Chemical Components from Craniotome furcata (in English)

Four compounds, craniosides A (1) and B (2), mussaenoside (3) and ningpogenin (4) were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of Craniotome furcata (Link.) O. Kuntze for the first time. Among them, craniosides A (1) and B (2) were identified as new compounds. The structures of the two new compounds were assigned mainly by spectral methods.     

簇序草化学成分的研究

首次从族序草（Craniotome furcata(Link.)O.Kuntze)的乙酸乙酯部分分离到化合物cranioside A(1)、cranioside B(2)、mussaenoside(3)和ningpogenin(4)。利用波谱方法（^1H-NMR,^13C-NMR和ESI－MS等）对这些化合物的结构进行了鉴定,其中1和2为新化合物。     

广西唇形科植物新记录

该文首次报道了唇形科5种植物在广西的新记录——簇序属(Craniotome Reichenb.)及簇序草[Craniotome furcata(Link)Kuntze]、西南水苏[Stachys kouyangensis(Vaniot)Dunn]、海南深红鸡脚参[Orthosiphon rubicundus(D.Don)Benth.var.hainanensis Sun ex C.Y.Wu]、黄花香薷[Elsholtzia flava(Benth.)Benth.]、滨海白绒草[Leucas chinensis(Retz.)R.Br.]。引证标本均存放于广西中医药研究院标本馆(GXMI)。     

大白蚁属Macrotermes分子研究进展

大白蚁属Macrotermes是等翅目白蚁科大白蚁亚科(Isoptera: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae)中的一类高等培菌白蚁。本文综述了1996年来有关大白蚁属分子研究的文章,提供了截止目前大白蚁属Macrotermes 生物学信息,并分析了目前大白蚁属的分子研究现状,含等翅目系统关系,大白蚁属种间关系,大白蚁拟工蚁与食性演变,大白蚁属与其共生菌关系,及其分子研究的发展方向,特别是中国大白蚁属分子研究现状。     

Evolutionary reorganizations of ontogenesis in ascidians of the genus Molgula

The data on comparative, experimental, and molecular embryology of ascidians (genus Molgula) published during the last 15 years have been reviewed. Some representatives of this genus evolved from development with a tailed larva (tadpole) to direct development associated with the loss of larval structures, such as tail, notochord, sensory organs, and differentiated muscles. The data on evolutionary reorganizations of ontogenesis in ascidians of the genus Molgula have been compared with those in sea urchins, anuran amphibians, and some other organisms.     

Molecular phylogeny of the blowfly genus Chrysomya

Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is a genus of blowfly commonly observed in tropical and subtropical countries of the Old World. Species in this genus are vectors of bacteria, protozoans and helminths, cause myiasis, are predators of other carrion insects, and are important forensic indicators. Hypotheses concerning the evolution of sex determination, larval anatomy and genome size in Chrysomya have been difficult to evaluate because a robust phylogeny of the genus was lacking. Similarly, the monophyly of subgenera was uncertain. The phylogeny of Chrysomya spp. was reconstructed based on 2386 bp of combined mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPS) genes. Maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analysis (BA) differed only slightly in the resulting tree topology. Chrysomya was monophyletic. Monogenic reproduction is almost certainly derived rather than, as has been suggested, primitive within the genus, and tuberculate larvae probably evolved twice. Genome size is more likely to have decreased over evolutionary time rather than, as has been suggested, increased within the genus, but its correlation with developmental time was not observed. The subgenera Microcalliphora, Eucompsomyia and Achoetandrus were recovered as monophyletic.     

The phylogenetic relationship within the genus Carcharhinus

The phylogenetic relationships of elasmobranchs, especially sharks, are unclear. All previously made research and hypotheses indicate that there are still unsolved relationships within and between the class Chondrichthyes. To find out the relationship and sister group of this genus, the ribosomal ITS1-2 regions sequence has been chosen to differentiate the genus Carcharhinus from the blue shark (genus Prionace) and from some other genus species as an outgroup. The results show that the blue shark is a member of the genus Carcharhinus, suggesting that maybe the blue shark belongs also to the genus Carcharhinus instead of Prionace, or that there is a misclassification, Prionace being not a separate genus.     

CLASSIFICATION,DISTRIBUTION AND PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS ENKIANTHUS

The genus Enkianthus is one of the genera of Ericaceae, It contains 13 species, distributing in eastern Asia. Many studies of the genus Enkianthus made by predecessors did not have divide the infrageneric taxa and discuss evOlutionary trend of the genus. The present author divides the genus into 3 sections(Sect.Ⅰ. Enkianthus, Sect. Ⅱ.Racemuss and Sect. Ⅲ. Monanthus)and also discusses the evolutionary trend of the genus. In this paper 1 new specios has been discribed, with the figure of the type specimen.     

鮊属和红鮊属模式种的订正

鲤科鮊亚科中的鱼类是东亚特有的一个类群,在我国分布甚广,种类较多,为常见的经济鱼类.有关鱼类的分类已有不少学者作过研究,本文主要讨论Cutter alburnus Basilewsky和Cutter erythropterus Basilewsky两个种的性状经订正后而涉及鮊属(Cutter)和红舶属(Erythroculter),与模式种的性状相一致的问题,并根据现有材料将鮊鱼类进行分类整理.       

燕雀亚科鸟类的贝叶斯系统发生:非洲鹂雀的分类地位及朱雀属的进化与异质起源

鹂雀(Linurgus olivaceus)是非洲热带森林中一种独特的鸣禽,为鹂雀属(Linurgus)的惟一物种。在已有的研究中,通过对鹂雀和雀形目现存鸟类中每个科及亚科至少一个物种的线粒体DNA序列测定,分析了鹂雀与其它现存雀形目鸟类的系统发生关系;在遗传上,对鹂雀与金丝雀、金翅雀及燕雀亚科其它鸟类亦有比较研究。本研究共使用了燕雀亚科83种鸟类,重点对该亚科的系统发生进行了修订。使用贝叶斯法构建了系统发生树,结果表明:鹂雀属于燕雀亚科,系统发生树中聚在金翅雀族(Carduelini),与金丝雀属(Serinus)、金翅雀属(Carduelis)及交嘴雀属(Loxia)的种类形成一组;在系统发生中,鹂雀可能是一个基部物种,它同金丝雀属和金翅雀属鸟类一同进化并分歧出来。在本研究中未能涉及的一些已灭绝种类,可能与鹂雀有着较近的遗传学关系。另一方面,研究也表明锡嘴雀(Coccotharustes coccothraustes)肯定包括在欧亚蜡嘴雀(蜡嘴雀属Eophona和拟蜡嘴雀属Mycerobas)中,美洲的朱雀(Carpodacus)可能是从亚洲种类分歧出来并经过进化辐射形成。     

A taxonomic study of phlebioid fungi (Basidiomycota)

The genus Phlebia has long been regarded as a polyphyletic or paraphyletic taxon, including distinct groups of more closely related species. Consequently, the delimitation of the genus has been given different interpretations and several rearrangements have been proposed by various authors. In the present study, DNA sequences (25S, rDNA) were obtained for twenty species of the genus Phlebia and a phylogenetic analysis was performed. Because of the presumably paraphyletic nature of the genus, different outgroups were used for different sets of taxa. A core group of species, including the type Ph. radiata , is well distinguished. For the delimitation of the genus, however, the wider scope of a more weakly supported clade is proposed. This clade also includes Phlebiopsis gigantea and its combination in Phlebia is reaffirmed. Two species, Ph. griseoflavescens and Ph. tristis , are distinctly separated from this clade and should be removed from the genus. Morphological characters were used in a separate phylogenetic analysis but the result did not conform with analysis from sequence data.     

Extreme gender flexibility: using a phylogenetic framework to infer the evolution of variation in sex allocation, phylogeography, and speciation in a genus of bidirectional sex changing fishes(Lythrypnus, Gobiidae)

The genus Lythrypnus is a group of marine gobies that exhibit extreme gender flexibility as bidirectional sex changers. The genus consists of 20 described species and several undescribed species that are distributed in the Americas. Five species have been characterized with respect to sex allocation and gonad morphology. The hormonal, morphological, and behavioral aspects of sex change have been studied extensively for one species, L. dalli. These data, however, have not been interpreted in an evolutionary context because a phylogenetic hypothesis has not previously been proposed for the genus Lythrypnus. We propose the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus based on molecular data from three mitochondrial genes (12s, ND2, and Cytb), one nuclear gene (Rag1) and one nuclear intron (S7). We also include three previously undescribed Lythrypnus species. Our results support the monophyly of the genus with L. heterochroma, an Atlantic species, as the basal taxon. After the divergence of L. heterochroma, there are two main clades, one comprised of species distributed in the Atlantic, the other comprised of species distributed in the Pacific. These data indicate an Atlantic origin for the genus, followed by divergence after the closure of the Isthmus of Panama. Our data also support the monophyly of three previously described species complexes, the L. rhizophora complex and L. dalli complex in the Pacific, and the L. mowbrayi complex in the Atlantic. We mapped patterns of sex allocation within this genus onto the fully resolved and supported topology, and found that sexual plasticity and gender flexibility is likely a synapomorphy for the genus. Overall our results create a well-supported framework to understand the phylogeography of the genus, and to interpret the evolution of sex allocation in Lythrypnus gobies.     

连褶金小蜂属分类研究（膜翅目：小蜂总科：金小蜂科）

本文研究了我国金小蜂科的一新纪录属,连褶金小蜂属Ｌｙｕｂａｎａ Ｂｏｕｃｅｋ,描述了３个新种：廖氏连褶金小蜂Ｌ．ｌｉａｏｉ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、长腹连褶金小蜂Ｌ．ｌｏｎｇａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和长节连褶金小蜂Ｌ．ｐｒｏｌｏｎｇａｔａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本存于中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

Evolutionary reorganizations of ontogenesis in ascidians of the genus Molgula

The data on comparative, experimental, and molecular embryology of ascidians (genus Molgula) published during the last 15 years have been reviewed. Some representatives of this genus evolved from development with a tailed larva (tadpole) to direct development associated with the loss of larval structures, such as tail, notochord, sensory organs, and differentiated muscles. The data on evolutionary reorganizations of ontogenesis in ascidians of the genus Molgula have been compared with those in sea urchins, anuran amphibians, and some other organisms.     

A Proposed Genus Boundary for the Prokaryotes Based on Genomic Insights

Genomic information has already been applied to prokaryotic species definition and classification. However, the contribution of the genome sequence to prokaryotic genus delimitation has been less studied. To gain insights into genus definition for the prokaryotes, we attempted to reveal the genus-level genomic differences in the current prokaryotic classification system and to delineate the boundary of a genus on the basis of genomic information. The average nucleotide sequence identity between two genomes can be used for prokaryotic species delineation, but it is not suitable for genus demarcation. We used the percentage of conserved proteins (POCP) between two strains to estimate their evolutionary and phenotypic distance. A comprehensive genomic survey indicated that the POCP can serve as a robust genomic index for establishing the genus boundary for prokaryotic groups. Basically, two species belonging to the same genus would share at least half of their proteins. In a specific lineage, the genus and family/order ranks showed slight or no overlap in terms of POCP values. A prokaryotic genus can be defined as a group of species with all pairwise POCP values higher than 50%. Integration of whole-genome data into the current taxonomy system can provide comprehensive information for prokaryotic genus definition and delimitation.     

Lobatannularia heianensis (Kodaira)的叶轮新知

长期来,人们认为Lobatannularia heianensis(Kodaira)均是彼此融合的,它与大多数种不同。根据河南济源上石盒子组所发现的大量材料证明,它叶轮中的叶也是不相融合的。     

THE CARBONIFEROUS FISH GENERA STREPSODUS AND ARCHICHTHYS (SARCOPTERYGII: RHIZODONTIDA): CLARIFYING 150 YEARS OF CONFUSION

Abstract:  The Carboniferous genus Strepsodus contains several described species, but has been mired in taxonomic confusion for nearly 150 years. The little-known genus Archichthys (with two described species) is usually treated as a junior synonym of Strepsodus . These problems have been caused by, among other things, the poor quality of most specimens, and a heavy reliance on tooth and scale morphology when erecting new species. Both genera are known from Upper and Lower Carboniferous river and lake deposits in the UK, particularly coal shales, cementstones and freshwater limestones. However, Strepsodus has also been discovered at a number of North American localities (e.g. Greer in Iowa, USA, and Horton Bluff in Nova Scotia, Canada) and more recently in Australia (Ducabrook, Queensland). Rhizodontid remains from two Upper Devonian sites (one in Colombia, one in Turkey) have been attributed to Strepsodus , due to a misunderstanding of the defining characteristics (autapomorphies) of the genus. This paper reviews what is known of Strepsodus and Archichthys , and advocates that each be treated as a monospecific genus until reliable morphological evidence of further speciation is found. A neotype specimen for Strepsodus sauroides is proposed, and a check-list of published rhizodontid species is appended.     

链霉菌科一菌株SIPI—297的分类学研究

在筛选免疫抑制剂的过程中,从江苏无锡土壤中分离出一株好气、中温的放线菌ＳＩＰＩ－２９７,革兰氏阳性,不抗酸。对小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化和小鼠白血病细胞有明显的抑制作用。该菌的主要特征为;在气丝上形成无分枝的生孢子气丝枝（轴丝）,由大多数５～７个孢子形成的孢子链密集着生于无分枝的生孢子气丝枝两侧,且孢子链顶端卷曲。基丝不断裂。细胞壁Ⅱ型,磷酸类脂Ⅱ型。醌ＭＫ－９（Ｈ４）。ＤＮＡＧ＋Ｃ含量为７４ｍｏｌ％。同以前所报道的相关菌属通过形态学、细胞化学、分子遗传学研究比较,发现均不同于所有已知菌属,与它们的ｒＤＮＡ相似性