGs were extracted by extensive papain digestion followed by the fractionation using cetylpyridinium chloride. In order to qualitative and quantitative characterization GAGs were submitted to electrophoresis on cellulose acetate before and after treatment with enzymes, specifically depolymerizing some kinds of GAGs. PGs were extracted using 4 M guanidine HCl followed by purification by forming complexes with Alcian blue. PGs were submitted to gel permeation chromatography on Sepharose 4B. In order to obtain core proteins PGs were depolymerized with chondroitinase ABC. The purified PGs and their core proteins were separated with sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS/PAGE). It was found that total GAGs content was significantly elevated in scarred fascia. Both types of fascia contained chondroitin-, dermatan- and heparan sulphates and hyaluronic acid. Dermatan sulphates (DS) were the predominant GAGs of normal and scarred fascia. The contents of all GAG types were increased in scarred fascia. Both types of fascia contained two kinds of dermatan sulphate proteoglycans (DSPGs); first being similar to biglycan and the second one similar to decorin, as it was judged by molecular weight of their native molecules and core proteins as well as type of GAG components. Densitometric analysis showed that decorin is a predominant DSPG in both fascia types, but in scarred tissue the ratio of biglycan to decorin is considerably higher. Moreover, in scarred fascia a large chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG) was also observed. The obtained results have shown that the scar formation is accompanied by quantitative and qualitative alterations in GAGs/PGs resembling those observed in hypertrophic skin scars. The biochemical modification of the scarred fascia lata may partly explain the clinically manifested damage to biomechanical properties of this tissue.  相似文献   

18.
Electron histochemical investigations of mammalian and echinoderm tissues, using cupromeronic blue to stain proteoglycans (PGs) specifically in critical electrolyte concentration methods, showed that collagen fibrils are associated with keratan sulphate and chondroitin (dermatan) sulphate ('tadpole') PGs at the a, c, d and e bands on the fibril surface, giving rise to the 'one proteoglycan: one binding site' hypothesis. Intra-fibrillar PGs have been observed, distributed in a regular way which suggests that collagen fibrils are aggregates of 'protofibrils', some of which carry PGs at their surfaces. A scheme for remodelling of collagen fibrils, based on recycling of these protofibrils, is outlined. The choice of which tadpole PG to use to carry out a given function is decided to a considerable extent by the availability of oxygen to the relevant tissue element.  相似文献   

19.
The contraceptive properties of a gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate were investigated in both in vitro and in vivo models. Results showed that sodium lauryl sulfate inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, the activity of sheep testicular hyaluronidase. Sodium lauryl sulfate also completely inhibited human sperm motility as evaluated by the 30-sec Sander-Cramer test. The acid-buffering capacity of gel formulations containing sodium lauryl sulfate increased with the molarity of the citrate buffers used for their preparations. Furthermore, experiments in which semen was mixed with undiluted gel formulations in different proportions confirmed their physiologically relevant buffering capacity. Intravaginal application of the gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate to rabbits before their artificial insemination with freshly ejaculated semen completely prevented egg fertilization. The gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate was fully compatible with nonlubricated latex condoms. Taken together, these results suggest that the gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate could represent a potential candidate for use as a topical vaginal spermicidal formulation to provide fertility control in women.  相似文献   

20.
Of the total protein in an adult mouse brain, 35 per cent is water-soluble and 65 per cent water-insoluble. Using an extraction scheme of sequential treatment with water, Triton X-100, and sodium lauryl sulphate, it was possible to solubilize at least 90 per cent of this total in distinct groups. Qualitative analysis of the extracts was achieved by electro-phoresis in porosity gradient polyacrylamide gels. In this way, each fraction was resolved into 20-50 protein bands. This sequential extraction-fractionation procedure was employed in a study of the onto-genetic changes in mouse brain proteins. The most pronounced accumulation of protein and alteration of protein composition occurred during the first few weeks after birth. Beyond that period, both quantitative and qualitative changes were much less dramatic, except in the 1 % SLS fraction, which continued to increase in size throughout the mouse's lifespan. Whereas the aqueous-soluble proteins predominated during the very early stages of development, the detergent-soluble constituents accounted subsequently for a steadily increasing proportion of the total protein.  相似文献   

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