毕赤酵母细胞工厂工程化改造与应用

毕赤酵母作为细胞工厂在小分子代谢产物发酵和蛋白制品生物合成中扮演着重要角色,具有极其重要的工业应用价值。随着CRISPR/Cas9等新型编辑工具的开发和应用,对毕赤酵母细胞工厂进行多基因高效率的工程化改造已成为可能。本文首先对毕赤酵母工程化改造的遗传操作技术和目标方向进行了归纳总结,其次介绍了毕赤酵母作为细胞工厂的应用现状,同时探讨了毕赤酵母细胞工厂的优点及缺陷,并对其发展方向作出展望;以期为未来的毕赤酵母工程化改造研究提供参考和启示,推动毕赤酵母细胞工厂在生物产业中的创新应用。     

RT-PCR检测毕赤酵母外源β-甘露聚糖酶基因拷贝数

利用荧光定量PCR方法检测毕赤酵母外源β-甘露聚糖酶基因(man)拷贝数。以毕赤酵母中高度保守基因三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶基因(gap)为内参基因,分别构建含有gap和man的克隆质粒,进行RT-PCR反应构建gap和man双标准曲线;获得的双标准曲线具有良好的重复性,其相关系数(R2)均为0.999,其扩增效率分别为105.1%和102.2%。提取含有外源man基因的毕赤酵母基因组进行RT-PCR检测,通过双标准曲线计算出外源man基因的拷贝数。结果显示:预先经过博莱霉素(Zeoicn)抗性筛选得到的10株毕赤酵母重组菌株中含有1、2、3、4、5和7个不等拷贝的β-甘露聚糖酶基因。结果表明该方法能够高效快速筛选和鉴定出含有不同外源β-甘露聚糖酶基因拷贝数的毕赤酵母重组菌株。     

mdlA基因在毕赤酵母中的高效表达及表达产物性质研究*

将编码甘油单-二酰酯脂肪酶(MDGL)的基因mdlA插入到分泌表达质粒pPIC9K中,通过电激将线性化的重组质粒整合到毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GS115中,筛选出H is+Mut+表型菌株,进一步用G418筛选获得高拷贝转化子,并用PCR方法鉴定。诱导培养后,SDS-PAGE表明MDGL在毕赤酵母中得到有效表达。表达产物在温度40℃,pH7.5具有最高活性,其发酵液酶活可达到325U/mL,以橄榄油为底物时没有检测到活性。表达产物与甘油三酰酯脂肪酶共同作用时产生的脂肪酸量比     

毕赤酵母醇氧化酶1启动子突变体的分离与鉴定

目的：通过醇氧化酶1启动子突变,筛选毕赤酵母高水平表达菌株。方法：通过致错PCR构建醇氧化酶1启动子突变体,经酶切连接到改造过的质粒HSA-pPIC9上,转化毕赤酵母GS115感受态细胞,摇瓶培养表达筛选人血清白蛋白（HSA）高表达突变体菌株。结果：克隆测序结果表明,突变的醇氧化酶1启动子-910和-569位点处共2个碱基发生了T→C突变;获得一株高表达菌株,摇瓶中HSA的表达量由200mg／L提高到335mg／L。结论：通过醇氧化酶1启动子突变成功构建了HSA高表达菌株。     

利用GAP启动子在毕赤酵母中表达与纯化GLP-1类似物

胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)能提高II型糖尿病患者β胰腺细胞的胰岛素分泌量并能促进β胰腺细胞增殖,是潜在的糖尿病治疗药物。设计一种GLP-1类似物AGGH,即GLP-1(A2G)的二联体与人血清白蛋白(HSA)的N端连接,并在融合蛋白GGH前添加一个丙氨酸(A)。PCR获得融合基因aggh,将融合基因连接到p GAPZαA质粒中。在酵母中利用甘油醛三磷酸脱氢酶(GAP)启动子组成型表达外源蛋白AGGH。研究结果显示:筛选获得表达重组菌株,基因组PCR和western-blot验证正确;以葡萄糖为最优碳源培养下,表达量达到68 mg/L;5 L发酵罐中,发酵52 h蛋白产量最高达238 mg/L。蛋白经四步纯化后,获得纯度为95.8%的AGGH融合蛋白。与利用醇氧化酶1(AOX1)启动子表达的AGGH比较,发现两者产量和活性没有明显差异。但是,GAP启动子表达获得AGGH融合蛋白更加方便,且发酵时间减少了27.8%(20 h)。     

西瓜花叶病毒HC-Pro基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达与功能研究

利用RT-PCR方法扩增出西瓜花叶病毒HC-Pro的基因,长度为1371bp,并构建了真核表达质粒pPIC9K-WHC。将重组质粒经SalⅠ单酶切后电转化Pichia pastoris GS115菌株,经PCR鉴定与G418、MD和MM培养基筛选,获得Mut⁺/His⁺表型高拷贝转化子。经1%甲醇诱导5d后,SDS-PAGE检测发酵液上清,在66kD处有一特异蛋白条带表达。Western blot 鉴定表明,表达蛋白可以和HC-Pro蛋白抗血清发生结合反应。Far-Western blot 证明该蛋白能与西瓜花叶病毒CP蛋白结合,支持了HC-Pro蛋白协助传毒的“桥梁”学说。     

西瓜花叶病毒HC-Pro基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达与功能研究

利用RT-PCR方法扩增出西瓜花叶病毒HC-Pro的基因,长度为1371bp,并构建了真核表达质粒pPIC9K-WHC。将重组质粒经SalⅠ单酶切后电转化Pichia pastoris GS115菌株,经PCR鉴定与G418、MD和MM培养基筛选,获得Mut⁺/His⁺表型高拷贝转化子。经1%甲醇诱导5d后,SDS-PAGE检测发酵液上清,在66kD处有一特异蛋白条带表达。Western blot 鉴定表明,表达蛋白可以和HC-Pro蛋白抗血清发生结合反应。Far-Western blot 证明该蛋白能与西瓜花叶病毒CP蛋白结合,支持了HC-Pro蛋白协助传毒的“桥梁”学说。     

TIMP-2在毕赤酵母中的克隆与表达*

为了克隆人基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-2(TIMP-2)基因,并在Pichia pastoris中表达,根据GenBank上的TIMP-2的氨基酸序列和毕赤酵母偏爱密码子,通过化学合成和PCR相结合的方法获得了人的TIMP-2基因全长序列,构建了pPIC9-T2表达载体,电击转化到毕赤酵母,通过表型筛选和诱导表达得到蛋白表达工程菌,并对表达产物进行了分离纯化和生物学活性分析。     

治疗糖尿病的短肽药物GLP-1在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

利用毕赤酵母表达治疗糖尿病的短肽药物GLP-1(胰高血糖素样肽-1)。以pUC18GLP-1 为模板进行PCR,将获得的GLP-1基因片段克隆到pMD18T-vector上,然后将SmaI和NotI双酶切获得的基因小片段插入到表达载体pPIC9上,完成表达载体pPIC9GLP-1的构建,SacI线性化重组质粒,通过醋酸锂转化法转化毕赤酵母GS115感受态细胞,成功构建了能够分泌抗二肽酶Ⅳ降解的长效促胰岛素激素的毕赤酵母工程菌株。结果表明毕赤酵母6号菌株的GLP-1分泌表达产量最高可达 100．00 mg／L．实现了GLP-1在毕赤酵母中的表达,为进一步开发治疗糖尿病新型短肽药物的研究奠定了基础。     

人β-分泌酶 (BACE1) 在毕赤酵母中分泌表达及纯化

为了获得活性良好的重组人β-分泌酶 (β-secreatase, BACE1),用于研究其与抑制剂的作用模式,构建了携带β-分泌酶proBACE1和BACE1编码序列的重组表达质粒pPIC9K-MetBACE22和pPIC9K-MetBACE46,通过电击法转入毕赤酵母GS115中,分别得到重组子9k-B22和9k-B46。重组菌株在诱导表达培养基中诱导外源基因表达,结果显示9k-B22的上清活性明显高于9k-B46的上清活性。9k-B22表达上清浓缩后经HisTrap亲和柱纯化得到的蛋白具有良好的BACE1活性, SDS-PAGE/高碘酸-希夫试剂染色发现其为糖蛋白,并且其糖基侧链可以被Endo Hf完全切除,得到50 kDa左右的两条蛋白带。肽质量指纹图谱鉴定发现,这两个蛋白分别与proBACE1和BACE1匹配。活性检测发现糖基化BACE1和去糖基化BACE1的活性均低于HEK-293细胞表达的商品BACE1,这说明糖基化及其类型对BACE1的活性非常重要。然而已知的BACE1抑制剂对三者的抑制率无显著差异,这说明糖基化并不影响与抑制剂的相互作用。经过一系列培养条件优化BACE1纯化产量提高到1 mg/L,这为发现并优化BACE1新型抑制剂的相关研究奠定了物质基础。     

Recombinant Candida rugosa LIP2 expression in Pichia pastoris under the control of the AOX1 promoter

The LIP2 isoenzyme gene from Candida rugosa has been completely synthesised and functionally expressed under the AOX1 promoter control in Pichia pastoris. The on-line monitoring and control of methanol, the key inducer carbon source in fed-batch cultures, has enhanced the yield product/biomass 7.8-fold and the productivity 12.8-fold compared to the best batch cultivation with the Pichia system and, 10-fold compared to the fed-batch cultivation process using the native C. rugosa strain.Nevertheless, the high ionic strength of culture broth favoured aggregation of Lip2, leading to total loss of lipolytic activity. After cultivation, a diaultrafiltration process was implemented to diminish ionic strength, allowing for the recovery of lipolytic activity in the diaultrafiltrate. The developed bioprocess resulted into a reproducible product in terms of quality and productivity.     

卡氏德巴利酵母植酸酶在毕赤酵母中的异源表达及优化

【背景】植酸是一种能螯合金属离子和蛋白质的有机磷类化合物,广泛存在于植物组织中,影响动物对营养元素的吸收。在饲料中加入植酸酶可有效降解植酸。【目的】构建毕赤酵母异源表达卡氏德巴利酵母(Debaryomyces castellii,D. castellii)植酸酶的菌株,促进卡氏德巴利酵母植酸酶的研究及工业应用。【方法】将卡氏德巴利酵母植酸酶基因进行密码子优化后转入毕赤酵母GS115中,通过筛选多拷贝、敲除蛋白酶、过表达分子伴侣及转运蛋白的方法获取优势菌株。【结果】所得重组菌株GS115/DCphy(ΔPep4)(BFR2)的产酶酶活是低拷贝菌株的7倍。【结论】研究结果为卡氏德巴利酵母植酸酶的异源表达及潜在工业应用提供了一定的指导。     

豆血红蛋白在毕赤酵母中的表达条件优化

【背景】豆血红蛋白可赋予素肉制品类似牛肉的红褐色质地,已被美国食品药物监督管理局批准作为人造素肉的着色剂,近年来受到广泛关注。【目的】优化毕赤酵母产豆血红蛋白的培养条件,提高毕赤酵母产豆血红蛋白的产量。【方法】首先通过单因素试验研究蛋白胨种类、大豆蛋白胨浓度、铁盐种类及血红素浓度在诱导阶段对毕赤酵母产豆血红蛋白的影响;然后通过Plackett-Burman试验设计筛选出对豆血红蛋白产量影响最大的3个因素,再通过最陡爬坡法确定3个因素的变化范围,对3个因素进行响应面分析;最后根据响应面结果进行摇瓶发酵和发酵罐高密度发酵。【结果】单因素试验发现：用4%大豆蛋白胨作为主要氮源、甲醇诱导浓度为1.5%、血红素浓度为5μmol/L时发酵效果较好,经过响应面优化后得到蛋白胨浓度为51.48 g/L、pH 5.66、培养基装液量35.84mL/250mL是最优发酵条件。在此优化条件下,LegH摇瓶发酵产量为0.191 mg/mL,与预测值(0.183 mg/mL)比较接近。采用5 L发酵罐进行高密度发酵,LegH产量最高达到0.384 mg/mL。【结论】优化了毕赤酵母表达豆血红蛋白的发酵条件,获得...     

细极链格孢菌peaT2基因在毕赤酵母中的表达及蛋白功能确定

从细极链格孢菌表达文库获得阳性克隆子,序列分析表明,克隆的DNA片段中含有完整的开放阅读框架,将该基因命名为peaT2(GenBank登录号为EF212880)。用PCR法扩增peaT2基因的编码序列并亚克隆到毕赤酵母表达系统的表达载体pPIC9K上,得到重组质粒pPIC9K/peaT2。重组质粒经SacⅠ线性化后用电穿孔法导入到毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GS115中,采用MD、G418-YPD平板和PCR法筛选Mut+表型,获得了分泌表达的重组毕赤酵母。随机挑取一菌株作为表达菌,用甲醇诱导PeaT2蛋白表达。SDS-PAGE及Western blot检测结果均表明PeaT2在毕赤酵母中成功地分泌表达。用peaT2基因的表达蛋白处理小麦种子,生物测定表明,表达蛋白能明显促进小麦的生长,具有蛋白激发子作用。     

Cotton benzoquinone reductase: Up-regulation during early fiber development and heterologous expression and characterization in Pichia pastoris

Benzoquinone reductase (BR; EC 1.6.5.7) is an enzyme which catalyzes the bivalent redox reactions of quinones without the production of free radical intermediates. Using 2D-PAGE comparisons, two proteins were found to be up-regulated in wild-type cotton ovules during the fiber initiation stage but not in the fiberless line SL 1-7-1. These proteins were excised from the gel, partially sequenced and identified to be BR isoforms. PCR was used to amplify both full length coding regions of 609bp and once cloned, the restriction enzyme HindIII was used to distinguish the clones encoding the BR1 (one site) and BR2 (two sites) isoforms. Both deduced protein sequences had 203 residues which differed at 14 residues. The molecular mass and pIs were similar between the measured protein (2D-PAGE) and the theoretical protein (deduced). Heterologous proteins BR1 and BR2 were produced for further study by ligating the BR1 and BR2 clones in frame into the alpha-factor secretion sequence in pPICZalphaA vector and expressed with Pichia pastoris. Both BR1 and BR2 were approximately 26.5kDa and did enzymatically reduce 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone similar to the fungal BR.     

Comparison of two expression platforms in respect to protein yield and quality: Pichia pastoris versus Pichia angusta

The methylotrophic yeasts Pichia pastoris and Pichia angusta (Hansenula polymorpha) were used for the comparative heterologous production of two model mammalian proteins of pharmaceutical interest, the NK1-fragment (22 kDa) of human hepatocyte growth factor and the extracellular domain (28 kDa) of mouse tissue factor (MTF). Both recombinant proteins were engineered to contain an N-terminal Strep- (WSHPQFEK) and a C-terminal His₆-tag. In addition, both proteins contained the pre-pro-sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating factor alpha to allow secretion. Following vector construction, transformation and zeocin amplification, the best Pichia producers were identified in a screening procedure using Western blot and a Luminex xMAP™ based high-throughput method. Recombinant NK1-fragment and MTF were purified from culture supernatants of the best producers by affinity chromatography (Ni–nitrilotriacetic acid columns). Using P. pastoris as a host for the synthesis of NK1-fragment a protein yield of 5.7 mg/l was achieved. In comparable expression experiments P. angusta yielded 1.6 mg/l of NK1-fragment. NK1-fragment apparently was not glycosylated in either system. For the production of MTF, P. pastoris was also the superior host yielding 1.2 mg/l glycosylated recombinant protein whereas P. angusta was clearly less efficient (<0.2 mg/l MTF). For both expression systems no correlation between the amount of recombinant protein and the copy number of the chromosomally integrated heterologous genes was found. In P. pastoris strains less degradation of the two model recombinant proteins was observed. Altogether, this paper provides a structured protocol for rapidly identifying productive Pichia strains for the synthesis of full-length recombinant proteins.     

Expression of a Bacillus subtilis pectate lyase gene in Pichia pastoris

The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is an attractive heterologous protein expression host, mainly for genes from higher eukaryotes. However, no successful examples for the expression of bacterial gene encoding pectate lyase in P. pastoris have been reported. The present study reports for the first time the cloning and functional expression of the bacterial Bacillus subtilis gene encoding alkaline pectate lyase in P. pastoris. A molecular weight of 43,644 Da was calculated from the deduced amino acid sequence. A pectate lyase activity as high as 100 U/ml was attained in the fermentation broth of P. pastoris GS 115, which was about 10 times higher than when the gene is expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant pectate lyase was purified to homogeneity and maximal activity of the enzyme was observed at 65 °C, and pH 9.4. The recombinant enzyme showed a wider pH and thermal stability spectrum than the purified pectate lyase from B. subtilis WSHB04-02. Pectate lyase activity slightly increased in the presence of Mg²⁺ (ion) but decreased in the presence of other metal ions. Analysis of polygalacturonic acid degradation products by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry revealed that the degradation products were unsaturated trigalacturonic acid and unsaturated bigalacturonic acid, which confirms that the enzyme catalyzes a trans-elimination reaction.     

High-level expression and characterization of Fusarium solani cutinase in Pichia pastoris

High-level extracellular production of Fusarium solani cutinase was achieved using a Pichia pastoris expression system. The cutinase-encoding gene was cloned into pPICZαA with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-factor signal sequence and methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase promoter by two different ways. The additional sequences of the c-myc epitope and (His)₆-tag of the vector were fused to the C-terminus of cutinase, while the other expression vector was constructed without any additional sequence. P. pastoris expressing the non-tagged cutinase exhibited about two- and threefold higher values of protein amount and cutinase activity in the culture supernatant, respectively. After simple purification by diafiltration process, both cutinases were much the same in the specific activity and the biochemical properties such as the substrate specificity and the effects of temperature and pH. In conclusion, the high-level secretion of F. solani cutinase in P. pastoris was demonstrated for the first time and would be a promising alternative to many expression systems previously used for the large-scale production of F. solani cutinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as Escherichia coli.     

High expression of Trigonopsis variabilis -amino acid oxidase in Pichia pastoris

To explore a new approach of high expression of -amino acid oxidase (DAAO) in Pichia pastoris, a gene encoding DAAO from Trigonopsis variabilis (TvDAAO gene) deleted intron was prepared by PCR amplification and cloned into the intracellular expression vector pPIC3.5K. The expression plasmid pPIC3.5K-DAAO linearized by SalI was transformed into Pichia pastoris strain GS115 (his⁻mut⁺). By means of MM and MD plates and PCR, the recombinant P. pastoris strains (his⁺mut⁺) were obtained. Activity assay and SDS-PAGE demonstrated that DAAO was intracellularly expressed in P. pastoris with the induction of methanol. The recombinant strain PD27 with the highest expression of DAAO was screened through activity assay and its high-density fermentation was carried out in a 1-l fermentor. Activity assay and SDS-PAGE demonstrated that DAAO was intracellularly expressed in P. pastoris with the induction of methanol. The recombinant cells with high expression of DAAO were screened and the high-density fermentation was carried out in a 1-l fermentor. Interestingly, the DAAO expression level reached up to 473 U/g dry cell weight in fermentation yield. Finally, 1-hexanol was used to break recombinant cells and the specific activity of DAAO was 1.46 U/mg protein in crude extraction.     

Asparaginase production by a recombinant Pichia pastoris strain harbouring Saccharomyces cerevisiae ASP3 gene

The therapeutic enzyme asparaginase, which is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, is industrially produced by the bacteria Escherichia coli or Erwinia crysanthemi. In spite of its effectiveness as a therapeutic agent, the drug causes severe immunological reactions. As asparaginase is also produced by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this microorganism could be considered for the production of the enzyme, providing an alternative antitumoral agent. In this study the ASP3 gene, that codes for the periplasmic, nitrogen regulated, asparaginase II from S. cerevisiae, was cloned and expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, under the control of the AOX1 gene promoter. Similarly to S. cerevisiae the heterologous enzyme was addressed to the P. pastoris cell periplasmic space. Enzyme yield per dry cell mass reached 800 U g⁻¹, which was seven fold higher than that obtained using a nitrogen de-repressed ure2 dal80 S. cerevisiae strain. High cell density cultures performed with P. pastoris harbouring the ASP3 gene using a 2 l instrumented bioreactor, where biomass concentration reached 107 g l⁻¹, resulted in a dramatic increase in volumetric yield (85,600 U l⁻¹) and global volumetric productivity (1083 U l⁻¹ h⁻¹).