玉米内生细菌

<正>拮抗内生细菌对寄主植物具有促生、防病、杀虫及固氮等多方面的生物学作用,是植物病害防治的天然资源菌,并且能够作为外源基因载体,为杀虫、防病、固氮等外源植物基因导入植物体内提供了一种很好的     

一株内生砖红镰刀菌促进烟草生长和增强青枯病抗性

课题组前期报道了一株对马铃薯具有促生防病作用的内生砖红镰刀菌Fusarium lateritium (FL617)。为拓展该菌株的应用范围,本研究以同为茄科作物的烟草为研究对象,探究了砖红镰刀菌对其生长和抗病的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,处理组叶表面积、主根数、叶片数、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量分别提高了5.0、3.9、1.4、1.3和1.3倍;该结果表明砖红镰刀菌对烟草具有促生作用。生测结果表明,砖红镰刀菌增强了烟草对青枯病的抗病性,其青枯病病情指数下降约30%。植物激素合成相关基因表达模式分析,发现处理组植物激素合成相关基因表达显著上调(1.6-39.9倍);用青枯病菌Ralstonia solanacearum感染寄主植物后分析其水杨酸(SA)、茉莉酸(JA)和R基因信号相关基因的转录模式,发现与对照组相比,处理组SA、JA相关基因均显著上调(1.2-8.3倍),仅有一个R基因显著下调(50%)。进一步用GFP标记的菌株进行荧光定殖观察,发现植物根系周围簇生着带有绿色荧光信号的真菌菌丝,表明砖红镰刀菌可以定殖于烟草根系。综上所述,推测砖红镰刀菌F. lateritium能够通过定殖于烟草根系介导植物激素、免疫防御相关基因的表达从而影响植株的生长发育和抗病性。     

野大豆内生假单胞菌YDX26的鉴定及促生抗逆特性

[背景] 野大豆具有栽培大豆所不具有的一些优良特性,这与其特有内生菌有关,已成为当下研究热点。[目的] 对野大豆内生细菌进行分离鉴定,并从中筛选出具有促生和抗逆潜能菌株。[方法] 以组织分离法和涂布划线法进行细菌分离培养;根据形态特征、生理生化特性及基于16S rRNA基因序列系统发育分析对菌株进行菌种鉴定;通过选择性培养基或比色法等对菌株进行促生特性分析,采用水培试验分析菌株对水稻幼苗生长的影响;利用盐胁迫及聚乙二醇（Polyethylene Glycol,PEG）-6000模拟干旱胁迫探究菌株抗逆性。[结果] 分离得到一株编号为YDX26的细菌,基于菌株形态、理化特性和16S rRNA基因序列系统发育分析,将菌株YDX26初步鉴定为假单胞菌（Pseudomona s sp.）。该菌株溶磷量为46.12 mg/L,吲哚-3-乙酸（Indole-3-Acetic Acid,IAA）活性为19.97 μg/mL, 1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（1-Amino-Cyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid,ACC）脱氨酶活性为3.95μmol/（mg·h）。菌株YDX26对水稻幼苗株高、根长、地上部干重与地下部干重均有明显促进作用,分别提高了17.34%、12.19%、5.32%和10.70%。相较于对照菌株DX22,在盐胁迫和干旱胁迫下,菌株YDX26表现出较好的耐盐和抗旱能力。[结论] 野大豆内生细菌菌株YDX26具有较好的促生、耐盐和抗旱能力,可以作为农业生产上新的菌种资源。     

两株具促生作用的苜蓿内生菌的分离纯化与鉴定

【目的】分离具有植物促生功能的苜蓿内生菌。【方法】从苜蓿的新鲜组织中分离纯化菌株,进行16S r RNA基因序列分析,生理生化鉴定并检测内生菌对苜蓿的促生特性。【结果】获得两株苜蓿内生菌,成团泛菌ASR16和短小芽孢杆菌ALR33。两株菌株均能产生植物生长激素IAA和嗜铁素,能溶解磷,对苜蓿的促生作用明显。【结论】获得两株具有植物促生特性的苜蓿内生菌ASR16和ALR33,可作为微生物菌肥的研究基础。     

烟草内生菌资源及其应用研究进展

烟草内生菌广泛分布于烟草根、茎、叶及种子中,具有丰富的生物多样性。研究发现感染内生菌的烟草往往具有生长迅速、抗病虫害能力强、亚硝胺类物质含量低等优势,总体上具有更强的生存竞争力和更优的品质。本文综述了烟草内生菌资源概况及其在烟草栽培中的重要作用,总结了内生菌作用机制。最后,探讨了当前烟草内生菌应用中存在的问题,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

产胞外多糖植物内生菌的分离和鉴定

利用平板涂布法从胡萝卜、芦荟、土豆、地瓜和紫薯样品中分离得到24株细菌,利用苯酚硫酸法测定菌株胞外多糖的产量,最终得到3株高产胞外多糖的细菌菌株25-Z-1、25-Z-3和12-L-6。经16S rDNA序列测定及系统发育分析,从紫薯样品中分离得到的25-Z-1与Bacillus pumilus strain ST277处于同一分支,相似性达到100%;25-Z-3与Bacillus cereus strain Se05处于同一分支,相似性达到99%;从芦荟中分离得到的12-L-6与Bacillus sp.GZT处于同一分支,相似性为99%。在LB液体培养基中,发酵温度30℃,摇床转数170 r/min条件下,发酵7 d后胞外多糖产量可分别达30.3 mg/L、29.1 mg/L及28.2 mg/L。     

落地生根内生固氮菌多样性和促生特性

【背景】内生固氮菌可以定殖于植物体内为植物提供营养物质,还能通过代谢促进植物生长,目前对于落地生根内生菌的研究鲜见报道。【目的】研究落地生根中内生固氮菌多样性。【方法】从表面消毒的植物组织中分离纯化内生菌,并通过乙炔还原法测定菌株的固氮酶活性。采用SDS-PAGE全细胞蛋白电泳和IS指纹图谱对菌株聚类,各类群代表菌株进行16S rRNA基因系统发育分析和生理生化鉴定。测定菌株固氮、分泌生长素和ACC脱氨酶、产铁载体、溶磷和解钾等促生特性。【结果】从落地生根中分离纯化出26株内生固氮菌,聚为5个类群,隶属于4个属的5个菌种,且各类群代表菌株具有多种促生功能。【结论】从落地生根中分离获得的内生菌具有丰富的遗传多样性和促生特性,并且存在新的微生物资源,有待开发利用。     

百香果内生细菌多样性及促生长特性

内生菌可为植物提供营养成分,也可以通过代谢产物促进植物生长,目前很少出现关于百香果(Passiflora edulia Sims)内生菌的研究.百香果是西番莲科西番莲属的一种草质藤本植物,主要生长于亚热带与热带地区,对其内生菌进行分离纯化,依据插入序列指纹图谱(IS-PCR)结果对所得菌株聚类,经16S rRNA基因测...     

植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物的研究进展

植物内生菌经过与寄主植物长期的协同进化,成为植物内生态系统的重要组成部分,在植物的生长发育、营养吸收、胁迫应激以及产生次级代谢产物等生理生化行为方面具有显著的作用。利用植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物,可以促进农作物的生长发育、提高抗逆性,对于农业生产具有重大的研究意义和应用价值。综述了植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物生理功能及在农业生产中应用的研究进展。对植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物未来的研究重点和应用前景做出展望。     

荧光假单胞菌对食用菌的促生作用及其机理

从小麦根际分离到1株对食用菌有较强促生作用的荧光假单胞菌,命名为假单胞菌P2-10(Pseudomonas sp.P2-10)。该菌株与平菇天达300(Pleurotus ostreatus Td 300)、杏鲍菇杏6(Pleurotus eryngii X6)或鸡腿菇瑞7(Coprinus comatus R7)混合培养,可显著提高这些食用菌菌丝生长速度及诱导并促进子实体的形成和发育。假单胞菌P2-10对食用菌的促生作用来自其代谢产物,可能是通过其1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)脱氨酶降解食用菌产生的ACC、减少食用菌乙烯的合成及乙烯对菌丝生长和子实体发育的抑制作用。     

山西省黍稷种质资源抗倒性鉴定及相关形态特征研究

黍稷种质的倒伏是造成黍稷减产的一大要素,如何防止黍稷的倒伏,筛选和培育抗倒的种质是解决黍稷倒伏最根本和有效的方法。通过对山西省的1192份黍稷种质资源进行抗倒性鉴定,筛选出71份高抗倒的种质。同时对高抗倒种质和不抗倒种质茎、根的形态特征进行了比较研究,证明黍稷种质的抗倒性与茎、根的形态特征有密切关系,高抗倒种质在茎、根形态特征上所占的优势是形成高抗倒的重要原因。     

抽雄期前后大风倒伏对夏玉米生长及产量的影响

利用2013年8月1日河南省南阳地区夏玉米大风倒伏灾害的调查数据,分析抽雄期前后不同类型倒伏对夏玉米生长及产量形成的影响,研究不同品种的抗倒性差异和适播期.调查对象为5个播期的浚单20和3个播期的郑单958,倒伏类型划分为根斜、根倒、茎折和折断4种.研究表明： 各品种及播期均于抽雄前～抽雄后15 d倒伏率较高.浚单20各播期的总倒伏率为86.0%～98.5%,郑单958各播期的总倒伏率为60.0%～76.4%,且播种越早的播期总倒伏率越低.浚单20倒伏发生时,播期Ⅱ～Ⅴ的夏玉米生育时期接近抽雄,以根倒类型为主,倒伏率为53.0%～84.3%,已过抽雄期的播期Ⅰ夏玉米以茎折倒伏为主,倒伏率为37.5%.倒伏发生后干物质积累显著降低,各倒伏类型对干物质积累的影响总体表现为茎折>根倒>根斜,播种越晚的总干物质积累越少.倒伏对干物质分配比例影响表现为叶片和茎杆干物质比例增大,果穗干物质比例减少.根倒和茎折两种倒伏类型使穗长显著变短,穗粗显著变细,穗粒数显著减少,抽雄后发生倒伏也会使百粒重显著降低;而根斜倒伏类型对各性状的影响均不显著.倒伏后产量损失严重,不同倒伏类型中茎折类型减产最多,浚单20和郑单958平均减产率分别为74.2%和68.7%,尤其是茎折发生在抽雄之前难以形成产量;其次是根倒,平均减产率分别为46.3%和46.5%;根斜产量损失最小,平均分别为8.4%和13.2%.大风倒伏灾害后,浚单20产量平均为4959.9 kg·hm^-2,产量随播期的推迟而减少;郑单958平均为6026.1 kg·hm^-2,随播期变化不明显.总体上,郑单958品种抗倒性好于浚单20.     

小麦种质抗倒性的评价和抗倒性状的相关与通径分析

对９６份小麦种质资源的抗倒性进行了鉴定评价,筛选出高抗型材料９份,其中４份是丰源,表明抗倒性能够与丰产性状很好地协调结合。对抗倒性状的相关分析表明,在株高相差较大的情况下,株高和重心高度对抗倒性十分重要。但在对株高相差不大的情况下,茎秆的机械强度是主要决定因素,对于株高较高的材料,重心高度对抗倒性有较大影响;对于较矮的材料,基部第一节间长度则较为重要。通径分析结果进一步表明,茎秆机械强度对抗倒性的     

水稻茎秆解剖结构与抗倒伏能力关系的研究

利用石蜡切片法研究了抗倒伏水稻品种南粳44、武运粳7号与不抗倒伏水稻品系宁7412基部茎秆解剖结构及其与水稻抗倒伏能力的关系.结果表明:抗倒伏水稻品种南粳44和武运粳7号基部节间的维管束数目较多,维管束鞘较厚,细胞层数较多,细胞排列紧密、体积较小;而不抗倒伏水稻品系宁7412基部节间的维管束数目偏少,维管束鞘较薄,细胞层数较少,细胞体积大.从解剖结构还可看出,南粳44和武运粳7号茎秆内的贮藏物质明显多于宁7412.这些茎秆解剖结构的差异可用于区分不同水稻品种(系)的抗倒性强弱,可以作为抗倒伏水稻品种的选育指标和筛选依据,为水稻抗倒伏品种的选育提供了理论依据.     

Endophytic bacterial systems governing red clover growth and development

Endophytic competent bacteria capable of promoting both beneficial and detrimental growth responses in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were recovered from three adjacent areas of farmland each having a different cropping history — continuous red clover, continuous potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) or a 2 yr rotation of red clover and potatoes. The population composition of these rhizobacteria was altered by the various crop sequences. The greatest instance of significant growth responses (beneficial or detrimental) occurred with those bacteria derived from the clover-potato soil, suggesting increased interactive ‘competition’ among bacterial populations at the ‘interface’ between different crop rotations. Whether bacterial strains promoted or inhibited growth appeared to depend on the cropping history and prior exposure of pre-bacterised clover plants to the natural microflora in the peat-based growing media. The interaction between bacterial colonists influenced plant trait expression to the degree that some characteristics were completely masked. Improvements in plant growth were interpreted as an allelopathic side-effect of the competition between endophytes for the same ecological niche, from which the plant inadvertently benefits.     

Characterising the morphological characters and carbohydrate metabolism of oat culms and their association with lodging resistance

• Lodging resistance can be improved by enhancing the mechanical strength of culms, and culm carbohydrates could improve this mechanical strength. Culm carbohydrates can regulate development of the culm and affect its toughness.
• The present study determines the relationship between lodging and carbohydrate content in oat culms. Field experiments were conducted in alpine regions in 2017 and 2018 using three oat varieties with different lodging resistance. Lodging‐related morphological characteristics were directly determined and culm carbohydrate content and enzyme activity related to cellulose synthesis and sucrose metabolism were evaluated with ultraviolet spectrophotometry.
• Results showed that the lower the gravity height or the lower ratio of gravity height to plant height, the stronger the lodging resistance of the varieties. Higher culm nonstructural (NSC) and structural (SC) carbohydrate content contributed to the ability of culms to resist lodging, especially the content of cellulose and sucrose. PCA showed that sucrose metabolism and SC content were closely related to lodging resistance. Correlation analysis showed that the lodging index (LI) was significantly negatively correlated with NSC. Sucrose content was highly and significantly positively correlated with NSC. Additionally, the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS) were highly and significantly positively correlated with sucrose and cellulose content.
• The relationship between field characters and oat lodging, as well as the regulatory mechanism of carbohydrate content on lodging resistance of the culm are discussed.

     

Double benefits of mechanical wounding in enhancing chilling tolerance and lodging resistance in wheat plants

• Chilling and lodging are major threats to wheat production. However, strategies that can be used to effectively mitigate the adverse effects of these threats are still far from clear. Mechanical wounding is a traditional agronomic measure, whereas information about the role it plays in wheat chilling and lodging is scant.
• The aim of the present study was to investigate mechanisms underlying the protective roles of mechanical wounding in alleviating damage from chilling at jointing stage and enhancing lodging resistance after anthesis of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
• Our data show that net photosynthesis rate, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, activity of the antioxidant enzymes and osmolytes were significantly increased in the latest fully expanded leaves of wounded plants under chilling. Wounding also reduced hydrogen peroxide accumulation, electrolyte leakage and water loss in wounded plants. Moreover, mechanical wounding significantly reduced the length but increased the diameter and wall thickness of the basal second internode of the main stem. Quantitative and histochemical analysis further indicated that wounding increased lignin accumulation and activity of enzymes involved in lignin synthesis, which resulted in increased mechanical strength and the lodging resistance index in the main stem.
• We conclude from our data that mechanical wounding confers both cold tolerance by alleviating the damage caused by chilling at jointing stage and lodging resistance after anthesis of wheat plants.