铜绿假单胞菌PAO1中c-di-GMP代谢相关基因PA2072的生物学分析

【背景】铜绿假单胞菌为革兰氏阴性杆菌,是医院感染的常见条件致病菌之一。广泛存在于细菌中的第二信使分子环鸟苷二磷酸(cyclic-di-guanosine monophosphate,c-di-GMP)对细菌生理生化功能具有重要的调节作用。铜绿假单胞菌PAO1中存在参与c-di-GMP代谢的基因PA2072。【目的】探讨铜绿假单胞菌PAO1中c-di-GMP代谢相关基因PA2072的生物学功能。【方法】运用PCR及分子克隆技术构建PA2072基因及各结构域的自杀载体,运用基因敲除方法获取PA2072基因的3个突变株;利用泳动性(swimming)、蜂群运动(swarming)、蹭行运动(twitching)和生物膜定量实验对细菌进行初步的表型分析,进一步通过刚果红染色法对菌株进行分析。【结果】成功构建PA2072基因敲除突变菌株及回补菌株;生物膜定量结果发现基因PA2072的敲除会影响细菌生物膜的形成,PA2072蛋白的不同结构域对生物膜的合成也起到了重要作用;细菌运动能力检测中发现PA2072相关基因的敲除对细菌运动能力也有一定影响。刚果红平板检测结果显示,与野生型PAO1菌株相比,P...     

SadC合成的c-di-GMP信号通过PilZ和FlgZ调节铜绿假单胞菌的泳动能力

【目的】探究铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)鸟苷酸环化酶(diguanylate cyclase,DGC)SadC合成的环二鸟苷酸(cyclicdi-GMP,c-di-GMP)信号与PilZ结构域受体间的信号传递关系,分析鉴定出特定PilZ结构域受体的调控功能和机制。【方法】SadC突变株和过表达菌株的构建及泳动能力分析;SadC过表达背景下,PilZ结构域受体突变各菌株的泳动表型分析和筛选;基因敲除和过表达解析筛选出的PilZ结构域受体功能;定点突变和遗传互补检测筛选出的PilZ结构域受体是否参与SadC合成c-di-GMP对泳动能力的调控。【结果】SadC通过影响鞭毛功能而非鞭毛形成抑制铜绿假单胞菌的泳动能力;PilZ结构域受体突变菌株筛选发现PilZ、FlgZ这2个受体参与了SadC介导的泳动能力抑制;功能分析发现ΔpilZ或ΔflgZ的泳动能力相比野生型PA14显著增强,而过表达PilZ或FlgZ则抑制了泳动能力;定点突变和回补实验发现PilZ第10位和FlgZ第140位氨基酸R对其介导SadC负调控泳动能力至关重要,多序列比对分析表明这些位点是其保...     

铜绿假单胞菌PAO1中c-di-GMP代谢相关基因PA0575对表型的影响

【背景】铜绿假单胞菌PAO1中存在与环鸟苷二磷酸(cyclic-di-guanosine monophosphate,c-di-GMP)代谢相关基因PA0575。【目的】探讨铜绿假单胞菌PAO1中环鸟苷二磷酸代谢相关基因PA0575对运动能力及生物膜的影响。【方法】通过PCR对菌株遗传背景进行确认;利用刚果红结合实验及电转PcdrA-gfp质粒间接测量胞内c-di-GMP水平;利用泳动性(swimming)、蜂群泳动(swarming)、蹭行运动(twiching)和生物膜定量实验对细菌进行表型分析,并在运动培养基中添加抗生素研究其对运动能力的影响;针对PA0575基因进行融合蛋白表达载体的构建,并对蛋白进行原核诱导表达。【结果】3株突变体菌株的转座子插入突变位点不一致,胞内c-di-GMP水平检测结果显示,PA0575-1菌株的c-di-GMP含量高于野生型PAO1菌株(P0.05),PA0575-2、PA0575-3菌株胞内c-di-GMP水平与野生型PAO1菌株无差异(P0.05)。运动能力检测实验中,与野生型PAO1菌株相比,PA0575-1菌株泳动性增强(P0.05);PA0575-2、PA0575-3菌株的泳动性、蜂群运动均增强(P0.05);该基因不同位点的突变均导致氯霉素对菌株的运动能力产生抑制作用。生物膜定量结果显示,与野生型PAO1菌株相比,细菌培养18 h后PA0575-1的生物膜含量降低(P0.05),PA0575-2、PA0575-3菌株的生物膜含量升高。最后成功构建了PA0575基因不同结构域的8个表达载体,并获得了异源表达蛋白。【结论】PA0575基因降低铜绿假单胞菌胞内c-di-GMP的水平,影响表型的同时也抑制了氯霉素抗性基因的表达。以上研究为PA0575基因对表型的影响奠定了基础。     

茎瘤固氮根瘤菌环二鸟苷酸代谢相关基因的功能鉴定

【目的】考察茎瘤固氮根瘤菌ORS571中c-di-GMP合成酶AZC-2412的编码基因缺失的突变表型,初步探究其功能机理。【方法】本实验构建基于cre-loxp重组酶系统的根瘤菌基因敲除系统,以及采用三亲接合技术构建突变株。测定野生型和突变株的生长速率、趋化能力、胞外多糖产量、生物膜形成等表型。【结果】突变株与野生型生长速率几乎相同。与野生型相比突变株由于细胞内c-di-GMP水平降低,胞外多糖、生物膜产量等均有所下降。【结论】实验表明,环二鸟苷酸合成酶AZC-2412缺失,使得c-di-GMP水平降低,对胞外多糖生成、细菌的运动能力、生物膜的形成、细胞絮凝、与植物的互作等均有调控作用。     

黄河鲤水产细菌的分离及其毒力因子和群体感应信号分子的检测

【背景】水产细菌病害制约水产养殖业健康发展,群体感应与细菌毒力因子的产生密切相关,群体感应调控细菌的毒力因子特性值得进一步研究。【目的】探究群体感应与黄河鲤细菌病害的关系,明确群体感应对细菌毒力因子特性的影响。【方法】通过16S rRNA基因测序并构建系统进化树确定筛选菌株的进化地位,通过脱脂牛奶平板法和偶氮酪蛋白法检测菌株胞外蛋白酶活力,采用结晶紫染色法对菌株的生物膜形成能力进行测定,通过报告菌株BB170和CV026分别测定菌株产信号分子AI-2和高丝氨酸内酯的能力,外源添加高丝氨酸内酯检测信号分子对菌株胞外蛋白酶活力和生物膜形成能力的影响。【结果】哈夫尼亚菌(Hafnia sp.) Z11和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sp.) Z12具有高水平的胞外蛋白酶活力和生物膜形成能力,能够分泌AHLs信号分子且具有菌体密度依赖性。外源添加HSL对菌株毒力因子特性有不同程度的影响,外源添加高浓度的N-丁酰基高丝氨酸内酯(C4-HSL)和N-己酰基高丝氨酸内酯(C6-HSL)能够分别提高菌株Z11和Z12的胞外蛋白酶活力和生物膜形成能力。【结论】高浓度群体感应信号分子AHLs对哈夫尼亚菌和气单胞菌胞外蛋白酶活性有促进作用,说明该2种菌的群体感应现象可能会影响其毒力。     

luxS基因缺失对禽致病性大肠杆菌O1、O2和O78三种血清型分离株的生物学特性影响

【目的】LuxS/AI-2型密度群体感应系统产生的自诱导信号分子AI-2(AI-2的产生需要luxS基因编码的Lux S蛋白参与)参与对细菌众多生理功能的调控。探讨luxS对不同血清型禽致病性大肠杆菌(Avian Pathogenicity Escherichia coli,APEC)生物学特性的影响。【方法】本研究以APEC优势血清型APECO_1(O_1血清型)、DE17(O_2血清型)、E940(O_(78)血清型)及其相应luxS缺失株为研究对象,对野生株和缺失株的生长特性、生物被膜形成、rdar(red,dry and rough)形态、运动性和耐药性等特性进行分析。【结果】luxS基因的缺失不影响APEC生长特性,但导致APEC不能产生AI-2;此外,luxS基因的缺失显著降低APECO_1和E940的生物被膜形成(P0.05),而DE17的生物被膜形成无显著变化。对各菌株的rdar形态和运动性检测结果表明,luxS基因的缺失改变了APECO_1的rdar形态,对DE17和E940并无影响;显著降低了APECO_1和DE17运动能力,对E940并无影响。荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,luxS基因的缺失显著降低APECO_1、DE17和E940与细菌运动性相关的鞭毛基因fli G和fli I的转录水平(P0.05)。此外,对各菌株的耐药性检测结果表明,luxS基因缺失导致APECO_1对头孢吡肟和丁胺卡那由耐药变为高敏,同时对氯霉素与E940相同由高敏变为耐药,但对DE17的耐药性无显著改变。【结论】luxS对APEC的生物学特性具有重要的调控作用,且这种调控具有菌株特异性。     

fliY基因失活减弱沙福芽孢杆菌ST7菌株的锰氧化能力

【背景】沙福芽孢杆菌ST7菌株具有较强的锰氧化能力,但其分子机制不清楚。【目的】着重研究鞭毛马达开关蛋白基因(fliY)对沙福芽孢杆菌锰氧化能力的影响。【方法】根据同源重组原理,以沙福芽孢杆菌ST7菌株为起始菌株,构建fliY基因敲除的突变株ΔfliY,测定菌落迁徙、细菌生物膜和锰氧化率等,研究fliY基因突变后菌株的运动能力、生物膜生成和锰氧化能力是否发生变化。【结果】经克隆测序,证实突变株ΔfliY中fliY基因的后半段被卡纳霉素抗性基因取代,fliY基因失活;与野生型菌株ST7相比,突变株ΔfliY在全营养的LB培养基中生长变化不大,但在含锰的PYCM培养基中,突变株的生长速度减慢、菌落较小、生物膜生成量显著下降,运动性和锰氧化能力分别下降65%和20%。【结论】fliY基因不仅影响菌株的生长和运动,而且参与细菌的趋化和锰氧化等生物学过程。     

生防绿针假单胞菌HT66中脂肽的鉴定与功能

【目的】脂肽(Lipopeptide,LP)是微生物合成的一类重要的生物表面活性剂,不仅影响细菌的生物学功能,还对多种植物和人类病原菌具有广谱的拮抗作用。然而至今未见绿针假单胞菌(Pseudomonas chlororaphis)中脂肽产物的报道。【方法】通过生物信息学手段预测绿针假单胞菌HT66中脂肽的氨基酸组成及顺序,构建脂肽合成基因缺失突变株HT66Δclp,根据突变株缺失代谢产物的UPLC/QTOF-MS信息验证预测结果,并研究了脂肽对该菌株的生长、吩嗪-1-甲酰胺(PCN)合成、生物膜形成和群集运动性的影响。【结果】预测菌株HT66的脂肽氨基酸顺序为L-Leu–D-Glu–D-allo-Thr–D-Val–L-Leu–D-Ser–L-Leu–D-Ser–L-Ile,通过比对野生型和突变株代谢产物的质谱信息确定该产物为黏液菌素(Viscosin);脂肽合成基因缺失后,菌株HT66的生长无明显变化,但其PCN合成、生物膜形成和群集运动性均有不同程度地下降。【结论】菌株HT66的脂肽产物为黏液菌素,对菌株的代谢、生物膜形成和运动性等生物学功能具有重要的调控作用。研究报道了绿针假单胞菌中一种脂肽分子的结构与功能,为研究其合成和调控机制及开发和应用奠定了基础。     

c-di-GMP的磷酸二酯酶PA4781在抗菌肽Merecidin抑制铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜中的作用

【背景】抗菌肽Merecidin可抑制临床菌株铜绿假单胞菌PA03生物被膜。PA4781基因是课题组通过生物信息学分析筛选出的差异表达基因,PA4781作为细菌第二信使分子环二鸟苷酸(cyclic diguanylate,c-di-GMP)的磷酸二酯酶具有降解c-di-GMP的作用,其在抗菌肽Merecidin抑制生物被膜中的作用机制尚不清楚。【目的】研究细菌第二信使分子c-di-GMP的磷酸二酯酶PA4781基因在抗菌肽Merecidin抑制铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜中的作用。【方法】利用单碱基突变技术敲除PA4781基因,Sanger测序方法检测敲除的正确性。采用结晶紫染色法观察PA03菌株、PA4781过表达菌株、PA4781敲除菌株24 h生物被膜生长情况,以及在抗菌肽Merecidin 24、48、72μmol/L作用下各菌株生物被膜的生长情况。采用对羟基联苯溶液显色法检测在抗菌肽Merecidin 48、72μmol/L作用下,PA03菌株、PA4781过表达菌株、PA4781敲除菌株生物被膜藻酸盐的变化情况。【结果】Sanger测序结果显示,用pnCasPABEC系统成功实现了...     

草鱼致病性类志贺邻单胞菌的分离与鉴定

摘要:【目的】分离鉴定引起草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肌肉糜烂的类志贺邻单胞菌(Plesiomonas shigeloide)菌株JX-09。【方法】从患病草鱼分离致病菌,经形态学观察、人工感染试验、生理生化特性测定和16S rRNA基因序列分析对其进行分类鉴定和致病性检验;同时对分离到的菌株做药物敏感性试验。【结果】从回归感染后的草鱼体内再次分离到菌株JX-09,表明该菌株为致病菌;菌株JX-09对草鱼的半致死量为6.4×104cfu/g。通过生化特征和分子系统学分析,将菌株JX-09鉴定为类志贺邻单胞菌。药敏试验表明该菌株对氨曲南、头孢唑林、头孢噻吩、头孢曲松等头孢类药物敏感,对卡那霉素、麦迪霉素、万古霉素和哌拉西林等耐药。【结论】类志贺邻单胞菌是草鱼肌肉糜烂病的致病菌,这是首次报道了该菌对草鱼有致病性。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.