非核糖体肽合成酶缩合结构域基因片段克隆

从大连渤海海域筛选出1株放线菌L1,结合形态观察、生理生化实验和16S rDNA分子鉴定,确定L1属于链霉菌属球孢链霉菌(Streptomyces globisporus)。根据GenBank发布的非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)序列设计引物,从放线菌L1的基因组DNA中扩增获得NRPS基因片段。测序结果及比对分析表明该片段属于NRPS缩合结构域部分序列。三维建模显示其结构呈V型,包含缩合结构域核心序列,与数据库已知结构相一致,可以推断该克隆片段为NRPS缩合结构域基因片段,为后续深入研究缩合结构域特异性与相关NRPS功能提供基础。     

苹果树腐烂病菌非核糖体多肽合成酶基因VmNRPS12的功能

【目的】非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)在植物病原真菌与其寄主互作过程中发挥着重要作用,明确Vm NRPS12基因在苹果树腐烂病菌致病过程中的功能,将为今后深入研究苹果树腐烂病菌NRPS作用机制提供理论依据。【方法】基于苹果树腐烂病菌全基因组数据,得到VmNRPS12基因。运用qRT-PCR技术分析VmNRPS12在侵染初期的表达水平,利用Double-joint PCR和PEG介导的原生质体转化获得该基因抗潮霉素的突变体,对突变体进行PCR检测及Southern blot验证得到敲除突变体,进一步通过重新导入该基因全长片段获得互补突变体,最后对野生型、敲除突变体和互补突变体进行菌落、产孢及致病力观察,对检测数据用SPSS软件进行差异显著性分析。【结果】定量分析显示该基因在侵染初期显著上调表达,且接种48 h后的表达量是对照的138.6倍。该基因的敲除突变体在营养生长及产孢方面与野生型菌株03-8相比无显著性差异,但致病力与野生型菌株03-8相比显著减弱,且互补突变体致病力近似恢复至野生型水平。【结论】VmNRPS12基因与苹果树腐烂病菌致病性相关。     

非核糖体肽合成酶基因腺苷酰化结构域序列克隆及分析

微生物许多非核糖体肽类次生代谢产物主要是由非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)催化合成。参考Gontang发布的非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)通用引物设计扩增NRPS腺苷酰化结构域基因序列的特异引物,从海洋链霉菌L1的基因组DNA中扩增获得一个715 bp的NRPS基因序列。测序结果及比对分析表明该片段属于NRPS腺苷酰化结构域部分序列。对其拟翻译的氨基酸序列组成成分、理化性质进行分析,显示其包含AFD class I超基因家族核心结合区,为NRPS腺苷酰化结构域(A结构域)所在区域。对氨基酸序列的二级结构预测和三级结构模拟,发现与数据库中肠菌素合酶F组分的结构相似。为后续研究A结构域的特异性及完整NRPS基因簇克隆提供了参考。     

非核糖体肽合成酶催化的非常规装配模式

非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPSs)催化形成复杂肽类天然产物, 其中很多显示了很好的生物学活性和医疗价值。常规NRPSs具有模块化和线性催化的特点, 然而在生物合成研究过程中也发现了很多具有非常规装配模式的NRPSs。本文针对其中4种非常规装配模式: 重复使用、非线性、模块跳跃和非核糖体前肽模式, 结合一些代表性例子做一小型综述。     

非核糖体肽合成酶装配机制研究进展CSCD

非核糖体多肽(nonribosomal peptide,NRP)是天然生物活性产物一大类群,组成结构多样,具有多种重要的药用价值。在微生物中催化非核糖体多肽生物合成的是非核糖体肽合成酶(nonribosomal peptide synthetase,NRPS),NRPS是一类模块酶系,模块的组装在非核糖体多肽合成及其环化中起着关键作用。本文主要对非核糖体肽合成酶常规模块组装模式及3种非常规合成模式进行综述,为深入了解和应用非核糖体肽合成酶在抗生素类生物活性物质中的作用提供理论依据。     

黑曲霉中生物合成赭曲霉毒素A的非核糖体肽合成酶基因的鉴定

赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)是国际癌症研究机构认定的"2B"类致癌物。黑曲霉Aspergillus niger是美国食品药品监督局认可的食品安全菌。然而近年来陆续发现某些黑曲霉菌株能够产生OTA,这会对人类健康构成潜在威胁。阐明黑曲霉生物合成OTA的关键基因有助于理解OTA生物合成机制,这对OTA污染的防控具有重要意义。本研究克隆了产OTA黑曲霉中非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)编码基因(An15g07910),并对其进行了生物信息学分析,在此基础上采用同源重组的方法敲除了该基因,获得了一株性能稳定的敲除突变株Δnrps。与野生株相比,Δnrps突变株的表型在CYA培养基中并无明显改变,但在7d培养期间完全失去了合成赭曲霉毒素α(ochratoxinα,OTα)和OTA的能力,而赭曲霉毒素β(ochratoxinβ,OTβ)的合成不受影响。在野生株培养过程中,该nrps基因前4d表达量逐渐增大,并在第4天达到最高,随后基因表达量逐渐下降并趋于稳定,这与OTA的含量变化基本一致。结果表明该nrps基因(An15g07910)参与OTA的生物合成,其编码的NRPS可能负责催化苯丙氨酸部分和二氢异香豆素部分的交联。     

非核糖体肽合成酶的末端硫酯酶与多肽环化

非核糖体肽合成酶（nonribosomal peptide synthetases,NRPSs）能以多载体巯基化模板机制合成各种结构复杂、种类繁多的次生代谢非核糖体环肽.根据环肽末端环化的方式,可分为两大类：大环内酯型和内酰胺型.负责非核糖体环肽最终环化的硫酯酶（thioesterase,TE）属于α/β水解酶超家族.该家族包括：脂酶、蛋白酶、酯酶等,其共有特征是含有保守的催化三元件（Ser-His-Asp）,起到终止反应和释放产物的功能. TE具有区域定向性（regiospecific）、化学定向性（chemospecific）及立体定向性（stereospecific）的特点,在非核糖体肽（nonribosomal peptide,NRP）的合成反应中具有决定性作用,直接影响到最终环肽的生成. 同时,TE由于其特有的环化和水解的双重活性,在体外的线性多肽环化中越来越受到众多学者的关注. 综合国内外相关文献,本文着重从TE介导下的产物释放机制和影响因素两个方面综述非核糖体末端硫酯酶的研究进展及其应用.     

非核糖体肽合成酶催化模块的重构与多肽合成

天然次级代谢产物是重要的药物来源,非核糖体肽(non-ribosomal peptide, NRP)是自然界中广泛存在的次级代谢产物,其多样的化学结构使其具有多种生物活性,如抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗病毒等。基于非核糖体多肽合成酶(nonribosomal peptide synthetases, NRPS)模块化线性合成多肽的原理对其催化模块进行改造、重组,定向设计多肽的生物合成途径以获得目的多肽已成为一个研究热点。然而杂合NRPS存在催化模块无法加载目标氨基酸或多肽合成效率显著降低等诸多问题,限制了其应用。近年来,NRPS腺苷酰化域(adenylation domain, A域)及缩合结构域(condensation domain, C域)的底物选择性、NRPS亚基间对接域(docking domain, DD)和模块间连接区(linker)的研究已取得较大突破。从C域对底物的选择性及以不同融合边界进行催化单元替换两方面进行综述,介绍NRPS催化模块重构的研究进展,并概述了各替换方案的优点与局限性。     

非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPSs)作用机理与应用的研究进展

许多微生物能利用非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPSs)合成结构复杂、种类繁多的的生物活性肽。非核糖体肽因其独特的理化特性和药理学特性已被广泛关注,极具商业开发潜力。NRPSs由多个模块组成,模块的不同空间排列顺序决定其多肽产物的氨基酸序列特异性。NRPSs以多载体巯基化模板机理进行多肽合成,其底物特异性由腺苷酰化结构域和缩合结构域共同实现。目前,人们已经利用天然的NRPSs、某些特定结构域、将已知NRPSs的模块或特定结构域进行组合甚至杂合组合而构建成的新的NRPSs来合成目的多肽。     

非核糖体肽的生物合成研究进展

非核糖体肽(nonribosomal peptide, NRP)是由多种微生物通过非核糖体肽合成酶(nonribosomal peptide synthetase, NRPS)等催化合成的一类小分子多肽类次级代谢产物,具有抗菌、抗肿瘤、免疫抑制等多种生物活性,是一类重要的微生物药物,具有很高的临床应用价值。从目前已发现的小分子多肽类天然药物出发,综述了该类物质的生物功能、合成组装机制以及近年来在工程改造方面的进展,并提出了未来研究发展方向,对进一步通过组合生物合成等方式高效合成更多种类的小分子多肽类活性物质具有借鉴意义。     

非核糖体多肽合成酶研究进展

细菌和真菌采用非核糖体系统合成一些重要的多肽类物质.近年来的研究表明,在该系统中发挥关键作用的是一类分子巨大的非核糖体多肽合成酶.它们由顺序排列的组件构成,酶分子结构本身即蕴涵着多肽合成的信息.对非核糖体多肽合成酶结构和功能的了解,使人们期望可以通过对这类酶的修饰和重组来合成一些新的多肽类物质.     

Probing and Engineering the Fatty Acyl Substrate Selectivity of Starter Condensation Domains of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases in Lipopeptide Biosynthesis

Lipopeptides are produced by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and contain diverse fatty acyl moieties that are major determinants of antibiotic potency. The lipid chains are incorporated into peptidyl backbones via lipoinitiation, a process comprising free fatty acid activation and the subsequent starter condensation domain (C1)‐catalyzed conjugation of fatty acyl moieties onto the aminoacyl substrates. Thus, a thorough understanding of lipoinitiation biocatalysts would significantly expand their potential to produce novel antibiotics. Here, biochemical assays, in silico analysis, and mutagenesis studies are used to ultimately identify the specific amino acid residues that control the fatty acyl substrate selectivity of C1 in lipopeptide A54145. In silico docking study has identified four candidate amino acids, and subsequent in vitro assays confirmed their functional contribution to the channel that controls substrate selectivity. Two engineered variants with single point mutations in C1 are found to alter the substrate selectivity toward nonnatural fatty acyl substrates. The detailed mechanistic insights into the catalytic contribution of C1 obtained from the present study will facilitate future NPRS biocatalyst efforts     

Functional Analysis of A Pyoverdine Synthetase from Pseudomonas sp. MIS38

Fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. MIS38 produces a cyclic lipopeptide, arthrofactin. Arthrofactin is synthesized by a unique nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) with dual C/E-domains. In this study, another class of cyclic peptide, pyoverdine, was isolated from MIS38, viz., Pvd38. The main fraction of Pvd38 had an m/z value of 1,064.57 and contained Ala, Glu, Gly, (OHOrn), Ser, and Thr at a ratio of 2:1:1:(1):1:1 in the peptide part, suggesting a new structure compound. A gene encoding NRPS for the chromophore part of Pvd38 was identified, and we found that it contained a conventional E-domain. Gene disruption completely impaired the production of Pvd38, demonstrating that the synthetase is functional. This observation allows us to conclude that different NRPS systems with dual C/E-domains (in arthrofactin synthetase) and a conventional E-domain (in pyoverdine synthetase) are both functional in MIS38.     

嗜水气单胞菌非核糖体肽合成酶基因功能研究

非核糖体肽是微生物体内一类具有天然生物活性的次生代谢物,由非核糖体肽合成酶催化生成。而AHA2474和AHA2476是嗜水气单胞菌ATCC7966中两个编码非核糖体肽合成酶的基因。利用同源重组技术分别构建了AHA2474、AHA2476基因缺失株,并对其生理特性进行测定。结果表明,与野生株相比,缺失株的溶血性和胞外蛋白酶活性均显著增强,而产铁能力明显减弱;在缺铁条件下,缺失株的生长能力较弱,补充铁离子后又能恢复生长。同时在过氧化氢应激下ΔAHA2474菌株具有更大的耐受性。以上研究结果提示AHA2474和AHA2476基因可能通过影响铁离子动态平衡过程来调控该菌的生理特性,同时也表明非核糖体肽在该菌致病性方面起作用,为探究该菌的致病机制及防治策略提供理论依据。     

The Screening of Antimicrobial Bacteria with Diverse Novel Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase (NRPS) Genes from South China Sea Sponges

Nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) adenylation (A) domain genes were investigated by polymerase chain reaction for 109 bacteria isolated from four South China Sea sponges, Stelletta tenuis, Halichondria rugosa, Dysidea avara, and Craniella australiensis. Meanwhile, the antimicrobial bioassay of bacteria with NRPS genes were carried out to confirm the screening of NRPS genes. Fifteen bacteria were found to contain NRPS genes and grouped into two phyla Firmicutes (13 of 15) and Proteobacteria (two of 15) according to 16S rDNA sequences. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the conserved A domain amino acid sequences, most of the NRPS fragments (11 of 15) showed below 70% similarity to their closest relatives suggesting the novelty of these NRPS genes. All of the 15 bacteria with NRPS genes have antimicrobial activities, with most of them exhibiting activity against multiple indicators including fungi and gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The different antimicrobial spectra indicate the chemical diversity of biologically active metabolites of sponge-associated bacteria and the possible role of bacterial symbionts in the host’s antimicrobial chemical defense. Phylogenetic analysis based on the representative NRPS genes shows high diversity of marine NRPS genes. The combined molecular technique and bioassay strategy will be useful to obtain sponge-associated bacteria with the potential to synthesize bioactive compounds. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Biosynthesis of Novel Pyoverdines by Domain Substitution in a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pyoverdine is a fluorescent nonribosomal peptide siderophore made by fluorescent pseudomonads. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) PvdD contains two modules that each incorporate an l-threonine residue at the C-terminal end of pyoverdine. In an attempt to generate modified pyoverdine peptides, we substituted alternative-substrate-specifying adenylation (A) and peptide bond-catalyzing condensation (C) domains into the second module of PvdD. When just the A domain was substituted, the resulting strains produced only wild-type pyoverdine—at high levels if the introduced A domain specified threonine or at trace levels otherwise. The high levels of pyoverdine synthesis observed whenever the introduced A domain specified threonine indicated that these nonnative A domains were able to communicate effectively with the PvdD C domain. Moreover, the unexpected observation that non-threonine-specifying A domains nevertheless incorporated threonine into pyoverdine suggests that the native PvdD C domain exhibited stronger selectivity than these A domains for the incorporated amino acid substrate (i.e., misactivation of a threonine residue by the introduced A domains was more frequent than misincorporation of a nonthreonine residue by the PvdD C domain). In contrast, substitution of both the C and A domains of PvdD generated high yields of rationally modified pyoverdines in two instances, these pyoverdines having either a lysine or a serine residue in place of the terminal threonine. However, C-A domain substitution more commonly yielded a truncated peptide product, likely due to stalling of synthesis on a nonfunctional recombinant NRPS template.     

不同烟草中谷氨酰胺合成酶2基因的生物信息学分析

目的：分析不同烟草中谷氨酰胺合成酶2（GS2）基因的结构特点、差异与进化的关系。方法：对NCBI已公布的皱叶烟草（Np）、渐狭叶烟草（Na）和美花烟草（Ns）及拟南芥（At）、籼稻（Os）的GS2序列,利用MEGA进行聚类分析,用ProtParam、NETPHOS 2.0 Server、TargetP1.1Server、ProtScale、Scansite和SOPMA进行肽链的理化性质、磷酸化修饰、亲水性/疏水性、前导肽、motif和二级结构的预测分析。结果：Na、Ns的GS2在磷酸化位点、二级结构和前导肽方面与At和Os的GS2非常相似;Np的GS2不具有前导肽和磷酸化位点,且不定位于叶绿体中。结论：Na和Ns的GS2具有较高的相似度,但Np的GS2与Na和Ns的差别较大,与GS1的亲缘关系更近。     

Detection of nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes in Xylaria sp. BCC1067 and cloning of XyNRPSA

Nonribosomal peptides, synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), are an important group of diverse bioactive fungal metabolites. Xylaria sp. BCC1067, which is known to produce a variety of biologically active metabolites, was studied for gene encoding NRPS by two different PCR-based methods and seven different NRPS fragments were obtained. In addition, screening a genomic library with an amplified NRPS fragment as a probe identified a putative NRPS gene named XyNRPSA. The functionality of XyNRPSA for the production of a corresponding metabolite was probed by gene insertion inactivation. Comparing the disrupting metabolite profile with that of the wild type led to the identification of a speculated metabolite. The crude extract of Xylaria sp. BCC1067 also exhibits antifungal activity against the human pathogens Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. However, the evaluation of biological activity of the XyNRPSA product suggests that it is neither a compound with antifungal activity nor a siderophore. In the vicinity of XyNRPSA, a second gene (named XyPtB) was identified. Its localization and homology to orfB of the ergot alkaloid biosynthetic gene cluster suggests that XyPtB may be involved in XyNRPSA product biosynthesis.     

逆境诱导水稻谷胱甘肽合成酶基因的表达研究

用RACE方法获得了全长的水稻谷胱甘肽合成酶(GS)基因的cDNA,并命名为OsGS(GeneBankaccession No.:AY453405)。该cDNA全长1 892 bp,编码一个由540个氨基酸组成的多肽,预测其氨基端(N端)含有一段定位叶绿体的信号肽。比较水稻基因组定位结果表明OsGS基因位于水稻12号染色体短臂上,转录区全长6 321 bp,由12个外显子和11个内含子组成。通过RT-PCR对OsGS在水稻正常生长条件和逆境条件下的表达进行了研究。结果表明,在正常生长条件下,OsGS在水稻幼苗的根和叶以及抽穗期水稻的根中表达;但不在抽穗期水稻的叶、茎和幼穗中表达,这显示OsGS在水稻中的表达具有发育和组织特异性。利用抽穗期水稻的叶片为材料,经高温、干旱和重金属逆境处理后,OsGS在抽穗期叶片中的转录被诱导表达;而在盐、低温、伤害逆境下则不被诱导。在轻度和中度干旱胁迫4 h后OsGS基因可被诱导表达。外源ABA处理也能够提高OsGS的转录水平,这显示OsGS可能是依赖ABA信号途径的环境胁迫诱导基因。