森林群落复杂性分析:以广东黑石顶森林为例

本文将森林群落复杂性定义为消除群落中任意一个树木个体的种名及层次不确定性所需的平均信息量,提出用联合熵H(X,Y)测度群落复杂性.H(X,Y)=H(X)+H(Y|X),其中H(X)=-∑Si=1(ni)/(N)log2((ni)/(N)),H(Y|X)=-∑Si=1(ni)/(N)∑4j=1(nij)/(ni)log2((nij)/(ni)),分别为树种组成复杂性和树种结构复杂性.式中S为森林群落树种数,N为森林群落的树木总株数,ni(i=1,2,...,S)为第i个树种的株数,nij(j=1,2,3,4)为第i个树种在第j层次的株数.用联合熵分析了广东省封开县黑石顶自然保护区针叶林、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林等3种典型森林类型的复杂性.结果表明,群落复杂性的顺序为常绿阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林.同时,各森林类型的群落复杂性H(X,Y)与取样尺度之间具有较好的分形关系.     

森林文化价值评估指标体系和方法研究

森林具有生态、经济、社会和文化等多种功能和多重价值。森林文化价值是人类与森林生态系统长期交往互动、和谐共生中所发育形成并提供人们的精神服务和文化产品的总和,作为森林资源价值构成的重要组成部分,其价值评估理论和方法尚在探索完善中。通过理论分析和案例验证结合的方法,提出了"人与森林共生时间"的核心理论和森林文化价值评估方法,构建了包括8项一级指标、22项二级指标、53项指标因子的森林文化价值评估指标体系,核定了指标权重和综合指标系数,并对森林文化价值物理量和价值量开展评估。研究发现,森林文化价值与人在森林中停留、互动共生的时间成正比,人与森林的共生时间是相对的和动态变化的;其价值高低,与自然力的作用、森林资源要素和环境结构密切相关;不同区域森林文化价值存在梯度差异。通过我国各省区市案例结果表明,森林文化价值量与森林覆盖率、森林常驻人口、森林质量、森林的文化和自然遗产、森林游憩和森林的文化产业、区域居民收入呈现正相关关系。     

Bird Species Sensitivity in a Fragmented Landscape of the Atlantic Forest in Southern Brazil1

I tested whether terrestrial/understory habits, large body sizes, low tolerance to edge or to matrix habitat, and food/habitat specialization are characteristics of the most vulnerable bird species based on point counts conducted in 14 forest fragments in northern Paraná, southern region of the Brazilian Atlantic forest. In addition, the sensitivity level of each bird species to forest fragmentation in northern Paraná (high, medium, and low) was compared to the Viçosa region, another fragmented landscape of the Atlantic forest. Contrary to expectations, large body size and terrestrial/understory habits were not features clearly related to high sensitivity to forest fragmentation; but species with tolerance to edge did have lower sensitivity. I found also that specialized habitat/food were not good predictors of extinctions; the most specialized guilds, bamboo and vine‐tangle insectivores and trunk and twig insectivores, had a high number of species with low sensitivity. Patterns of sensitivity were compared for 75 bird species that occurred in both northern Paraná and Viçosa; higher incongruence occurred for 14 and 7 species considered as highly sensitive in Viçosa but were of medium or low sensitivity, respectively, in northern Paraná. These differences may occur because sensitivity to habitat fragmentation may vary from the center to the periphery of a species' geographic range. Geographic variation in patterns of sensitivity to forest fragmentation may be important for conservation planning.     

福建东山岛防护林景观格局与生态价值研究

运用景观生态学原理和森林环境价值计量方法,对东山岛防护林景观格局与生态价值进行研究。首先选取斑块密度、边缘密度、分维数、景观多样性、景观优势度和均匀度指数等指标,分析东山岛防护林景观的空间分布和空间格局特征,并从中小尺度的防护林生态系统及其重要生态服务功能角度出发,运用市场价值法、造林成本法、生产成本法、影子工程法等方法进行生态价值评估。结果表明人类活动对东山岛防护林的景观格局产生很大影响,得出东山岛防护林生态系统固定CO₂、释放O₂及防风固沙服务功能的平均价值为39.45×10⁶～92.55×10⁶元。     

森林结构复杂度对单木分割精度的影响——以田横岛为例

单木分割对于森林资源调查具有重要的意义,不同结构复杂度的森林单木分割算法的选择以及分割参数的选取对分割精度有着很大的影响。以山东田横岛为研究区,基于无人机正射影像与激光雷达数据,首先提取海岛森林典型植被二维与三维特征,然后利用随机森林算法对不同树种的树木进行分类,最后基于分类后的点云数据,选取不同结构复杂度的森林样地,对比分析聚类算法、层堆叠算法、分水岭算法在不同复杂度林区的适用性。结果表明:(1)随机森林算法结合单木二维、三维特征可有效对混交林树木进行分类,模型总体的精度为94.51%,Kappa系数为0.9038;(2)聚类算法对结构简单的林区具有更高的分割精度(F=96.41),但依赖于分割参数的选取;面对复杂单木集群,分水岭算法总体得分波动最小(ΔF=14.56),表现出较强的稳定性;(3)混交林预先进行树种分类可有效改善单木分割环境,相比于直接进行单木分割,聚类算法、层堆叠算法、分水岭算法的分割精度均得到不同程度的提升(ΔF₁=10.06,ΔF₂=9.51,ΔF₃=12.6)。     

民勤沙区人工梭梭林自然稀疏过程研究

通过实地样方调查,对民勤沙区人工梭梭林的自然稀疏过程进行分析,以探讨其自然稀疏机理。结果表明:(1)民勤沙区梭梭经过自然稀疏,15~32 a林龄的密度为387.14株.hm-2。(2)梭梭林内乔木、灌木、草本植物对不同层次土壤水分利用的分异比较明显,草本植物和灌木分别主要利用0~20 cm和0~100 cm的土壤水分,梭梭主要利用60~120 cm的土壤水分。(3)在梭梭林成长过程中,沙丘水分递减,梭梭因水分亏缺而自然稀疏化,且在10 a林龄以内自然稀疏过程最明显。(4)当林龄达到15 a以上时,植株普遍枯梢,生长不良,植株个体增大缓慢。(5)对于15 a及其以上成龄梭梭林进行人工补灌没有显著恢复效果,只是增加草本植物的密度和盖度。     

祁连山林区基于水源涵养能力的人工林近自然度评价体系建立

建立近自然度评价体系对于修复森林生态功能、保障森林可持续发展有着重要的意义,然而近自然度尚未有统一的评价体系。祁连山地区的森林系统承担着我国西部重要的水源涵养功能,对其现存的人工林客观地开展基于水源涵养能力的近自然评价是亟需解决的问题。以祁连山东部金禅沟、塔尔沟小流域40个不同林分起源的云杉纯林、白桦纯林、云杉白桦混交林为对比研究样地,对涉及近自然度和水源涵养能力的指标进行敏感性分析,筛选出中高敏感度指标,通过欧氏距离法结合熵权法定量评价人工林近自然度,通过模糊物元法定量评价森林水源涵养能力,然后采用6种方法对近自然度和水源涵养得分分布进行拟合(R²>0.4),并利用K-means法建立了4个近自然度评价等级。研究表明祁连山东部地区大部分人工林近自然度评级处于半天然林阶段,通过改造纯林为针阔混交林可以同时提高其近自然度与水源涵养能力。研究旨在构建基于水源涵养能力的近自然度评价体系,为森林生态服务功能修复提供理论支持。     

东北林区主要森林类型土壤有机碳密度及其影响因素

2011年在东北林区研究了5种主要森林类型(针叶混交林、针阔混交林、阔叶混交林、落叶松林和白桦林)4个林龄(幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和过熟林)的土壤碳密度.结果表明: 东北林区不同森林类型的土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度均以表层土壤最高,随土壤深度的增加逐渐减少,而随森林类型和林龄的变化并不显著;森林土壤有机碳主要集中在表层土壤,其中大兴安岭、小兴安岭和长白山森林0～20 cm土壤贮存了其剖面总有机碳密度的847%～86.1%、51.7%～59.8%和51.2%～53.4%.随纬度的增加,森林土壤总有机碳密度明显下降,可能与东北林区土壤发生层的厚度密切相关.     

我国亚热带天然森林的开发与保护问题

森林在生物圈生态平衡上有举足轻重的位置,然而人类文明历史的发展却导致大面积原生型森林的毁灭。我国亚热带原生型森林以常绿阔叶林为代表,分布地域广,植物区系独特,珍稀古植物多,经济植物资源丰富且利用潜力大,是巨大的生物宝库。本文初拟了我国中亚热带分布较广的主要原生型森林类型,并引实例论述了这些原生型森林在近30年来受到极大破坏以及这类森林被破坏后造成的严重后果,最后提出了若干保护措施和建议,呼吁社会重视对我国亚热带自然资源的保护,以确保我国亚热带较完好的生态系统,为子孙后代造福。     

中度强度森林火灾对马尾松次生林土壤有机碳密度的影响

森林火灾作为森林非连续的干扰因子, 是生物地球化学循环的驱动因子, 显著改变生态系统的结构和功能及养分循环与能量传递, 引起森林碳库与碳分配格局的变化, 进而影响森林演替进程及固碳能力。该研究以广东省马尾松(Pinus massoniana)次生林为研究对象, 采用相邻样地比较法和空间代替时间法, 以野外调查采样与室内试验分析为主要手段, 定量研究突发性森林火灾对土壤有机碳密度的影响, 探讨森林火灾对土壤有机碳固持的影响机制。结果表明: 与对照相比, 森林火灾后的幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林的土壤有机碳密度分别为35.12、40.80和52.34 t·hm^-2, 依次降低了10.93%、8.52%和7.56%。相比对照, 幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林土壤剖面(0-60 cm)的土壤有机碳密度变化范围分别为5.04-7.76、5.26-10.27和6.33-13.58 t·hm^-2, 依次降低了2.51%-16.83%、1.31%-11.85%和1.09%-12.50%; 森林火灾显著降低了幼龄林和中龄林0-30 cm的土壤有机碳密度, 显著降低了成熟林0-20 cm的土壤有机碳密度。马尾松次生林土壤有机碳密度与土壤理化性质具有显著相关关系。通径分析表明, 对照样地和过火样地中, 土壤全氮含量均对土壤有机碳密度的直接作用最大, 土壤细根生物量对土壤有机碳密度的直接作用较小, 但其通过土壤全氮含量对土壤有机碳密度的影响均表现在间接作用上。嵌套方差分析表明, 土壤深度解释了土壤有机碳密度变异的70.60%, 林龄解释了其变异的25.35%, 森林火灾解释了其变异的2.34%。研究发现: 森林火灾减少了马尾松次生林各林龄的土壤有机碳密度。在水平方向上, 随着林龄增长, 土壤有机碳密度的减少幅度降低; 在垂直方向上, 土壤有机碳密度随着土壤土层深度加深而降低, 且随林龄增长减少幅度下降。研究森林火灾对森林生态系统土壤有机碳的影响, 有助于理解森林生态系统土壤碳固持和碳循环过程, 对制定旨在减缓全球变化的科学合理的林火管理策略具有重要意义。     

Conflict of use for multi-purpose tree species in the state of Pará, eastern Amazonia, Brazil

Although diversified forest management is promoted as a strategy aimed at slowing tropical deforestation, little is known about the viability of integrating timber and non-timber forest products in the same forest management plans. In this study we offer an initial characterization of multi-purpose tree species in the State of Pará, the principal Amazonian logging region. We identify the species used for both timber and non-timber extraction, and classify these according to their commercial value. We relate multi-purpose species to their ecological traits, the type of non-timber forest use and the fraction of the tree harvested. Although a high number of species present a potential conflict of use, this conflict is only relevant in four of them: D. odorata, T. serratifolia, T. impetiginosa and H. courbaril. Nevertheless, the nature and relevance of this conflict will ultimately depend on the importance that the non-timber use has for the livelihoods of forest-dependant people, the commercial value and the ecological resilience of these species.     

Impacts of climate change on natural forest productivity – evidence since the middle of the 20th century

Changes to forest production drivers (light, water, temperature, and site nutrient) over the last 55 years have been documented in peer‐reviewed literature. The main objective of this paper is to review documented evidence of the impacts of climate change trends on forest productivity since the middle of the 20th century. We first present a concise overview of the climate controls of forest production, provide evidence of how the main controls have changed in the last 55 years, followed by a core section outlining our findings of observed and documented impacts on forest productivity and a brief discussion of the complications of interpreting trends in net primary production (NPP). At finer spatial scales, a trend is difficult to decipher, but globally, based on both satellite and ground‐based data, climatic changes seemed to have a generally positive impact on forest productivity when water was not limiting. Of the 49 papers reporting forest production levels we reviewed, 37 showed a positive growth trend, five a negative trend, three reported both a positive and a negative trend for different time periods, one reported a positive and no trend for different geographic areas, and two reported no trend. Forests occupy ≈52% of the Earth's land surface and tend to occupy more temperature and radiation‐limited environments. Less than 7% of forests are in strongly water‐limited systems. The combined and interacting effects of temperature, radiation, and precipitation changes with the positive effect of CO₂, the negative effects of O₃ and other pollutants, and the presently positive effects of N will not be elucidated with experimental manipulation of one or a few factors at a time. Assessments of the greening of the biosphere depend on both accurate measurements of rates (net ecosystem exchange, NPP), how much is stored at the ecosystem level (net ecosystem production) and quantification of disturbances rates on final net biome production.     

人工抚育措施对油松林生长及结构特征的影响

研究了人工抚育年后油松林的生长状况、群落组织和结构.结果表明,不同人工抚育措施的油松林平均胸径、树高、冠幅均有极显著差异(P＜0.01),采取抚育措施的两个样地间的油松胸径和冠幅差异均达到显著水平,其中既打枝又间伐的油松林的胸径(7.8±0.29cm)、树高(5.5±0.09m)和平均冠幅(249±7.24cm)最大,未打枝和间伐的油松林最大;随着人工抚育措施加强,单株油松的平均新叶、老叶和枝的生物量逐渐增加,达到极显著水平(P＜0.01);在不同抚育措施下,既打枝又间伐的油松林地上生物量最大(44.0t·hm^-2)、未打枝和间伐油松林地上生物量最大(14.9t·hm^-2);油松新叶和老叶长度的差异性显著;油松的比叶面积在生长初期(5月和月)和末期(9月)差异性显著;人工抚育措施增加了林下植被的种类数量和盖度.     

中国亚热带森林转换对土壤呼吸动态及通量的影响

通过用静态碱吸收法对中国亚热带福建三明格氏栲自然保护区内的格氏栲天然林和33年生的格氏栲人工林及杉木人工林的土壤呼吸进行为期2a的定位研究,结果表明,3种森林土壤呼吸速率季节变化均呈单峰曲线,最大值出现在5月至6月份,最小值出现在12月至翌年1月份。格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林土壤呼吸速率一年中变化范围分别在403.47～1001.12mgCO2m-2h-1、193.89～697.86mgCO2m-2h-1和75.97～368.98mgCO2m-2h-1之间。2002年土壤呼吸速率主要受土壤温度影响,但在极端干旱的2003年则主要受土壤湿度的影响。双因素关系模型(R=aebTWc)拟合结果优于仅考虑土壤温度或土壤湿度的单因素关系模型,土壤温度和土壤湿度共同解释不同年份不同森林土壤呼吸速率季节变化的80%～96%。杉木林土壤呼吸对气候变化敏感性高于格氏栲天然林和人工林。格氏栲天然林、格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林土壤呼吸年通量分别为13.742、9.439和4.543tC·hm-2·a-1,前者分别约是后二者的1.5倍和3.0倍。森林转换对土壤呼吸通量的影响可能与枯落物数量和质量、根系呼吸、土壤有机质数量和质量的变化有关。     

滇中常绿阔叶林及云南松林枯落物的初步研究

本文以滇中高原为背景。研究了通海秀山常绿阔叶林及云南松林的凋落物的数量、组成、季节变化规律、营养元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn、Fe)含量、以及林地枯枝落叶层的现量,研究结果表明滇中地区森林的年凋落量是较大的,营养元素含量及贮量也是丰富的。两类森存林的凋落规律相似,常绿阔叶林的凋落量、营养元素含量及其贮量都大于云南松林,但两类森林的枯枝落叶现存量则相接近,说明常绿阔叶林的物质循环周期较云南松林短。文章提出为了提高森林土壤肥力、加快生物循环过程,增加生物产量,要注意保存林地内还原于土壤中的所有凋落物。     

鄂西发现银鹊林

1988年5月,我们在湖北省宜昌大老岭林场(东经115°50′,北纬31°03′)植被考查中发现有大片银鹊林,银鹊(Tapiscia sinensis Oliv.)属于省沽油科(Staphyleaceae)银鹊属,为落叶大乔木,树干通直,树形美丽,极为可爱,系国家三级重点保护植物。银鹊的自然分布区包括云南、四川、广东、广西、湖南、湖北、安徽、浙江等省。最近在河南伏牛山又有发现。据《湖北植物志》记载,银鹊在湖北主要见于宣恩、鹤峰、建始等县,而且常散布于山坡林中,很少成林。     

Clustering Timber Harvests and the Effect of Dynamic Forest Management Policy on Forest Fragmentation

To integrate multiple uses (mature forest and commodity production) better on forested lands, timber management strategies that cluster harvests have been proposed. One such approach clusters harvest activity in space and time, and rotates timber production zones across the landscape with a long temporal period (dynamic zoning). Dynamic zoning has been shown to increase timber production and reduce forest fragmentation by segregating uses in time without reducing the spatial extent of timber production. It is reasonable to wonder what the effect of periodic interruptions in the implementation of such as strategy might be, as would be expected in a dynamic political environment. To answer these questions, I used a timber harvest simulation model (HARVEST) to simulate a dynamic zoning harvest strategy that was periodically interrupted by changes in the spatial dispersion of harvests, by changes in timber production levels, or both. The temporal scale (period) of these interruptions had impacts related to the rate at which the forest achieved canopy closure after harvest. Spatial dynamics in harvest policies had a greater effect on the amount of forest interior and edge than did dynamics in harvest intensity. The periodically clustered scenarios always produced greater amounts of forest interior and less forest edge than did their never clustered counterparts. The results suggest that clustering of harvests produces less forest fragmentation than dispersed cutting alternatives, even in the face of a dynamic policy future. Although periodic episodes of dispersed cutting increased fragmentation, average and maximum fragmentation measures were less than if clustered harvest strategies were never implemented. Clustering may also be useful to mitigate the fragmentation effects of socially mandated increases in timber harvest levels. Implementation of spatial clustering during periods of high timber harvest rates reduced the variation in forest interior and edge through time, providing a more stable supply of forest interior habitat across the landscape. Received 19 September 1997; accepted 6 August 1998.