干旱胁迫下小麦叶片脯氨酸和蛋白质含量变化与染色体的关系

以中国春-Synthetic 6x小麦染色体代换系及其亲本为材料,研究干旱胁迫条件下染色体对不同生育时期叶片脯氨酸和蛋白质含量的调控效应。结果表明,在干旱胁迫条件下,1D和5D代换系叶片的脯氨酸含量变化在孕穗期、开花期、灌浆期始终显著或极显著高于中国春;而4A、4B、2D和6D代换系的可溶性蛋白质含量变化始终显著或极显著低于中国春。表明,Synthetic 6x的5D和1D染色体上可能有干旱胁迫下促进脯氨酸积累的基因存在,Synthetic 6x的4A、4B、2D和6D染色体上可能有干旱胁迫下抑制蛋白质含量下降的基因存在,小麦叶片游离脯氨酸的积累与可溶性蛋白质含量的下降无显著相关性。     

高山离子芥试管苗在PEG-6000模拟干旱条件下的生理响应

以高山离子芥(Chorispora bungeana)为试材,采用固液培养法,设置对照(不添加PEG-6000,CK)、5%PEG-6000、10%PEG-6000、20%PEG-6000、40%PEG-6000五个干旱处理水平,研究了不同浓度PEG-6000模拟干旱环境下,对高山离子芥幼苗生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,随着不同的处理时间,脯氨酸含量始终保持上升的趋势且含量显著高于对照;可溶性蛋白的含量也有波动,呈现先上升后下降的趋势;丙二醛(MDA)含量,随着时间的延长,呈现先升高再下降的趋势且含量显著高于对照。幼苗叶片叶绿素总含量呈现先升高后下降的趋势,在浓度为40%PEG-6000胁迫下,叶绿素总含量均显著低于对照;叶绿素a则有显著降低的趋势;叶绿素b在浓度为5%PEG-6000胁迫下显著升高,在浓度为10%、20%、40%PEG-6000胁迫下也呈现显著升高的趋势;但其含量总体低于叶绿素a;Chla/Chlb的值经历了先升高后下降的趋势且均高于对照。在各浓度及不同时间处理胁迫下,高山离子芥叶片K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量有明显波动:K+、Ca2在5%和10%PEG-6000胁迫6、12、24、48、72h后均显著高于对照,而40%PEG-6000胁迫后均显著低于对照。Na+在5%PEG-6000各时间段胁迫后含量较对照有所增加,在其它浓度和时间处理下其含量均低于对照;而Mg2+含量在40%PEG-6000胁迫下虽有下降趋势但均显著高于对照。表明在干旱胁迫下,高山离子芥通过改变渗透调节物、光合系统中叶绿素含量及离子含量等,启动应对外界干旱环境的耐旱响应机制,从生理角度揭示了高山离子芥响应耐旱的生理生态机理。     

不同基因型小麦幼苗抗旱抗盐性比较研究

利用等渗的NaCl和PEG处理8种不同基因型小麦进化材料,在处理的3d,6d,9d分别采样测定叶片相对含水量,胁迫敏感指数,游离脯氨酸,可溶性糖,无机离子Na^ ,K^ 含量及荧光参数Fv/m生理指标等。结果表明;在相同渗透势胁迫下,NaCl胁迫引起的小麦叶片荧光参数Fv/m的下降;胁迫敏感指数,脯氨酸,可溶性糖,Na^ 含量的增加均大于PEG胁迫引起的变化,而叶片相对含水量的K^ 含量的下降却小于PEG胁迫下的变化,含有DD染色体组的2n小麦较含有BB和AA的2n小麦有较强的抗旱抗盐性,且由它与4n小麦（AABB）杂交合成的6n小麦（AABBDD）较2n和4n小麦有较强的抗旱抗盐性,且由它与4n小麦（AABB）杂交合成的6n小麦（AABBDD）较2n和4n小麦有较强的抗旱抗盐性,说明DD染色体组上具有控制小麦抗旱和抗盐的有效基因。     

NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内K+、Na+和Cl-分布及吸收特性的研究

采用营养液水培法,研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗不同器官K 、Na 和Cl-含量的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下黄瓜植株体内K 含量下降,Na 和Cl-含量升高,变化幅度随NaCl浓度的增加而增大;NaCl处理4 d后,各器官中K 含量下降幅度剧增,叶片中Na 和Cl-含量快速升高;3种离子在器官间呈区域化分布,Na 主要积累在根和茎部,K 和Cl-主要积累在茎部,而且K 的含量下降幅度由根向叶递减。在低浓度NaCl胁迫或高浓度NaCl短期胁迫下,黄瓜植株对K 的吸收选择性以及向地上部运输的选择性提高,离子区域化分布的能力增强,有利于避免离子代谢紊乱,减轻NaCl胁迫的伤害。可见,离子在器官水平的区域化分布是黄瓜植株耐盐性的重要机理之一。     

盐胁迫对大豆种子萌发及矿质元素变化的影响

以大豆为试验材料,测定了中性盐和碱性盐胁迫下大豆种子的萌发、生长参数及各种矿质元素的含量,试图揭示盐胁迫下大豆种子萌发与矿质元素的响应过程及其相互关系。结果表明:大豆种子的萌发率、萌发势、萌发指数及生物量等在高浓度盐胁迫下均呈降低趋势,高浓度碱性盐胁迫比中性盐胁迫下降的趋势更为显著;盐胁迫下,大豆种子萌发过程中矿质元素含量与萌发参数存在显著相关关系。同时,盐胁迫下各种矿质元素在大豆子叶中呈逐渐降低、根中逐渐升高的趋势,造成了大豆体内矿质离子不平衡;尤其是高浓度碱性盐胁迫下,大豆根中矿质元素积累量更大,离子失衡更为显著。研究表明,盐胁迫尤其是高浓度碱性盐胁迫造成了大豆种子中矿质离子大幅度的失衡,对大豆种子的萌发和生长造成严重的伤害。     

H2S对干旱胁迫下高山离子芥的作用研究

以高山冰缘植物高山离子芥（Chorispora bungeana）试管苗为实验材料,研究了0.3 mol·L^-1甘露醇模拟干旱胁迫响应过程中硫化氢（H₂S）调节高山离子芥的膜系统损伤程度、渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶系的作用,以及磷脂酶D（PLD）、活性氧（ROS）与H₂S信号分子在高山离子芥中响应干旱胁迫中的作用和可能存在的信号关系。结果显示：干旱胁迫下,外施H₂S供体NaHS显著降低高山离子芥电解质渗漏率及MDA含量、抑制ROS产生,提高渗透调节物质和抗氧化水平,从而增强高山离子芥的抗旱能力;干旱可诱导PLD活性、H₂S含量、ROS发生显著变化;当分别外施PLD下游产物PA与ROS供体H₂O₂均可促进干旱胁迫下H₂S的释放,当同时外施PA和ROS抑制剂DPI时对干旱胁迫下H₂S含量没有显著影响,当同时外施PLD抑制剂正丁醇与ROS抑制剂DPI则显著抑制干旱胁迫下H₂S含量的产生,表明干旱胁迫下,高山离子芥中ROS位于PLD的下游、H₂S的上游发挥作用。     

盐胁迫对小麦代换系渗透调节物质的影响及染色体效应

以中国春-Synthetic 6x小麦染色体代换系及其亲本为材料,设置对照(0 mmol/L Na Cl)和盐胁迫(150 mmol/L Na Cl)2个处理,通过测定不同盐处理条件下代换系幼苗渗透调节物质Na+、K+、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及脯氨酸含量变化,探讨盐胁迫对小麦代换系幼苗渗透调节物质的影响,并对其调控相关特性的基因进行染色体定位。结果表明,在盐胁迫条件下,小麦代换系的无机渗透调节物质Na+、K+含量明显升高,有机渗透调节物质可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及脯氨酸含量显著增加。对相关性状的染色体定位分析表明,Synthetic 6x的1A、2A、3B、7B、1D、4D和7D染色体上存在抑制Na+含量升高的基因,4A、7A染色体上可能存在使K+含量升高的基因;6A、7A和7D染色体上可能存在使可溶性糖含量升高的基因,1A、2A、4A和6A染色体上可能存在使可溶性蛋白含量升高的基因,7A、6D染色体上可能存在使脯氨酸含量升高的基因。即Synthetic 6x的第4、7染色体(4A、4D;7A、7D)上可能含有调控无机调节物质的基因,第6染色体上(6A、6D)可能含有调控有机渗透调节物质的基因。     

外源硝酸钙对黄瓜幼苗盐胁迫伤害的缓解作用

采用营养液水培法,以较耐盐黄瓜品种'新泰密刺'为试材,研究了叶面喷施硝酸钙对盐胁迫(NaCl 65 mmol·L-1)下黄瓜幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸及不同部位离子含量的影响.结果表明,叶面喷施硝酸钙能够显著提高盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的干鲜重、相对含水量和叶片叶绿素含量,显著减少MDA及渗透调节物质脯氨酸的积累;同时可显著降低盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内Na+和Cl-含量,提高K+、Ca2+含量和 K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+.可见,外源硝酸钙能缓解盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的失水程度和光合色素的下降幅度,保护膜的完整性,调节离子选择性吸收,从而减轻盐胁迫伤害,促进黄瓜植株生长.     

普通小麦基因组中耐低磷胁迫特性的染色体控制

以普通小麦中国春的一套缺四体为材料,对其耐低磷胁迫特性进行鉴定和遗传分析。结果表明：（１）第１,４,７部分同源群与低磷胁迫特性关系最密切,且第１,７部分同源群内各染色体间在该性状的遗传互补性良好。第４部分同源群则不同,４Ａ可以有效补偿４Ｂ与４Ｄ的缺失,反之则不能。（２）第２,３,５６部分同源群与低磷胁迫特性关系不密切,且这些同源群内某一染以体的缺失大多不能被其他染色体有效地补偿,尤其是第３与第６部     

外源钙和亚精胺对NaCl胁迫条件下玉米幼苗体内离子平衡和多胺 …

研究了钙离子和亚精胺对盐胁迫条件下玉米幼苗生长状况、电解质渗漏、离子含量和多胺水平的影响。结果表明：盐胁迫下,钠离子和腐胺含量升高,质膜受到严重伤害,而钾离子、钙离子、亚精胺以及精胺水平降低。外加氯化钙和亚精胺不但能逆转氯化钠带来的离子平衡失调１多胺代谢紊乱,而且还能减轻氯化钠导致的生长抑制和质膜伤害,在盐胁迫条件下,二环己基胺引起多胺含量严重下降的情况在一定程度上能被外加氯化钙处理所缓解。这些结     

Chromosomal location of a K/Na discrimination character in the D genome of wheat

Summary K/Na ratios have been determined in the leaves of salt-treated plants of 14 disomic substitution lines in which each of the D-genome chromosomes replaces the homoeologous A- or B-genome chromosome in the tetraploid wheat variety Langdon (AABB genome). Aneuploid lines of hexaploid bread wheat (cv Chinese Spring) having a reduced or an enhanced complement of chromosome 4D have also been examined. These investigations show that the gene(s) determining K/Na ratios in the leaves of wheat plants grown in the presence of salt is located on the long arm of chromosome 4D.     

Genetic variation for waterlogging tolerance in the Triticeae and the chromosomal location of genes conferring waterlogging tolerance in Thinopyrum elongatum.

A number of Triticeae species were tested for tiller production, shoot dry matter production, and root penetration in waterlogged soil, and Thinopyrum elongatum and Elytrigia repens were shown to have better tolerance than wheat using these criteria. Tests of a number of wheat-alien amphiploids showed that there was at least partial expression of this exotic genetic variation in a wheat genetic background. The presence of chromosomes 2E and 4E of Th. elongatum was associated with a positive effect on root growth in waterlogged conditions. The positive effect of the 4E chromosome addition was mimicked by tetrasomic lines carrying extra doses of wheat homoeologues 4B and 4D, and it was concluded that the beneficial effect contributed by the presence of 4E was probably due to an increased dosage of group 4 chromosomes. However, the positive effect of adding chromosome 2E to wheat could not be reproduced by added doses of chromosomes 2A, 2B, or 2D, suggesting that this alien chromosome carries gene(s) for tolerance not present on its wheat homoeologues. This gene(s) was further located to the long arm of chromosome 2E by testing ditelosomic addition lines.     

应用基因组原位杂交鉴定蓝粒小麦及其诱变后代

应用基因组原位杂交技术（GISH）对普通小麦（Triticum aestivumL.)和长穗偃麦草[Agropyron elongatum(Host)Beauv,2n=10x=70]杂交后选育出的蓝粒小麦蓝-58及其诱变后代的染色体组成进行了鉴定。结果表明,GISH可方便地检测到小麦遗传背景中的长穗偃麦草染色体或易位的片段。如前人报道,蓝-58（2n=42)是一个具有2条长穗偃麦草4E染色体的异代换系（4E/4D）。LW004可能是一个具有两对相互易位染色体的纯合系,其田间表现磷高效特性,LW43-3-4为41条染色体的蓝单体（40W 1’4E）,种子颜色为浅蓝色,通过此法还检测出一些染色体结构发生很大变异的材料如4E的单端体（40W 1‘4E),种子颜色为浅蓝色,通过此法还检测出一些染色结构发生很大变异的材料如4E的单端体（40W 1‘t4E)以及组型为39W 1‘4E 1‘t4E的个体,此项研究结果更为直观地表明控制蓝粒体状的基因的确在来自长穗偃麦草的染色体上。同时说明有效的突变方法与灵活方便的检测手段的有机结合在染色体工程材料的创制和染色体工程育种中起着至关重要的作用。     

一种小麦蓝粒标记单体代换系4E（3D）的创制

以中国春3D单体和小麦-长穗偃麦草4E二体异附加系为材料,通过杂交、回交结合染色体鉴定等方法,培育出了一种具有蓝粒标记的小麦4E(3D)单体代换系.该小麦4E(3D)单体代换系籽粒为浅蓝色,能够正常生长,自交结实率为36.1%,其自交后代可分离出深蓝籽粒小麦4E(3D)二体代换系、浅蓝籽粒小麦4E(3D)单体代换系和白粒小麦3D缺体.结果表明,长穗偃麦草4E染色体对小麦3D染色体缺失有一定的补偿功能,对以染色体定向代换方式快速创制蓝粒标记小麦单体系统具有一定的参考价值.     

不同细胞质的普通小麦"中国春"(Triticum aestivum var.Chinese Spring)与小偃麦杂交F1代的育性与减数分裂行为的研究

15个不同细胞质“中国春”小麦与八倍体小偃麦杂交 ,杂种F1减数分裂的染色体行为表明 :普通小麦与天蓝偃麦草的F或E组染色体之间存在着部分同源关系 ;D2 型细胞质促进部分同源染色体配对、但却抑制同源染色体配对 ;Sv 型细胞质对同源染色体或部分同源染色体的配对均有抑制作用 ;G型细胞质促进同源染色体配对。1 5个不同细胞质“中国春”小麦与六倍体小偃麦杂交 ,F1结实率很低 ,减数分裂中期的染色体行为混乱 ,单价体过多 ,或许意味着在天蓝偃麦草 (Elytrigiain termedium)与长穗偃麦草 (E .elongatum)的E组染色体之间存在着很大差别。随着回交代数的增加 ,选出G型、D2 型、Mt 型、Mu 型等细胞质雄性不育的八倍体小偃麦品系 ,其中D2 型细胞质八倍体小偃麦具有光周期敏感性雄性不育的特征 ;G型细胞质“远中 3”育性正常 ,表明八倍体小偃麦“远中 3”的E组染色体中存在G型胞质的育性恢复基因。     

Genetic and physical characterization of chromosome 4DL in wheat.

The long arm of chromosome 4D in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been shown in previous studies to harbor genes of agronomic importance. A major dominant gene conferring Aluminum (Al) tolerance (Alt2 in 'Chinese Spring' and AltBH in 'BH 1146'), and the Knal locus controlling the K+/Na+ discrimination in saline environments have been mapped to this chromosome arm. However, accurate information on the genetic and physical location of markers related to any of these genes is not available and would be useful for map-based cloning and marker-assisted plant breeding. In the present study, using a population of 91 recombinant inbred lines segregating for Al tolerance, we provide a more extensive genetic linkage map of the chromosome arm 4DL based on RFLP, SSR, and AFLP markers, delimiting the AltBH gene to a 5.9-cM interval between markers Xgdm125 and Xpsr914. In addition, utilizing a set of wheat deletion lines for chromosome arm 4DL, the AltBH gene was physically mapped to the distal region of the chromosome, between deletion breakpoints 0.70 and 0.86, where the kilobase/centimorgan ratio is assumed to be low, making the map-based cloning of the gene a more realistic goal. The polymorphism rates in chromosome arm 4DL for the different types of markers used were extremely low, as confirmed by the physical mapping of AFLPs. Finally, analysis of 1 Mb of contiguous sequence of Arabidopsis chromosome 5 flanking the gene homologous to the BCD1230 clone (a cosegregating marker in our population coding for a ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase gene), revealed a previously identified region of stress-related and disease-resistance genes. This could explain the collinearity observed in comparative mapping studies among different species and the low level of polymorphism detected in the chromosome arm 4DL in hexaploid wheat.     

VE161小麦促进部分同源染色体配对的遗传

ＶＥ１６１小麦包括具有一对长穗偃麦草染色体的雄性不育代换系、可育附加系和杂育系,杂育系由其代换系×附加系产生。ＶＥ１６１小麦在与其它小麦品系的杂交Ｆ１中,具有促进部分同源染色体配对的作用,但其本身部分同源配对频率较低。研究结果表明,ＶＥ１６１小麦本身部分同源染色体配对水平较低,是因其小麦染色体组中存在有一对纯合隐性上位基因,它能够抑制Ｅ染色体（Ｅｐｈ基因）,促进部分同源染色体配对作用的表达,而一般小麦品系中具有该基因的相对显性基因。同时,在促进小麦部分同源染色体配对作用上,Ｅ染色体（Ｅｐｈ基因）具有剂量效应     

Interaction between genes controlling a new group of glutenin subunits in bread wheat

Summary One-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of reduced total protein extracts from the endosperm of hexaploid wheat revealed a new set of faintly-stained bands, having slower electrophoretic mobility than the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits. These new bands have been termed the E group of glutenin subunits. Analysis of aneuploid stocks of Chinese Spring wheat has shown that three of the E bands, in order of increasing electrophoretic mobility, are controlled by genes on the short arms of chromosomes 1B, 1A and 1D, respectively. The E bands are expressed only in the presence of the long arm of chromosome 1B indicating an interaction between two or more genes involved in their production in wheat endosperm. The gene on the short arm of chromosome 1D controlling an E subunit recombined freely with Tri-D1 and the centromere but not at all with Gli-D1, indicating additional complexity at the Gli-DI locus in wheat.     

Preferential elimination of chromosome 1D from homoeologous group-1 alien addition lines in hexaploid wheat

Alien chromosome addition lines are useful genetic material for studying the effect of an individual chromosome in the same genetic background. However, addition lines are sometimes unstable and tend to lose the alien chromosome in subsequent generations. In this study, we report preferential removal of chromosome 1D rather than the alien chromosome from homoeologous group-1 addition lines. The Agropyron intermedium chromosome 1Agi (1E) addition line, created in the background of 'Vilmorin 27', showed loss of a part of chromosome 1D, thereby losing its HMW glutenin locus. Even in the case of Aegilops longissima and Ae. peregrina, the genomes of which are closer to the B genome than D genome, chromosome 1D was lost from chromosome 1Sl and 1Sv addition lines in cv. 'Chinese Spring' rather than chromosome 1B during transfer from one generation to another. A similar observation was also observed in the case of a chromosome 1E disomic addition line of Ag. elongatum and alloplasmic common wheat line with Ag. intermedium ssp. trichophorum cytoplasm. The reason for this strange observation is thought to lie in the history of wheat evolution, the size of chromosome 1D compared to 1A and 1B, or differing pollen competition abilities.