Land use efficiency: anticipating future demand for land‐sector greenhouse gas emissions abatement and managing trade‐offs with agriculture,water, and biodiversity

Competition for land is increasing, and policy needs to ensure the efficient supply of multiple ecosystem services from land systems. We modelled the spatially explicit potential future supply of ecosystem services in Australia's intensive agricultural land in response to carbon markets under four global outlooks from 2013 to 2050. We assessed the productive efficiency of greenhouse gas emissions abatement, agricultural production, water resources, and biodiversity services and compared these to production possibility frontiers (PPFs). While interacting commodity markets and carbon markets produced efficient outcomes for agricultural production and emissions abatement, more efficient outcomes were possible for water resources and biodiversity services due to weak price signals. However, when only two objectives were considered as per typical efficiency assessments, efficiency improvements involved significant unintended trade‐offs for the other objectives and incurred substantial opportunity costs. Considering multiple objectives simultaneously enabled the identification of land use arrangements that were efficient over multiple ecosystem services. Efficient land use arrangements could be selected that meet society's preferences for ecosystem service provision from land by adjusting the metric used to combine multiple services. To effectively manage competition for land via land use efficiency, market incentives are needed that effectively price multiple ecosystem services.     

生态系统服务簇空间演变轨迹及其社会-生态驱动的地理探测——以大连市为例

生态系统服务簇是多种生态系统服务的组合,明晰生态系统服务簇及其自然-社会经济驱动因素,对生态系统服务内部相互依赖机制识别、实现多种生态系统服务间良性互动具有重要意义。目前生态系统服务簇的识别已得到广泛应用,但对多种生态系统服务之间交互作用的动态过程与影响机理的认识还不够深刻。针对目前多种生态系统服务间交互作用动态演化分析及其社会-生态驱动机理研究不足的现状,以我国北方沿海重要中心城市——大连市为例,选取食物供给、水源涵养、固碳释氧、土壤保持、生境质量和景观美学6种关键服务。采用Spearman相关性分析方法探究生态系统服务权衡与协同关系,借助自组织网络方法识别生态系统服务簇,进一步分析多种生态系统服务间交互作用的时空分异特征,运用地理探测器探究其空间分异影响因素。结果表明：(1)食物供给与土壤保持存在极显著的权衡关系■,土壤保持与景观美学存在极显著的协同关系■。(2)2005—2015年大连市生态保育簇空间格局较稳定,水源涵养簇、食物供给簇与服务枯竭簇之间轨迹变化明显,城市扩张与服务枯竭簇演变具有一致性。(3)高程、归一化植被指数是影响生态系统服务簇空间分布的关键自然因素,而土地利用强...     

湟水流域生态系统服务供需匹配关系

生态系统服务供需可以反映出区域生态经济发展协调水平,在空间上量化生态系统服务的供给和需求,识别生态系统服务的供需匹配关系,对区域生态系统可持续管理具有重要意义。湟水流域是西北生态屏障建设的重要组成部分,其生态系统服务供需平衡直接关系到青海东部地区的生态安全,为了识别流域生态系统服务供需匹配状况,综合集成多源数据,运用多种生物物理模型定量评估湟水流域食物生产、产水、土壤保持和碳固定服务,刻画流域内生态系统服务供需格局的空间特征,揭示各项生态系统服务供需的空间聚集模式,生成具有高度连通性的区域,为生态优先保护区划分提供参考。研究表明：（1）湟水流域生态系统服务供给和需求在空间分布上具有高度异质性,除去产水服务,其他三项生态系统服务整体上能够满足流域内部需求,但局部区域仍然呈现明显的赤字特征;（2）不同生态系统服务的供需比差异明显,由高到低依次为是碳固存（0.188）、食物生产（0.114）、土壤保持（0.026）和产水服务（-0.021）,各项服务的供需比都具有显著的空间差异;（3）流域内生态系统服务供需的空间错配现象突出,除产水服务外,各项生态系统服务都有"高供给低需求"地区和"低供给高需求"地区,"高供给低需求"区主要分布在流域上游生态基底条件好的区域,"低供给高需求"区集中在流域中下游的河湟谷地;（4）土地利用类型影响生态系统服务供需平衡,流域实现供需平衡需要适度增加林草地比例,控制耕地和城市用地的扩张。研究系统分析了湟水流域生态系统服务供需盈亏状况,可为流域生态系统可持续管理与土地资源配置决策提供科学支撑。     

Mapping ecosystem services demand: A review of current research and future perspectives

Mapping the demand for ecosystem services (ES) has received increased attention in scientific research and is seen as a relevant tool to inform conservation planning, land use planning and management. Yet, there is a varying understanding of the concept of ES demand, which has implications on how and where ES demand is being mapped. In this paper we review the current conceptual understanding of ES demand, indicators to measure demand and the approaches used to quantify and map demand. We identified four distinct “demand types”, which relate to different ecosystem service categories. These demand types include demand expressed in terms of (1) risk reduction, (2) preferences and values, (3) direct use or (4) consumption of goods and services. Each of the demand types was linked to specific methods applied in the reviewed literature. We found that operationalization of ES demand in policy, planning and management requires a more consistent understanding and definition of ES demand, its drivers and its temporal dynamics. Furthermore, the impact of demands for multiple ecosystem services on land use change needs to be investigated. This will allow for the consideration of temporal and cross-level interactions between supply and demand of ecosystem services and its impacts in land use change modelling.     

基于贝叶斯网络的生态系统服务权衡协同关系及其驱动因子分析——以陕北黄土高原为例

了解生态系统服务的权衡协同关系及其驱动因子效应是实现生态系统有效管理和改善人类福祉的基础。以陕北黄土高原为例,定量评估其2018年土壤保持、产水服务、粮食供给和固碳服务,在构建贝叶斯网络生态系统服务模型的基础上,通过节点的重要性分析识别影响生态系统服务的关键节点,利用联合概率分布、概率推理和情景模拟探讨生态系统服务权衡协同关系及其驱动因子效应。结果表明：（1）陕北黄土高原各类生态系统服务空间异质性较强。其中,土壤保持、产水服务和固碳服务的空间分布情况较为一致,高值区集中在东南部,低值区在西北部,呈"南高北低"的分布特征;粮食供给呈"中部高、南北低"的分布特征。（2）土壤保持、产水服务和固碳服务之间互为协同关系,粮食供给分别与土壤保持、产水服务、固碳服务为权衡关系。其中,产水服务与固碳服务的协同关系、产水服务与粮食供给的权衡关系较强。（3）土地利用、降水和NPP （Net primary production）是影响生态系统服务权衡协同关系的主要驱动因子,其中土地利用主要影响生态系统服务的协同关系,而降水和NPP在影响协同关系的同时对权衡关系也有一定的制约作用。研究发现：不同驱动因子在不同状态下产生相同的协同（或权衡）方式,相同驱动因子在不同状态则会造成协同（或权衡）方式的差异。研究对于认识多种生态系统服务间的复杂关系及其驱动因子差异,为后续提出改善生态系统管理和提高人类福祉的对策与措施,具有重要的理论和实践价值。     

Distinct ecosystem types respond differentially to grazing exclosure

Here, we evaluate the ecosystem functioning and the ecosystems services supply of different vegetation types (grasslands, shrublands and woodlands) under contrasting management regimes by comparing a protected area with the surrounding landscape, which has been subjected to human disturbance in the Eastern Hills of Uruguay. We propose, based on functional attributes and vegetation physiognomy, a State and Transition Model for the dynamics of the grassland–woodland mosaic. We used remote sensing techniques to: (i) develop a land‐cover map of the study area based on supervised Landsat imagery classification, and (ii) compare attributes of the ecosystem functioning (productivity and seasonality) and service supply derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images provided by the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. The land‐cover map showed that grasslands and shrublands were the most extensive land covers in the study area. These vegetation types presented higher productivity, seasonality and ecosystem service supply, outside the protected area than inside it. On the other hand, woodlands showed higher productivity, ecosystem service supply and lower seasonality inside the protected area than outside of it. Two axes represented the grassland–woodland mosaic dynamic: (i) the mean annual and (ii) the intra‐annual coefficient of variation of the NDVI. Our results highlight that conservation of grasslands, shrublands and woodlands require different management strategies based on particular disturbance regimes like moderate grazing and controlled burns. Moderate disturbances may help to preserve ecosystem services provisioning in grasslands and shrublands. On the contrary, woodland conservation requires a more rigorous regime of protection against disturbances.     

流域生态系统服务簇变化及影响因素——以大清河流域为例

生态系统服务簇是多种生态系统服务的组合,是生态系统多功能性中的主导功能表征。识别生态系统服务簇的空间和功能变化及影响因素,可为基于主导功能实施分区管理策略、统筹土地多功能性,进而为整体提升区域生态系统服务提供参考。本研究以大清河流域为例,选取6种生态系统服务（水资源供给服务、粮食供给服务、水源涵养服务、水质净化服务、土壤保持服务、固碳服务）,在乡镇尺度上探讨了生态系统服务簇的变化特征,研究了影响其变化的主要因素。结果表明：（1）依据主导的生态系统服务类型,大清流域可以分为3个生态系统服务簇,生态调节服务簇（B1）,农产品供给服务簇（B2）和人居环境簇（B3）;（2）2000-2015年,生态调节服务簇的空间格局变幅最大,乡镇变化率为19.6%,而农产品供给服务簇和人居环境簇的空间稳定性较强,变化率小于5.0%;生态系统服务簇类型发生转化的区域主要位于服务簇交界处;（3）尽管服务簇在空间上有变化,但生态调节服务簇、农产品供给服务簇和人居环境簇的生态系统服务呈增长趋势,平均增幅高达8.62%;（4）自然本底条件和生态保护政策是驱动生态调节服务簇变化的主要因素,农产品供给和建设用地面积的变化分别是驱动农产品供给服务簇和人居环境簇时空变化的主要因素。该案例研究结果为管理土地多功能属性、整体提升国土空间功能提供了有效的途径。     

Mapping landscape services,spatial synergies and trade-offs. A case study using variogram models and geostatistical simulations in an agrarian landscape in North-East Germany

This paper presents a probabilistic approach for mapping and assessment of services provided by landscapes, based on variogram modelling and geostatistical simulations. Of operational value is that several services can be treated and mapped simultaneously, providing an efficient tool to model the heterogeneity of different landscape components. The methodology was adopted to depict spatial heterogeneity of five landscape services in the case study area of Märkische Schweiz in North East Germany: habitat for species, crop production, visual appreciation, water supply, and water regulation. Results, displayed in terms of single and joint probability maps, provide new insights about the composition and interrelation of multiple services in a region. It is shown that each landscape service is characterised by a specific spatial pattern, described in terms of heterogeneity and spatial range. Setting a probability threshold of service occurrence >0.50, 10% of the area under agricultural land uses provides no landscape services, 35% delivers one service while 25% and 19% supply two and three services, respectively. The share of agricultural area with a potential joint provision of four services equals 10%, while only 1.4% of the area has a potential to deliver five joint landscape services. The highest mean join probability is that observed for the common supply of production and habitat services (30%), highlighting the occurrence of hotspots of services provision with possible conflicts due to the on-going intensification of agricultural management.     

生态系统服务需求、供给和消费研究进展

生态系统服务的持续供给是社会和自然可持续发展的基础,人类通过对生态系统服务的消费来满足需求和提高自身福祉。研究人类对生态系统服务的需求、消费,分析生态系统服务的供给与需求关系,对生态系统的管理、土地发展规划和资源的合理有效配置具有重要意义。首先分析了生态系统服务需求、供给和消费的内涵与特征,辨析了生态系统服务的有效需求和潜在需求、有效供给与潜在供给,进而提出了生态系统服务需求与供给研究框架,指出应研究生态系统服务供给和需求的空间关联以及生态系统服务需求弹性差异,进而因地制宜地调控生态系统服务供给使得生态系统服务效用最大化。梳理并比较了对生态系统服务供给和需求的量化指标和研究方法,包括基于土地利用和土地覆被的生态系统服务供需关系矩阵法、生态足迹法、公众参与法、模型计算法等。提出了未来的相关研究主要应从不同群体的需求弹性差异、跨学科与多源数据结合的需求定量评估方法、供需关系的多尺度分析、生态系统服务需求与人类福祉的耦合机制拓展等方面展开,为生态系统服务调控管理和社会的可持续发展提供切实可行的科学依据。     

Crowdsourcing indicators for cultural ecosystem services: A geographically weighted approach for mountain landscapes

Integrating cultural dimensions into the ecosystem service framework is essential for appraising non-material benefits stemming from different human–environment interactions. This study investigates how the actual provision of cultural services is distributed across the landscape according to spatially varying relationships. The final aim was to analyse how landscape settings are associated to people's preferences and perceptions related to cultural ecosystem services in mountain landscapes. We demonstrated a spatially explicit method based on geo-tagged images from popular social media to assess revealed preferences. A spatially weighted regression showed that specific variables correspond to prominent drivers of cultural ecosystem services at the local scale. The results of this explanatory approach can be used to integrate the cultural service dimension into land planning by taking into account specific benefiting areas and by setting priorities on the ecosystems and landscape characteristics which affect the service supply. We finally concluded that the use of crowdsourced data allows identifying spatial patterns of cultural ecosystem service preferences and their association with landscape settings.     

Pathways to bridge the biophysical realism gap in ecosystem services mapping approaches

The mapping of ecosystem service supply has become quite common in ecosystem service assessment practice for terrestrial ecosystems, but land cover remains the most common indicator for ecosystems ability to deliver ecosystem services. For marine ecosystems, practice is even less advanced, with a clear deficit in spatially-explicit assessments of ecosystem service supply. This situation, which generates considerable uncertainty in the assessment of ecosystems’ ability to support current and future human well-being, contrasts with increasing understanding of the role of terrestrial and marine biodiversity for ecosystem functioning and thereby for ecosystem services. This paper provides a synthesis of available approaches, models and tools, and data sources, that are able to better link ecosystem service mapping to current understanding of the role of ecosystem service providing organisms and land/seascape structure in ecosystem functioning. Based on a review of literature, models and associated geo-referenced metrics are classified according to the way in which land or marine use, ecological processes and especially biodiversity effects are represented. We distinguish five types of models: proxy-based, phenomenological, niche-based, trait-based and full-process. Examples from each model type are presented and data requirements considered. Our synthesis demonstrates that the current understanding of the role of biota in ecosystem services can effectively be incorporated into mapping approaches and opens avenues for further model development using hybrid approaches tailored to available resources. We end by discussing ways to resolve sources of uncertainty associated with model representation of biotic processes and with data availability.     

鄱阳湖地区生态系统服务权衡与协同关系的时空格局

鄱阳湖地区是中国最大淡水湖影响的区域,定量分析其生态系统服务权衡与协同关系对实现区域可持续发展具有重要意义.本研究首先基于遥感、土壤、气象、数字高程模型(DEM)等多源数据,定量测算2005—2015年鄱阳湖地区食物供给服务、土壤保持服务和产水服务,分析服务的时空格局及演变特征;然后运用相关分析、冷热点分析、空间制图方法探析1 km×1 km尺度上服务间权衡与协同关系的时空特征,并研究土地利用视角下生态系统服务及其相互关系的差异.结果表明: 研究期间,鄱阳湖地区食物供给服务增加,土壤保持服务减少,产水服务先增后减.空间分布上,食物供给服务在西北-东南方向上呈现“低-高-低-高”的分布格局,土壤保持服务呈现高低值集聚分布的空间格局,产水服务表现为南高北低的空间分布.鄱阳湖地区食物供给与土壤保持、食物供给与产水量是权衡关系,土壤保持与产水量是协同关系.食物供给与土壤保持呈现北部协同、南部权衡的空间格局,食物供给与产水量之间在空间上呈现出明显的权衡关系,土壤保持与产水量之间从北至南呈现协同-权衡-协同的“夹心式”分异规律.不同土地利用类型间,耕地与食物供给、园林地与土壤保持、水域与产水量之间均存在极显著协同关系,建设用地与3种服务皆是权衡关系.食物供给服务与土壤保持服务和产水服务之间在不同土地利用类型中皆以权衡为主,土壤保持与产水服务在耕地、园林地、草地及建设用地中以协同关系为主、在水域和未利用地中则以权衡关系为主.鄱阳湖地区多重生态系统服务热点区主要在东部和南部平原区,呈减少趋势.     

黑河流域生态系统服务价值预测及权衡分析--以张掖市为例

土地利用变化将改变区域生态系统服务的稳定供给能力,进而对区域生态稳定和可持续发展构成威胁。中国西部地区快速城镇化背景下,扩张的经济发展需求对土地利用变化产生了重大影响。以丝绸之路经济带规划的重要节点城市张掖市为例,基于土地利用变化均衡分析(CGELUC)模型及土地利用动态模拟(DLS)模型,模拟了多情景下张掖市2010-2030年的土地利用变化时空分异特征,并通过生态系统服务价值(ESV)估算、空间自相关分析等方法分析并预测了ESV及其时空演变特征,集中分析了多情景下2030年张掖市ESV各项服务间的权衡与协同关系。结果表明:(1)2010-2030年张掖市土地利用格局变化显著,建设开发情景下城镇建设用地扩张最为剧烈,建设用地增长7.41%,耕地面积减少11.05%;生态保护情景下城镇扩张最为和缓,同时未利用地减少明显,面积降低1088km²,主要向林地、草地、水域等生态用地发生转化。(2)2010-2030年张掖市ESV在基准情景和生态保护情景下分别增长6.43、13.16亿元,建设开发情景则整体仅增加1.53亿元。(3)供给、调节、支持与文化4种单项ESV,基准和生态保护情景下均呈现显著上升趋势;建设开发情景下有3项呈现缓慢的增长趋势,且该情景下供给服务则始终呈现下降趋势。(4)各单项生态系统服务协同关系明显,东南-西北轴线南北两侧区域表现为协同关系,仅有少数区域表现为权衡关系,且供给-文化服务的权衡关系较为明显。本研究可为西部城镇化快速发展地区统筹经济发展与生态保护提供科学方案。     

Assessing regulating and provisioning ecosystem services in a contrasting tropical forest landscape

Ecosystem services are the bridge between nature and society, and are essential elements of community well-being. The Wet Tropics Australia, is environmentally and biologically diverse, and supplies numerous ecosystem services. It contributes to the community well-being of this region, Australian national economy and global climate change mitigation efforts. However, the ecosystem services in the region have rarely been assessed undermining strategic landscape planning to sustain their future flow. In this study, we attempted to: (i) assess the quantity of five regulating ecosystem services – global climate regulation, air quality regulation, erosion regulation, nutrient regulation, and cyclone protection, and three provisioning ecosystem services – habitat provision, energy provision and timber provision across rainforests, sclerophyll forests and rehabilitated plantation forests; (ii) evaluate the variation of supply of those regulating and provisioning ecosystem services across environmental gradients, such as rainfall, temperature, and elevation; (iii) show the relationships among those ecosystem services; and (iv) identify the hotspots of single and multiple ecosystem services supply across the landscape. The results showed that rainforests possess a very high capacity to supply single and multiple ecosystem services, and the hotspots for most of the regulating and provisioning ecosystem services are found in upland rainforest followed by lowland rainforest, and upland sclerophyll forest. Elevation, rainfall and temperature gradients along with forest structure are the main determinant factors for the quantity of ecosystem services supplied across the three forest types. The correlation among ecosystem services may be positive or negative depending on the ecosystem service category and vegetation type. The rehabilitated plantation forests may provide some ecosystem services comparable to the rainforest. The results demonstrated disturbance regimes (such as tropical cyclones) may have influenced the usual spatial trend of ecosystem service values. This study will assist decision makers in incorporating ecosystem services into their natural resource management planning, and for practitioners to identify the areas with higher values of specific and multiple ecosystem services.     

丹江口水源区生态系统服务时空变化及权衡协同关系

研究区域多种生态系统服务之间的权衡协同关系特征,对不同生态系统服务、不同区域之间的协调发展,实现利益相关方效益最大化,达到区域发展与生态保护"双赢"具有重要意义。针对目前权衡协同定性分析、长时间动态变化研究不足的现状,以丹江口水源区为例,在采用"当量因子法"求得研究区生态系统服务价值的基础上,使用长时间整体分析占优的相关性分析方法和短时期动态变化分析占优的生态系统服务权衡协同度(ESTD)模型对研究区1990—2015年10种生态系统服务的权衡协同关系展开研究。结果表明:1990—1995年,丹江口水源区生态系统服务价值呈负增长,之后则呈不断上涨的时序变化趋势,增幅最大的生态系统服务为水资源供给。生态服务价值最高的用地类型为林地,其次为草地和水域。空间上,生态系统服务价值呈东南高西北低特征。在丹江口水源区生态系统服务之间相互关系中,协同关系占64%,是丹江口水源区生态系统服务之间的主导关系,权衡关系较少,且大多存在于供给服务与调节服务、文化服务、支持服务之间。丹江口大坝加高后,即2005年之后,水源区内生态系统服务之间的权衡协同方向有所改变,改变明显的生态服务有净化环境、水文调节和水资源供给。这3种生态系统服务与生态系统服务之间的权衡关系增多,除这3种生态系统服务外,其余几种单项生态系统服务与生态系统服务之间的权衡关系减少。     

基于承灾脆弱性与生态系统服务供需匹配的城市空间治理分区

城市空间普遍面临抵御灾害能力不足的问题。构建承灾脆弱性视角下的城市生态系统服务供需分析框架对提升国土空间抵御灾害的能力具有重要意义。以珠海市为例,选择与提升区域抵御自然灾害能力高度相关的生态系统服务类型,运用InVEST模型及遥感信息模型评估生态系统服务供给,构建承灾脆弱性评价模型评估需求,利用供需匹配分析识别亟需治理的风险区。研究结果表明：（1）珠海市生态系统服务有高供给高需求、高供给低需求、低供给高需求和低供给低需求4种供需匹配类型,各项服务供需失衡程度为土壤保持服务>水源涵养服务>台风灾害防护服务;（2）基于供需匹配类型和主导风险类型划分了四大类风险区,高危、中危、低危风险区和安全区面积占比为29.23%、21.70%、33.06%、16.01%,风险区等级与建设用地面积占比之间存在较好的对应关系;（3）根据风险区类别提出了多项风险综合治理区、双项风险复合治理区、主导风险专项治理区3种治理策略分区。生态系统服务供需匹配分析通过识别承灾脆弱性与承灾能力不匹配的热点区域,为区域/城市国土空间治理和增强国土空间抵御灾害的能力提供参考。     

Marine regime shifts: drivers and impacts on ecosystems services

Marine ecosystems can experience regime shifts, in which they shift from being organized around one set of mutually reinforcing structures and processes to another. Anthropogenic global change has broadly increased a wide variety of processes that can drive regime shifts. To assess the vulnerability of marine ecosystems to such shifts and their potential consequences, we reviewed the scientific literature for 13 types of marine regime shifts and used networks to conduct an analysis of co-occurrence of drivers and ecosystem service impacts. We found that regime shifts are caused by multiple drivers and have multiple consequences that co-occur in a non-random pattern. Drivers related to food production, climate change and coastal development are the most common co-occurring causes of regime shifts, while cultural services, biodiversity and primary production are the most common cluster of ecosystem services affected. These clusters prioritize sets of drivers for management and highlight the need for coordinated actions across multiple drivers and scales to reduce the risk of marine regime shifts. Managerial strategies are likely to fail if they only address well-understood or data-rich variables, and international cooperation and polycentric institutions will be critical to implement and coordinate action across the scales at which different drivers operate. By better understanding these underlying patterns, we hope to inform the development of managerial strategies to reduce the risk of high-impact marine regime shifts, especially for areas of the world where data are not available or monitoring programmes are not in place.     

Implications of land cover change on ecosystems services and people’s dependency: A case study from the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve,Nepal

Protected areas, a corestone of biodiversity conservation, provide a vast array of ecosystem services to support livelihoods of people. However, protected areas, especially freshwater, are under threat with overexploitation of resources changing the land covers and degrading their capacity to supply services. Information on land cover changes and its implications on ecosystems, its services and people, especially in developing countries at a local scale, is largely absent. This study, therefore, seeks to understand people's dependency on ecosystem services and implications of land cover change on ecosystem services and people, with a case study in the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve of Nepal. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, our findings show high dependency of the locals on a vast array of ecosystem services provided by the reserve. More than half of the sampled households were found to directly derive income from ecosystem services of the reserve. However, land cover changes especially declines in forest (16%), swamps/marshes (4%), rivers (14%) and other ecosystems over a period of 34-years impacted the provision of ecosystem services and people’s dependency notably. The services from forests declined by about 94%, swamps services by 36% and services from river by 57% which were reported to be the high service suppliers. People's dependency, as perceived by the locals, was reduced by 67% over the last ten years. The study highlighting the supply, demand and implications on ecosystem services and people helped to better understand the complex interaction between humans and ecosystems. These results can be used to develop holistic approaches to restore, conserve and manage the ecosystems, and its services by balancing equal supply and demand of ecosystem services required for a self-sustaining human-environment system. It can also contribute to development of important environmental policies and programs in the area.     

赣南地区景观格局变化及其对生态系统服务价值的影响

赣南地区是我国南方丘陵山地带的重要组成部分,开展景观格局变化特征及其对生态系统服务能力的影响研究,对探索该区域生态系统服务能力提升途径具有重要的理论和现实意义。基于赣南地区2000、2010、2018年3期Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像及DEM数据,采用Fragstats 4.2软件,以生态系统服务当量因子表为基础,探讨2000-2018年期间赣南地区景观格局和生态系统服务价值变化,开展该区域景观格局指数与生态系统服务价值的相关性分析。结果表明：（1）2000-2018年期间,赣南地区受人为干扰比较大,景观破碎化程度增加,景观异质性增高,类型复杂程度增强,斑块分离度增大,景观中优势斑块类型形成了比较良好的连接性;（2）生态系统服务价值由2560.97亿元/a减少到2523.54亿元/a,林地对生态系统服务价值减少的贡献率达到83.13%以上,生态系统服务类别中食物生产价值先增加后减少,其他类别价值均降低;（3）生态系统服务价值与蔓延度指数呈正相关、与香农多样性指数呈负相关。因此,快速城镇化背景下人为活动引起的景观格局变化使赣南地区生态系统服务能力降低,优化调整区域或县市区景观格局,将提升该区域的生态系统服务能力。     

基于土地利用与土地覆被的长三角生态系统服务供需空间格局及热点区变化

快速城市化与土地利用变化导致区域生态系统服务供需失衡,进而使得生态环境恶化已成为共识。开展生态系统服务供需关系及其空间量化研究,有助于识别出区域中存在的主要生态环境问题及其关键驱动。以长江三角洲为研究区,基于土地利用与土地覆被和生态系统服务供给和需求评价矩阵的方法对1985—2015年长三角生态系统服务供需盈亏格局及热点变化进行分析,结果表明:1)长三角地区生态系统服务供给减少,需求增多,生态系统服务盈余区从1985年的40.9%下降至2015年的38.5%,生态系统服务赤字区面积占比从1985年的1.3%增长到2015年的10.6%,总体呈现供不应求的趋势; 2)沪宁杭城市发展梯度带上生态系统服务供需盈亏呈"V"型分布,且30年内城市中心及其附近的生态系统服务供需值下降更为明显; 3) 30年内长三角生态系统服务供需盈余热点区整体变化不大,30年内面积减少了0.1%;而赤字热点区则呈现出快速扩张趋势,面积占比30年内增加了14.9%。说明随着城市化进程的加快,长三角生态系统服务供需亏损状况更严重; 4)生态系统服务供需评价矩阵可以比较简便、全面的反映出生态系统服务供需盈亏状况,研究结果可对快速城市化地区生态环境与土地利用规划与管理提供有益参考。