克拉玛依石油污染土壤微生物群落结构及其代谢特征

为了分析克拉玛依油区内土壤中正构烷烃含量间的差异,微生物群落生理多样性、微生物代谢活性在不同石油污染梯度土壤中的变化规律。本研究采用GC、平板稀释法、Biolog微平板技术探讨了土壤微生物群落特征在3种不同污染程度下的变化情况。研究表明,石油污染土壤烷烃含量与微生物代谢活性呈显著负相关(r=-0.783, p<0.05)。随着石油污染程度增加微生物数量呈下降趋势,不同石油污染土壤中细菌数量占决定优势,细菌>真菌>放线菌。不同石油污染土壤微生物群落对6大碳源的利用体现出差异。主成分分析(PCA)表明,清洁土壤与石油污染土壤对底物利用有明显差异。石油污染严重土样碳源利用率为"酯类>酸类>胺类>氨基酸类>单糖/糖苷/聚合糖类>醇类"。本研究成果为后期修复污染土壤时调整投入的碳源底物等提供科学帮助。     

农产品中有害微生物及其产生的生物毒素污染与防控探析

农产品含有丰富的水分、糖分、维生素、微量元素等营养物质,是微生物附着繁衍的天然培养基。微生物广泛存在于农产品及其加工品中,既有有益微生物,也有有害微生物。本文对微生物的生物学特性、功能作用和有益微生物的利用与有害微生物的危害进行了分析,对食用农产品生产、收获、贮运等环节有害微生物及其产生的生物毒素污染防控提出了建议。关键词：农产品;微生物;生物毒素;污染防控     

土壤重金属污染的微生物生态效应研究进展

对近年来土壤重金属污染微生物生态效应的研究进展进行了归纳总结,主要从微生物群落特性和微生物生理、生化参数等几个方面进行了阐述。重金属污染土壤后,尤其是高浓度的重金属污染对微生物生物量和群落结构都有破坏作用,但由于微生物群落结构的复杂性和研究方法的片面性,一直是研究的热点和难点,开发更加简便、直接的方法将是对这方面研究的突破。同时,微生物的生理、生化参数是从另一侧面反映重金属污染对微生物的影响,它是对微生物群落特性研究的有利补充,所以不同方法的合理选择和搭配是实验取得预期结果的关键因素之一。     

真菌毒素的微生物脱毒技术

尽管可采用不同的物理或化学方法去除粮食或饲料中污染的真菌毒素 ,然而 ,具有实用价值的方法却很少。最新研究认为最佳的脱毒方法是通过筛选微生物 ,在温和条件下降解真菌毒素 ,无须使用有害的化学试剂、不影响适口性且无营养价值的重大流失。文中综述了该领域的最新研究进展.     

天然白桦树液中污染微生物的分离与控制

本文以天然白桦树液为材料,对其污染微生物进行了分离培养和初步鉴定,从而基本搞清了污染微生物的种类与数量。发现,天然桦树原汁及其饮料中有数量不同的细菌、酵母菌、霉菌及放线菌的污染。其中,霉菌居多,酵母、细菌次之,放线菌最少。 在弄清污染微生物分布的基础上,作者研究比较了几种控制灭活微生物的方法。其中pH2.0的酸性处理未能灭活全部污染微生物,而采用90℃加热杀菌的办法以及膜板过滤技术均可达到理想的结果。 作者还根据试验结果分析探讨了微生物控制中pH值、温度、水份和环境等与微生物生长繁殖存活间的关系。从而为如何研究和解决饮料中微生物污染问题提供了有用的资料和可行的方法。     

黄土高原石油污染土壤微生物群落结构及其代谢特征

针对污染胁迫下土壤微生物群落变化和代谢变异等问题,基于平板稀释法和Biolog微平板分析方法,研究了陕北黄土高原石油污染土壤微生物群落结构、代谢特征及其功能多样性。结果表明,不同类群的土壤微生物对石油污染胁迫的响应不同,污染土壤细菌和真菌数量高出清洁土壤1个数量级,而污染土壤的放线菌数量极显著减少(P0.01);污染土壤和清洁土壤微生物对糖类和多聚物类碳源较易利用,污染土壤微生物总体上代谢碳源的种类和活性均低于清洁土壤。微生物群落主成分分析(PCA)表明,石油污染土壤和清洁土壤的微生物群落存在显著差异(P0.01),起分异作用的碳源主要为糖类,其次是羧酸类和氨基酸类;随着土壤石油含量增加,典型变量值变异(离散)增大,土壤微生物群落结构稳定性降低。微生物群落多样性分析表明,Shannon丰富度指数(H)、McIntosh均一度指数(U)和Simpson优势度指数(1/D)均达到极显著差异(P0.01),污染土壤微生物群落H和U低于清洁土壤,但是一定浓度的石油污染可以刺激土壤微生物群落中优势种群的生长,1/D增高。研究结果为陕北黄土高原石油污染区土壤微生物修复提供理论基础。     

石油污染土壤的生物降解研究

石油工业迅速的发展带来了许多环境问题。在原油生产与输送过程中[1] ,井喷、泄露及沉降排放等引起的原油进入土壤造成的土壤污染 ,很难治理。原油在环境中残留时间长 ,对土壤微生物和土壤 植物生态系统 ,甚至地下水都产生危害 ,影响土壤肥力 ,破坏土壤生产力 ,严重影响当地的粮食产量及产品质量。当前 ,治理土壤石油污染的方法主要有物理法、化学法和生物治理技术[2 ] 。污染土壤生物清洁技术就是利用微生物将土壤中有害有机污染物降解为无害无机物 (ＣＯ2 和Ｈ2 Ｏ)的过程。降解过程可以由改变土壤理化条件 (包括土壤ｐＨ ,温度、湿度、…     

邻苯二甲酸酯的污染现状及微生物降解研究进展

作为环境内分泌干扰物的一种,邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)作为增塑剂被广泛应用于生产、生活诸多方面,目前已在大气、水、土壤等各种环境介质中被检测到,其污染普遍性和对整个生态系统的危害性已受到越来越多的关注。微生物降解被认为是去除环境中PAEs的最佳途径。本文综述了PAEs的污染现状及其微生物降解研究进展,为深入探讨PAEs污染的微生物修复提供参考,并对其微生物降解研究前景进行了展望。     

微生物灾害新领域

人们利用微生物酿酒、生产柠檬酸、制造抗菌素和酶制剂等,这类微生物有效利用的例子举不胜举.然而,微生物也有其有害的一面.近二十年来,国外关于微生物灾害新的研究领域,巳发表了数千篇论文.各国纷纷建立专们的研究机构,开展研究工作.在我国,这方面的研究工作刚刚开始.现将微生物灾害的具体事例介绍如下.     

多重PCR检测技术在食品微生物检测中的应用

现代食品行业,有很多有害的微生物严重危害食品的品质和人们的健康,甚至会引起一些严重的疾病。食品安全是对食品按其原定用途进行制作和(或)食用时不会使消费者受到伤害的一种担保。食品安全急需一些快速、敏感、特异的检测方法,以及时发现致病菌,控制污染及其可能对人体健康产生的危害。多重PCR检测技术具有快速、简便微量等优点,克服了传统检测方法操作繁琐,检测时间较长等缺点,目前正在被应用于微生物致病菌,转基因产品以及肉类品种的鉴定上,具有广阔的发展前景。本文主要是介绍了多重PCR检测技术在食品微生物检测中的原理和应用,以期望在食品微生物检测方面做出贡献。     

“调免抗毒”中药提取液体外抗病毒的实验研究

为了寻找天然的预防和治疗病毒性心肌炎及常见病毒感染的有效药物。采用组织细胞培养法,固定病毒,稀释药物,体外进行了药物抑制病毒的中和试验。结果从400多种中药材中,筛选出能抑制100TCID50病毒保护细胞不发生病变的抑毒作用较强的药物13种,其中具有广谱抗病毒作用11种;这些药物组合后抗病毒作用增强,增加只有免疫调节作用而无抗病毒作用的药物提取液后,抗病毒作用略减弱;所筛药物抗毒作用均较阳性对照药物为强,且无抑制细胞分裂的毒副作用;药筛应在各类中药和多种细胞系中进行,才能提高药筛的阳性率,组织细胞培养法,不失为药筛的一种经济简便的良好手段。天然有效的抗病毒药物存在于各类中草药中。     

微生物发酵中草药的研究现状

中草药作为天然传统药物,具有纯天然、无药残、无抗药性和毒副作用小等特点,在临床医疗和日常保健中被广泛使用。微生物发酵中草药过程中,中草药经微生物产生的酶作用后,细胞壁中的纤维素、木质素等物质被降解,其活性成分得以释放;中草药活性成分酶解为小分子物质,增强药效以利于机体消化吸收。部分中草药经发酵可以降低其毒性,减少毒副作用,甚至产生新活性物质。同时中草药中的某些成分可促进微生物的生长繁殖,由此可见中草药与微生物协同作用、相辅相成。本文从发酵中草药的优势、常用微生物、应用现状、存在的问题和关键因素等方面进行综述,并对中草药发酵的应用前景进行展望。相信随着发酵技术的成熟和中草药的现代化发展,微生物发酵中草药将具有更广阔的发展潜力和应用价值。     

Quality control of herbal medicines

Different chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques commonly used in the instrumental inspection of herbal medicines (HM) are first comprehensively reviewed. Chemical fingerprints obtained by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques, especially by hyphenated chromatographies, are strongly recommended for the purpose of quality control of herbal medicines, since they might represent appropriately the "chemical integrities" of the herbal medicines and therefore be used for authentication and identification of the herbal products. Based on the conception of phytoequivalence, the chromatographic fingerprints of herbal medicines could be utilized for addressing the problem of quality control of herbal medicines. Several novel chemometric methods for evaluating the fingerprints of herbal products, such as the method based on information theory, similarity estimation, chemical pattern recognition, spectral correlative chromatogram (SCC), multivariate resolution, etc. are discussed in detail with examples, which showed that the combination of chromatographic fingerprints of herbal medicines and the chemometric evaluation might be a powerful tool for quality control of herbal products.     

Rapid monitoring of microbial contamination on herbal medicines by fluorescent staining method

AIMS: To apply fluorescent staining method for fast assessment of microbial quality of herbal medicines. METHODS AND RESULTS: The number of total bacteria and esterase-active bacteria on powdered traditional Chinese medicines were enumerated by fluorescent staining method using 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (6CFDA) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and they were compared with colony-forming units (CFU). The CFU was approximately 10(3) per gram in ginseng radix, and no bacterial colonies were detected from others. However, the total bacterial number (TDC) was more than 10(7) per gram, and number of bacteria possessing esterase activity ranged from 1 to 3% of TDC. CONCLUSIONS, SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Many bacteria in each Chinese medicine had enzyme activity and most of them could not be detected by conventional plate counting technique. Enumeration of bacterial cells on traditional Chinese medicines by fluorescent staining method requires less than 1 h. The double staining method with 6CFDA and DAPI could be applicable to rapid microbial monitoring of crude drugs.     

中草药抗氧化活性研究进展

综述了中草药抗氧化作用机理及其评价方法、高效抗氧化剂的筛选、中草药抗氧化剂的主要活性成分和中草药抗氧化剂的应用研究进展。     

中药治疗骨质疏松症的现状及展望

采用西药治疗骨质疏松症存在着毒性大、价格昂贵等问题,迄今为止还没一个有效且毒副作用小的骨质疏松症治疗药物。中国古代本草书籍中记载着大量对骨科疾患有疗效的中草药,积累了大量的临床经验。从中草药中寻找抗骨质疏松症药物成为研究热点课题,在中医理论指导下开发此类中药是切实可行的。     

Analytical methods for heavy metals in herbal medicines

Introduction – It is estimated that about 70–80% of the world's population relies on non‐conventional medicine, mainly of herbal origin. However, owing to the nature and sources of herbal medicines, they are sometimes contaminated with toxic heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium, which impose serious health risks to consumers. It is critical to analyse source materials for heavy metals in order to ensure that their concentrations meet the related standards or regulations limiting their concentrations in herbal medicines. In this review, different analytical methods for analysis of heavy metals in herbal medicines are discussed. Objective – To provide a comprehensive review of the current state of the art in analytical methods used to detect heavy metals in herbal medicines. Methodology – We systematically searched and reviewed the research articles regarding analytical methods for heavy metals in herbal medicine from various databases, such as Medline/PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Google Scholar, EBSCO, Gale InfoTrac, Ingenta, Ovid, ProQuest and ISI Web of Knowledge. Results – In this review, we discuss in detail several commonly used and sensitive analytical techniques, including atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry or mass spectrometry, X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry, high‐performance liquid chromatography, differential pulse polarography, neutron activation analysis and anodic stripping voltammetry. We also provide some application examples of these analytical techniques for heavy metals in herbal medicines. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The use of medicinal plants by primates: A missing link?

There is growing evidence that some species of wild nonhuman primate, especially chimpanzees, take herbal and clay medicines to treat and prevent disease. Such a primate pharmacopoeia may be a missing link in our understanding of the relationship between primate foraging and ranging strategies and plant chemistry; not all plant secondary compounds may be deleterious to the consumer. Just as study of traditional herbal medicines has yielded powerful drugs, so primate medicines may hint at drugs useful in treating human disease.     

五味中草药对乳酸菌生长及保存活力的影响

目的:体外实验测定中草药对常见乳酸菌生长及保存活性的影响,为解决微生态制剂的开发及合理服用中草药提供理论依据.方法:采用牛津杯琼脂点扩散交叉拮抗试验和菌落计数的方法,体外实验金银花、鱼腥草、青蒿、板蓝根、黄连五味常用的清热解毒的中草药,对植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌及嗜热链球菌3种常见乳酸菌的生长和保存活性的影响.结果:1%和2%的金银花、青蒿对植物乳杆菌及嗜酸乳杆菌的生长和保存活性表现出明显的促进作用,鱼腥草的作用受其浓度的影响,而黄连和板蓝根对它们的生长和保存有一定抑制作用.五味中草药对嗜热链球菌生长都表现出明显抑制作用,其中以鱼腥草最为突出.结论:不同种类、浓度的中草药对各乳酸菌生长及保存活性的影响效果不同.     

Bioaccessibility and safety assessment of trace elements from decoction of “Zhebawei” herbal medicines by in vitro digestion method

Studies on in vitro bioaccessibility and safety assessment of 6 elements namely Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, As and Cd in decoction of eight commonly consumed “Zhebawei” herbal medicines were carried out. The method was based on simulation of human digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. Total content and content in extracts from gastrointestinal phases were analyzed for these elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). In decoction of all 8 herbal medicines, it was found that the total content and bioaccessible concentration of these elements varied considerably among the types of herb, and the total content of each element did not show linearity with their bioaccessible content of the corresponding element. There is no risk of adverse health effects resulting from overdose of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn for almost all individuals by ingesting recommended maximum daily dose of these eight herbal medicines. In terms of Cd only Ophitopogin japonicum had higher total concentration and bioaccessible content than the value of suggested limit (5.4 μg/d). For total As content, only Scrophularia ningpoensis and Corydalis yanhusuo did not meet the safety standard. However, regarding bioaccessible As contents, none of the eight herbal medicines exceeded the value of the daily permissible intake of As (0.12 mg). The risk of toxicity from an element in herbal medicine might be overestimated when the total concentration but not the bioaccessible content is taken into account. In vitro digestion method is rapid, relatively simple and inexpensive, which could be helpful in conducting experiments about safety assessment of an element in herbal medicines.