In vitro Damage to Rat Lens by Lumazine and Xanthine Oxidase: Prevention by Superoxide Dismutase

Intact rat lenses incubated with lumazine and xanthine oxidase are physiologically damaged as evidenced by a decrease in the net accumulation of rubidium ions against a concentration gradient. Superoxide dismutase protected the tissue against this damage. These experiments, therefore, demonstrate the susceptibility of the lens tissue to O₂^?_? injury under ambient and nonphotochemical conditions, suggesting a possible implication of this radical in the tissue in vivo and eventual cataract formation. The lumazine/xanthine oxidase system which is known to cause oxygen reduction predominantly by the monovalent route, producing superoxide, appears quite suitable to evaluate the toxicity of O₂^?_? to the tissues in vitro.     

人锰超氧化物歧化酶cDNA的克隆、测序及表达

用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)以人肝细胞总RNA为模板, 扩增了人锰超氧化物歧化酶(hMnSOD)的cDNA片段, 将此cDNA克隆到载体pGEM-T中.对重组质粒进行限制酶切分析和序列测定, 确定为含hMnSODcDNA的重组质粒将该hMnSODcDNA重组到表达载体pBV220内, 重组质粒在大肠杆菌DH5-α中表达hMnSOD, 表达产物占菌体总蛋白的14%, 具有持异性SOD酶活性.     

Expression of genetically distinct superoxide dismutases in the maize seedling during development

Immunoassays for the cytosolic and mitochondrial superoxide dismutases (SOD) of maize were developed and used to study the expression of these proteins in the maize seedling. The genetically distinct proteins, SOD-3 and SOD-4, are preferentially expressed in the scutellum, comprising approximately 1% of the total water-soluble protein of that tissue. SOD-2, SOD-3, and SOD-4 are synthesized in the scutellum during early sporophytic development, probably on cytosolic ribosomes. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of crude scutellar extracts indicates that significant changes occur in the protein composition of the maize scutellum following seed imbibition. Using the immunoassays, a maize line exhibiting a significant reduction in cyanide-sensitive SOD protein was identified.     

Short‐term calorie restriction reverses vascular endothelial dysfunction in old mice by increasing nitric oxide and reducing oxidative stress

To determine if short‐term calorie restriction reverses vascular endothelial dysfunction in old mice, old (O, n = 30) and young (Y, n = 10) male B6D2F1 mice were fed ad libitum (AL) or calorie restricted (CR, approximately 30%) for 8 weeks. Ex vivo carotid artery endothelium‐dependent dilation (EDD) was impaired in old ad libitum (OAL) vs. young ad libitum (YAL) (74 ± 5 vs. 95 ± 2% of maximum dilation, P < 0.05), whereas old calorie‐restricted (OCR) and YCR did not differ (96 ± 1 vs. 94 ± 3%). Impaired EDD in OAL was mediated by reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability associated with decreased endothelial NO synthase expression (aorta) (P < 0.05), both of which were restored in OCR. Nitrotyrosine, a cellular marker of oxidant modification, was markedly elevated in OAL (P < 0.05), whereas OCR was similar to Y. Aortic superoxide production was 150% greater in OAL vs. YAL (P < 0.05), but normalized in OCR, and TEMPOL, a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic that restored EDD in OAL (to 97 ± 2%), had no effect in Y or OCR. OAL had increased expression and activity of the oxidant enzyme, NADPH oxidase, and its inhibition (apocynin) improved EDD, whereas NADPH oxidase in OCR was similar to Y. Manganese SOD activity and sirtuin1 expression were reduced in OAL (P < 0.05), but restored to Y in OCR. Inflammatory cytokines were greater in OAL vs. YAL (P < 0.05), but unaffected by CR. Carotid artery endothelium‐independent dilation did not differ among groups. Short‐term CR initiated in old age reverses age‐associated vascular endothelial dysfunction by restoring NO bioavailability, reducing oxidative stress (via reduced NADPH oxidase–mediated superoxide production and stimulation of anti‐oxidant enzyme activity), and upregulation of sirtuin‐1.     

Cloning and Expression in Escherichia Coli of a Gene Encoding Superoxide Dismutase from Listeria Ivanovii

A chromosomal DNA fragment from the gram-positive bacterium Listeria ivanovii (ATCC 19119) encoding a superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene has been cloned in Escherichia coli QC779 (sodAsodB) using the plasmid vector pTZ19R. The DNA fragment inserted into the plasmid showed-high structural instability in E. coli QC779 (recA⁺). but turned out to be a stable 1.95 kbp DNA fragment when transformed into E. coli DHSa (recA-). The gene is expressed in both of these E. coli strains at high levels. Preliminary studies showed that the activity of the recombinant SOD within E. coli DHSα was up to 13-times the combined activity of both E. coli SODs. The recombinant SOD forms active hybrid SODS with both E. coli SODs in vivo.     

黄芩黄酮对硒性白内障晶状体抗氧化酶表达的影响

为探讨黄芩黄酮防治白内障的作用机理 ,采用半定量RT PCR方法比较正常组、白内障组和中药防治组大鼠晶状体中GSH Px、GR和Cu ZnSOD的mRNA水平 .白内障组GSH Px、GR和Cu ZnSOD的mRNA水平在 15d龄时显著高于正常 ,然后下降 ;在 2 7d和 31d龄 ,GR和Cu ZnSOD的mRNA水平下降至与正常无显著差异 ,GSH PxmRNA水平仍略高于正常 .中药防治组晶状体中 ,3种抗氧化酶的mRNA水平在各实验取样点无明显变化 ;其中 ,GR和Cu ZnSOD的mRNA水平一直与正常无显著差异 ,GSH PxmRNA水平略高于正常 .黄芩黄酮可能通过有效清除亚硒酸钠间接产生的活性氧来防止白内障的发生 ,并使亚硒酸钠对晶状体抗氧化酶表达的影响得以消除     

Mn-SOD对CHO细胞电离辐射敏感性的影响

近年来的研究发现,IL-1和TNF是重要的辐射防护因子,因IL-1和TNF都能选择性诱导Mn-SOD的高度表达,因此认为Mn-SOD可能有辐射防护作用.通过转染有义和反义Mn-SOD cDNA于CHO细胞,进一步说明了Mn-SOD在抗电离辐射损伤中的作用.研究表明,转染有义Mn-SOD cDNA可降低细胞对电离辐射的敏感性, 而转染反义Mn-SOD cDNA的细胞克隆对电离辐射的敏感性升高.     

磷脂化修饰影响超氧化物歧化酶细胞亲和力的研究

目的:研究磷脂化修饰对重组人超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)进入人冠状动脉内皮细胞(HCAEC)、人心肌细胞(HCM)能力的影响。方法:分别运用流式细胞术和蛋白印迹分析磷脂化修饰的超氧化物歧化酶(PC-SOD)和SOD与HCAEC、HCM的结合能力,并用激光共聚焦显微术分析修饰前后的SOD可显著增强PC-SOD与细胞的亲和力,并可显著增强PC-SOD进入人冠状动脉内皮细胞和人心肌细胞的能力。     

Anthocyanin-Rich Red Potato Flakes Affect Serum Lipid Peroxidation and Hepatic SOD mRNA Level in Rats

We examined the effects of red potato flakes (RPF) on serum antioxidant potential and hepatic mRNA in rats. The serum thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances concentration and hepatic superoxide dismutase mRNA level in rats fed RPF were significantly lower and higher respectively than those in control rats. These results suggest that RPF might improve the antioxidant system by enhancing hepatic SOD mRNA.     

Determination of the Molecular Weights of Gluten Proteins from Ferguson Plots in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

A mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe deficient in both superoxide dismutase with copper and zinc as cofactors and glutathione was hypersensitive to menadione, which intracellularly generates superoxide radicals, and showed short chronological lifespan with more oxidation of proteins. Disruption of the sir2 gene in the double mutant enhanced the short chronological lifespan without more enhanced protein oxidation.     

Stress-dependent opposing roles for mitophagy in aging of the ascomycete Podospora anserina

Mitochondrial dysfunction is causatively linked to organismal aging and the development of degenerative diseases. Here we describe stress-dependent opposing roles of mitophagy, the selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria, in aging and life-span control. We report that the ablation of the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase which is involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) balancing, does not affect life span of the fungal aging model Podospora anserina, although superoxide levels are strongly increased and complex I-dependent respiration is impaired. This unexpected phenotype depends on functional autophagy, particularly mitophagy, which is upregulated during aging of this mutant. It identifies mitophagy as a prosurvival response involved in the control of mitohormesis, the well-known beneficial effect of mild mitochondrial oxidative stress. In contrast, excessive superoxide stress turns mitophagy to a prodeath pathway and leads to accelerated aging. Overall our data uncover mitophagy as a dynamic pathway that specifically responds to different levels of mitochondrial oxidative stress and thereby affects organismal aging.     

From Haemocuprein to Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase: A History on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Discovery of Haemocuprein and the Twentieth Anniversary of the Discovery of Superoxide Dismutase

Haemocuprein was discovered fifty years ago by T. Mann and D. Keilin as a copper protein of red blood cells, later named erythrocuprein. Superoxide dismutase was discovered twenty years ago by J.M. McCord and I. Fridovich as an enzymatic activity in preparations of carbonic anhydrase or myoglobin that inhibited the aerobic reduction of cytochrome c by xanthine oxidase. Astonishingly the superoxide dismutase proved to be haemocuprein. Around this time zinc was found in haemocuprein, in equimolar amount to the copper. Haemocuprein thus became copper-zinc superoxide dismutase after thirty years as an obscure cupropro-tein of red blood cells. This historical article is a tribute to the achievement of J.M. McCord and I. Fridovich. Their discovery of superoxide dismutase revolutionized the study of oxygen free-radicals in biochemistry.