两淮矿区小型塌陷湖泊水质特征与水环境容量

两淮煤矿开采导致大面积土地沉陷和积水,形成众多小型塌陷湖泊水体,现阶段湖泊水质特征不清晰,亟需进行科学规划和管理。选取淮南潘谢矿区3个塌陷湖泊(HNPJ、HNXQ和HNGQ)和淮北朱-杨庄矿区3个塌陷湖泊(HBDH、HBZH和HBNH)为研究对象,结合各湖泊研究站点的监测资料,用不同的评价方法进行了水环境质量评价和水质特征标识,明确了塌陷湖泊水体的水质目标、水体功能和特征污染物。利用完全混合系统水质模型计算了各研究站点特征污染物的水环境容量。结果表明:淮南矿区塌陷湖泊水体大部分为Ⅲ类水体,淮北矿区HBZH和HBNH主要为Ⅱ类水体;淮南矿区需要对TN进行控制,HNPJ、HNXQ的TN需要分别消减8.3、37.4 t·a-1,使其不超过Ⅲ类水质标准;淮北矿区COD是关注的重点,HBDH和HBZH的COD需要分别消减25.8和87.7 t·a-1,使其分别达到Ⅳ类和Ⅲ类水质目标。     

基于组合可拓综合分析法的鄱阳湖流域水质富营养化评价

长期跟踪定位评价湖泊的水质营养化程度,对于实现地区水功能具有重要意义。针对评价方法中指标选取的可行性、单一性、权重赋值的主观随意性以及水质变化的模糊性、随机性、动态性和生物指示性等特点,采用了可拓综合评价法和浮游生物调查与室内测定法相结合,构建了组合可拓综合分析法,一方面利用可拓综合分析法对鄱阳湖流域5个代表性观测站点的10年的年均（每2年）观测数据进行评价;另一方面通过浮游生物指示法对该5个站点的水质进行富营养化评价,以生物指示评价法所得等级与可拓综合分析法评定等级吻合的最多次数所对应等级作为组合可拓综合评价法的评价等级。结果表明：（1）自2006年以来鄱阳湖流域水体富营养化水平较为平稳,总体呈好转势态。2010年有4个观测点的水体达到富营养化程度,而在2014年湖区的蛤蟆石和鄱阳水质略有所改善,达到轻富营养化程度,都昌、康山、星子站点的水体为中营养化,改善幅度较大,水质较好;（2）从湖区的地理区位看,鄱阳湖湖区的南部和西部的水质富营养化程度总体上要好于北部、东部和中部湖区,水质富营养化程度表现为区域的不均匀性。     

黄河口及邻近海域氮、磷及环境质量评价

根据2008年和2009年5、8月4个航次黄河口及邻近海域监测数据,分析了该海域氮磷含量和分布,与历史数据进行比较,分析年际动态变化、营养类型,并进行有机污染和营养状态评价。结果表明:整个黄河口及邻近海域氮营养水平较高,大部分海域磷酸盐营养水平较低,营养类型为磷限制潜在性富营养;整个监测海域处于中～富营养状态,春季(5月)富营养水平稍重于秋季(8月),河口近岸海域和南部海域富营养水平较重;2008年5月和2009年8月监测海域有机污染评价为开始受污染,2008年8月和2009年5月水质较好。     

用浮游动物评价巢湖东湖区的水质和营养类型

于2005年6月至2006年6月对巢湖东湖区的浮游动物进行了采样调查,初步研究了巢湖东湖区的浮游动物的种类组成、群落结构特征以及浮游动物物种的多样性,并对巢湖东湖区的水质状况和营养类型作出了评价。研究结果显示浮游动物153种,其中原生动物43属59种,占总种数的38.56%;轮虫类20属48种,占总种数的31.37%;枝角类14属26种,占总种数的16.99%;桡足类20种,占总种数的13.07%。浮游动物的物种多样性随着季节的变化而变化;污生指数法评价结果表明巢湖东湖区的水质状况从2005年6月至2006年6月均处于β-中污带级;用浮游动物数量(ind·L^-1)作为湖泊水体营养程度的生物量指标,其结果显示巢湖东湖区水体从2005年6-9月和2006年3-6月巢湖东湖区水体的营养状况处于富营养状态。     

三种浮游植物指示法在景观性河流水体营养状态评价中的应用

为探求三种浮游植物指示法在景观性河流水体营养状态评价中的应用是否合理, 分别于2014 年3 月(枯水期)和5 月(丰水期)在卫河新乡段进行为期两次的采样。选取3 个采样点, 从上游到下游依次编号①-③号, 分别对3 个采样点的浮游植物和相关理化因子进行分析。基于水体理化因子所得的综合营养状态指数(TSI)评价结果表明, 卫河新乡段水质总体处于贫中-中富营养状态; 丰水期比枯水期水体营养状态较低; 同时下游②、③号位点在两次采样中的TSI值均高于①号样点, 表明其富营养化程度更为严重。应用藻类污染指数、Shannon-Wiener 指数和Q 指数三种方法对水体进行评价, 结果表明在景观性河流水体中, Shannon-Wiener 指数的评价结果与TSI 的评价结果相一致, 适宜用于评价此类水体的营养状态。     

北京白河与温榆河浮游动物调查

2004～2006年对北京地区白河和温榆河浮游生物群落进行调查.结果显示:白河浮游动物137种,隶属于78个属,其中原生动物最多,共计73种,其次是轮虫55种,枝角类7种,桡足类2种;温榆河浮游动物135种,隶属于83个属,其中原生动物共计65种,轮虫类53种,枝角类13种,桡足类4种.两河浮游动物种类组成大部分相同,以原生动物为主,但两河大型浮游动物的种类组成差别较大.据两条河流浮游动物的生态状况和凋查结果综合分析,白河的水质较好,多数站点水体清洁,只有少数站点水体达轻度污染,温榆河水质较差,大多数站点水体属轻度污染,个别站点属中度污染.     

胶州湾湿地海域水体和表层沉积物环境质量评价

基于2009年对胶州湾湿地48个站点的调查数据,采用内梅罗(Nemerow)指数、富营养指数(EI)和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对胶州湾湿地水体和表层沉积物环境质量现状进行了评价.结果表明:对参与评价的pH值、溶解氧、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、CODMn、石油类、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As、六六六、滴滴涕、大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群等16项指标而言,各调查月份大沽河感潮河段水质处于中污染-重污染水平,潮间带区域水质处于轻污染-中污染水平,浅海区域水质处于轻污染水平.胶州湾湿地不同区域富营养化程度差异明显,其中大沽河感潮河段水体EI值在58.13 ～327.89,富营养化程度严重;潮间带区域水体EI值在1.34 ～19.96,富营养化程度较为严重;浅海区域水体EI值在0.65 ～ 2.10,富营养化程度较轻.胶州湾湿地海域表层沉积物质量基本处于轻污染水平,其中大沽河感潮河段处于轻污染水平,潮间带区域处于轻污染-中污染水平,浅海区域处于较清洁-轻污染水平.胶州湾湿地海域表层沉积物中重金属单项污染参数(Cfi)和污染程度指数(Cd)较低,污染程度处于低级水平,Cu、Zn是表层沉积物中的主要污染因子;重金属潜在的生态危害系数(Eir)和潜在生态危害指数(RI)较小,污染程度属于低生态危害范畴.     

模糊综合评价模型在浔江梧州段渔业水质评价中的应用

依据2004～2008年浔江梧州段的调查监测结果,根据断面污染因子的特点,选择5个指标(溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总氮、总磷)作为评价因子,应用模糊(Fuzzy)综合评价模型对其水质状况进行综合评价,计算出各监测断面水质级别.结果表明:浔江梧州段的5项评价指标中,TN的权重较大,该水体中主要污染物为总氮;2个断面均在不同程度上出现了Ⅴ类水质,水质属中度污染;部分时段的水质不符合《地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)》中渔业水域的要求.     

红枫湖营养水平及其历史演化趋势

红枫湖是贵阳市重要的饮用水源地,但水体富营养化对水质一直是很大的隐患。准确了解红枫湖营养水平对保障当地居民的饮用水安全具有重要的意义。基于2004—2018年的监测数据,采用综合营养状态指数法,借助统计学的方法,对红枫湖营养水平及其历史演化趋势进行了评估。结果表明:过去15年红枫湖营养水平总体上在中营养与轻度富营养之间波动;虽然2009年以来红枫湖的营养状况有所缓解,但2018年水体轻度富营养化的概率又明显回升;"全国一策"富营养化评估方法难以准确评估红枫湖水体营养水平,表明改进富营养化评估方法的必要性;红枫湖富营养化的风险很可能是多个因素协同作用的结果(如营养物质及其循环条件、水动力学条件和能量的因素等),目前应多关注水体水动力学条件的变化和营养物质的内循环,建立相关的预测预警技术,为红枫湖水质安全提供有力保障。     

两淮采煤沉陷积水区水体营养盐时空分布及富营养化进程

在淮南“潘谢”矿区选取5个站点(PXS-1、PXS-2、PXS-3、PXS-4和PXS-5),在淮北“朱 杨庄”矿区内选取东湖、中湖和南湖3个站点(HBDH、HBZH和HBNH),分析了两淮地区两个采煤沉陷积水区水系内不同水体营养盐在空间(不同区域)、时间(年龄和季节)上的分布特征.结果表明： PXS-1、PXS-3和HBDH等3个站点营养状态较高,属于“中度富营养化”水体,另外5个站点均处于“中营养 轻度富营养化”状态,淮南矿区水体营养水平总体高于淮北矿区.两淮沉陷区内水体氮磷比(N∶P)较高,淮南水域在25～117,淮北在17～157,均具有明显的季节变化,生长季N∶P低于其他季节;总磷(TP)中溶解无机磷酸盐(DIP)所占比例较小(两淮水体平均分别为15.4%和18.4%),NO₃^--N是溶解无机氮(DIN)的主要组分,两淮水域NO₃^--N占DIN的比例分别为74%和89%．相比沉陷积水年龄,人为活动可能是导致水体营养水平升高和富营养化进程加快的重要因素之一.     

Assessing water quality and classifying trophic status for scientifically based managing the water resources of the Lake Timsah,the lake with salinity stratification along the Suez Canal

Lake Timsah is considered as the biggest water body at Ismailia City with a surface area of 14?km². It is a saline shallow water basin lies approximately mid-way between the south city of Suez and the north city of Port Said at 30^o35′46.55“N and 32^o19′30.54″E. Because it receives water with high and low salinities, salinity stratification is producing in the Lake Timsah, with values of 14–40‰ for the surface water and over 40‰ for the bottom water. The temperature of the lake water decreased to below 19 °C in the winter and rose to above 29?°C in the summer; the concentration of dissolved oxygen ranged between 6.5 and 12.2?l^?1 and the pH fluctuated between 7.9 in its lower value and 8.2 in its higher value. Water transparency was very low as indicated by Secchi disc readings recorded during this study and varied between 0.3 and 2.7?m. The main chemical nutrient (phosphorus) reached its highest levels of 96?µg?l^?1 in winter and their lowest values of 24?µg?l^?1 during summer. This nutrient concentration is high especially by comparing with those of unpolluted marine waters, but is typical of the more eutrophic coastal waters worldwide. The composition and abundance of phytoplankton with dominancy of diatoms and increased population density (20,986 cell l^?1) reflect the eutrophic condition of the lake. The intensive growth of phytoplankton was enriched by high concentration of chlorophyll a with annual values ranged between 6.5 and 56?µg?l^?1. The objective of the present work was quantitative assessment of the quality of the water of the Lake Timsah using different approaches. During the present study, three different approaches were applied for the quantitative assessment of Lake Timsah water quality: the trophic state index (TST); trophic level index (TLI) and water quality index (WQI). Application of the trophic state and trophic level indices (TSI & TLI) revealed that the Lake Timsah has trophic indices of 60 and 5.2 for TSI and TLI, respectively. Both indices reflected the eutrophic condition of the lake waters and confirmed that the eutrophication is a major threat in the Lake Timsah. On the other hand, the WQI calculated for the Lake Timsah during the present study with an average of 49 demonstrated that the water of the Lake Timsah is bad and unsuitable for main and/or several uses. Moreover, WQI allows accounting for several water resource uses and can serve a more robust than TSI and/or TLI and can be used effectively as a comprehensive tool for water quality quantification. In conclusion, the three subjective indices used for the assessment process for the lake water are more suitable and effective for needs of the sustainable water resources protection and management of the Lake Timsah.     

基于云模型的鄱阳湖秋季周边湿地水体富营养化评价

针对水体富营养化评价过程中存在随机性和模糊性的特点,基于鄱阳湖周边湿地30个采样点的实测水质数据,选取叶绿素a（Chl-a）、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）及透明度（SD）为水质评价因子,生成云模型对鄱阳湖周边湿地水体进行富营养化评价,并与综合营养状态指数评价结果进行比较。结果表明：两种方法的评价结果存在一定差异,但都反映了鄱阳湖周边湿地水体总体上处于轻度富营养化状态。该方法能为鄱阳湖湿地水体富营养化评价提供重要的方法和手段。     

汤溪水库的富营养化现状研究

为了解汤溪水库的富营养化现状,于2000年丰水期和枯水期对该水库的水质和浮游生物分布进行了调查。结果表明,汤溪水库综合营养状态指数(TLI)在30～50之间,属中营养水平。浮游植物丰度为0.81×10⁶～6.57×10⁶cells·L^-1,丰水期高于枯水期。浮游植物以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为主,其优势种主要为水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)、极小直链藻(Melosira minmum)和衣藻(Chlamydomonas sp.)等富营养化指示种。浮游动物丰度为43.25～812.2ind.·L^-1,其优势种也多为富营养化指示种,如:螺形龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)、角突臂尾轮虫(Brachionus angularis)、前节晶囊轮虫(Asplanchna priodonta)和广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)。与1984年相比,该水库由硅藻型变为蓝藻型,其营养水平与浮游植物丰度都显著增加。在2000年一次微囊藻水华发生时,水体表层浮游植物丰度高达11.97×10⁶cells·L^-1。     

基于PCA和SOM模型的龙感湖水质时空动态研究

为评估湖泊渔业模式转型阶段水环境的时空动态,选择长江中下游典型湖泊龙感湖为研究地点,于2017—2018年对该湖的黄梅水域和宿松水域进行周年季度水质监测,通过主成分分析(PCA)和自组织特征映射人工神经网络(SOM)模型定量分析了水体理化参数的时空变化特征,采用综合营养状态指数法(TLI)对水体富营养化状况进行了评价。PCA分析结果表明,龙感湖宿松水域和黄梅水域的水质差异较小,季节动态明显。全湖氨氮夏季平均浓度高达0.64 mg/L;总氮夏季平均浓度为2.30 mg/L,冬季平均浓度为1.04 mg/L;叶绿素a夏季平均含量达95.28μg/L,秋季平均浓度为28.30μg/L; pH夏季最高,达9.27;总磷冬季最高,平均为0.22 mg/L; TLI指数表明龙感湖除秋季属于轻度富营养水体外,其他3个季节均属于中度富营养状态。SOM模型结果具有可视化强的优点,能够更清晰和直观地反映龙感湖水质的时空分布动态。围栏拆除和禁渔等管理措施有助于湖泊渔业环境修复和资源恢复,建议对渔业模式转型后的湖泊生态系统变化进行长期跟踪监测评估。     

安康水库表层浮游藻类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为了解安康水库表层水质与浮游藻类群落现状以及浮游藻类群落结构与环境因子之间的关系,于2012年1—12月对水库表层水进行每月一次的采样,分别对浮游藻类分布状况和理化因子进行分析.利用Shannon指数(H)和Pielou均匀度指数(J)分析浮游藻类群落特征,根据理化指标和综合营养状态指数(TSI)评价水体营养状态.共检测到浮游藻类7门110属,丰度为0.11×10⁴～2.08×10⁴ cells·L^-1.藻类组成、污染指示种分布情况、多样性分析和TSI显示安康水库表层属于中污染水质,处于中营养状态.此外,高密度投饵水产养殖及生活污水直接排放入库对水质产生负面影响,支流岚河的水质状况也较差.典范对应分析(CCA)结果显示,测定的8个环境因子中,不同季节影响浮游藻类群落组成及分布的环境因子不同,且氮是影响浮游藻类组成的主要营养盐因子.理化指标分析显示,安康水库表层水大体满足Ⅱ类水标准,水质良好.但部分采样点的总氮出现差于Ⅱ类水标准的现象,表明安康水库水质有变差的趋势.     

湘江干流浮游生物群落结构及水质状况分析

为了解湘江干流水质与生物群落现状, 2010-2011年对湘江的水质和浮游生物的分布进行了采样分析, 利用香农-威纳多样性指数分析湘江干流浮游生物群落特征, 并结合水质理化指标评价其水体营养状态。结果表明, 共检出浮游植物8门99属164种, 丰度变化在(1.83-51.1)104cells/L, 生物量变化在0.03-0.60 mg/L; 浮游动物80种, 密度变化在2.16-76.34个/L, 生物量变化在0.01-1.95 mg/L。各采样点的浮游植物多样性指数变化在2.47-5.43, 浮游动物多样性指数变化在1.63-3.38, 浮游生物的多样性较好, 显示出湘江干流的浮游生物群落处于较稳定的状态。对湘江m-m指示种种类组成和群落结构分析, 结果显示湘江水体属于中污带水质; 综合营养状态指数(TIL)在38.27-51.97, 均值为43.73, 属于中营养水平; 综合水质生物学和化学评价结果可知湘江干流的水质较差, 但无明显向富营养化转化的趋势。       

Characteristics of a landscape water with high salinity in a coastal city of China and measures for eutrophication control

Eutrophication of landscape waters is drawing public concerns in China but few studies have been conducted on the problem associated with high water salinity as what happens at Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city in Tianjin, a coastal metropolis of northern China. In order to find ways for eutrophication control, a comparative study was conducted on three landscape water bodies, namely Qingjing Lake, Jiyun River and Jiyun River Oxbow, which are under varied conditions of salinity, organic, and nutrients intrusion. The spatial and temporal variations of water quality were revealed by water sampling and analyses, and correlative relationships were obtained between water salinity and other parameters related to eutrophication. By utilizing a trophic level index (TLI), the eutrophication status of the three landscape water bodies in different seasons could further be evaluated. As a result, water temperature, as expected, showed the strongest effect on eutrophication because higher TLI together with higher Chl-a concentrations tended to occur in later spring and summer seasons, while nutrient concentration, especially TP, was also the determinative factor to the eutrophication status. Of the three water bodies, the Jiyun River Oxbow showed a salinity as high as 20 g/L or more in contrast with the other two water bodies with salinity as 4–5 g/L. Although its TP concentration was usually very low (about 0.1 mg/L), it was under a moderate eutrophication status almost in all seasons, indicating that high salinity tends to induce alga growth. Dilution of saline inflow and nutrients reduction could thus be proposed as the main measures for eutrophication control of landscape waters in the study area.     

Ciliated protozoan communities and saprobic evaluation of water quality in the hilly zone of some tributaries of the Po River (northern Italy)

Ciliate protozoans were collected from five watercourses belonging to the hydrographic network of the North Apennines (Italy) and flowing into the middle lower section of the river Po from its right bank. Thirteen stations were selected in the meta- and hyporhithron section of the five studied rivers and samples from water–sediment interface were collected during a 1year period. A total of 175 species of ciliates belonging to 97 genera were found, of which 68 were bacterivorous, 58 were algivorous, 26 were omnivorous and 23 were carnivorous. Their distribution varied both with distance along the river and with the time. Community structures were analysed using some statistical methods and this allowed the determination of similarities among stations and relationships between species and stations. The saprobic index and valency methods were used to evaluate the water quality at the 13 stations. Comparisons between the five watercourses indicate that trophic state influences the composition of ciliate communities. The high similarity observed in the unpolluted stations enabled us to define the typical species and the community of the meta- hyporhithron zone. Conversely, polluted stations showed the lowest similarities. Our results confirm that in watercourses the organic load may be the dominating factor able to influence, if not eliminate the diversifying effects of other factors such as those which characterize the longitudinal zonation of the watercourses.     

Investigation and assessment of environmental pollution in Gonghu Bay,Taihu Lake,China: A year-long study

Abstract

To understand environmental pollution and assess water quality in Gonghu Bay of Taihu Lake, the eutrophication status and microcystins (MCs) occurrence were monitored monthly from December 2015 to November 2016. Moreover, the pollution of metals and antibiotics was investigated and assessed. In May 2016, the comprehensive trophic level index (∑TLI) at most sampling sites in Gonghu Bay were hypereutrophic, demonstrating that the eutrophication status in Gonghu Bay is still quite intense. The persistent and ubiquitous occurrence of MCs was observed in the water of Gonghu Bay throughout the monitoring period. Moreover, various metal elements and antibiotic compounds were found in the surface water of Gonghu Bay, in which arsenic (As) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) respectively showed high risks. Overall, the water quality of eastern Gonghu Bay is affected mainly by eutrophication, while the antibiotic pollution level is higher in the southern part of Gonghu Bay. Continuous and long-term monitoring efforts are required to document the tendency of water quality change in Gonghu Bay and other parts of Taihu Lake to improve environmental management works.     

African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis) habitat suitability at Lake Ossa,Cameroon, using trophic state models and predictions of submerged aquatic vegetation

The present study aims at investigating the past and current trophic status of Lake Ossa and evaluating its potential impact on African manatee health. Lake Ossa is known as a refuge for the threatened African manatees in Cameroon. Little information exists on the water quality and health of the ecosystem as reflected by its chemical and biological characteristics. Aquatic biotic and abiotic parameters including water clarity, nitrogen, phosphorous, and chlorophyll concentrations were measured monthly during four months at each of 18 water sampling stations evenly distributed across the lake. These parameters were then compared with historical values obtained from the literature to examine the dynamic trophic state of Lake Ossa. Results indicate that Lake Ossa''s trophic state parameters doubled in only three decades (from 1985 to 2016), moving from a mesotrophic to a eutrophic state. The decreasing nutrient gradient moving from the mouth of the lake (in the south) to the north indicates that the flow of the adjacent Sanaga River is the primary source of nutrient input. Further analysis suggests that the poor transparency of the lake is not associated with chlorophyll concentrations but rather with the suspended sediments brought‐in by the Sanaga River. Consequently, our model demonstrated that despite nutrient enrichment, less than 5% of the lake bottom surface sustained submerged aquatic vegetation. Thus, shoreline emergent vegetation is the primary food available for the local manatee population. During the dry season, water recedes drastically and disconnects from the dominant shoreline emergent vegetation, decreasing accessibility for manatees. The current study revealed major environmental concerns (eutrophication and sedimentation) that may negatively impact habitat quality for manatees. The information from the results will be key for the development of the management plan of the lake and its manatee population. Efficient land use and water management across the entire watershed may be necessary to mitigate such issues.