Water and element input into native, agri- and silvicultural ecosystems of the Brazilian savanna

The interaction of rain water with the vegetation canopy results in changes of the water quantity and quality. We examined these canopy effects in different ecosystems of the Brazilian savanna, the Cerrado. The ecosystems were 20 yr-old Pinus caribaea Morelet plantations (PI), productive (PP) and degraded Brachiaria decumbens Stapf pastures (DP), continuous corn-soybean rotation (CC), and native typical cerrado (CE). We collected rainfall, throughfall, and, in PI and CE, stemflow from three plots of each ecosystem. Dry deposition and canopy leaching were estimated with a Na-tracer method. Between May 1997 and April 1999, the mean annual rainfall was 1656 mm of which 145 mm fell during the dry season (May–September). The throughfall percentage of the rainfall increased in the order, PI (75–85%) < CC (76–89%) < CE (89–100%) < PP (90–100%) < DP (99–100%); stemflow was < 1% of the rainfall. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) pH in rainfall was higher in the dry (6.5) than in the rainy season (5.4). The VWM pH in throughfall decreased in the order, CC (rainy season: 5.9/dry season: 6.2) > PP (5.5/6.0) > CE (5.2/6.0) > DP (5.2/5.6) > PI (4.8/5.7). The rainfall deposition of the dry season contributed one third of the annual element input with rainfall because of higher element concentrations than in the rainy season. The mean Na deposition ratios, i.e. the ratio of throughfall (+ stemflow) to rainfall deposition as a measure for dry deposition, increased in the order, CE (1.5) = CC (1.5) < PP (1.7) < PI (1.9) < (DP 2.1). Total deposition (rainfall + dry deposition) accounted for 104–164% of the K and Ca fertilizer application in PP and for 6.1–12% of the K, Ca, and Mg fertilizer application in CC. The P concentrations were below the detection limit of 0.2 mg L^–1 in all samples. Net canopy uptake, i.e. a smaller throughfall(+ stemflow) than rainfall + dry deposition, of Ca, K, Mg, S, Cu, and Zn in at least one of CE, PI, DP, and PP indicate that plant growth may be limited in part by these nutrients. During the vegetation period, between 28 and 50% of the applied K and Ca were leached from the canopy in PP and between 8.7 and 17% of the applied K, Ca, Mg, and S in CC. Our results demonstrate that PI causes larger water losses and enhanced acid inputs to the soil compared with all other ecosystems. However, the PI and pasture canopies scavenge more nutrients from the atmosphere than CE and CC.     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干流的养分特征研究

对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干茎流中的5种养分元素K、Ca、Mg、N、P进行了测定,结合水量分配规律,研究了森林降雨过程中养分在水相中的含量变化特征和输入规律。结果表明：(1)所有离子浓度均为大气降水<穿透雨<树干流,且增幅较大,而平均浓度以K+和总氮(TN)含量最高;总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(HPO42-)、总有机磷(TOP)含量均最低。(2) 大气降雨中的离子平均浓度中以总有机氮(TON)的变异系数最大,为1.282;最小的是NO3-(0.502);穿透雨中变异系数最大的是TOP(2.357);最小的是TN(0.621)。树干流中各养分元素浓度与树种的相关性不显著(P>0.05)。(3) 季风常绿阔叶林树干流和穿透雨各养分对森林土壤的年输入量为TN>K+>Ca2+>Mg2+>TP,树干流和穿透雨对森林土壤层Ca2+的输入大于凋落物分解输入。因此,大气降雨是养分从林冠层转移到土壤层的重要因素。     

鼎湖山酸沉降背景下主要森林类型水化学特征初步研究

雨水的水质在通过森林后会发生变化．如果雨水是酸性的,这种变化会更加明显．通过一年多时间在鼎湖山主要森林类型采样分析发现,鼎湖山大气降水pH值低,酸雨频率高;阔叶林穿透雨pH值比大气降水高,树干径流和地表水pH值比大气降水低,土壤自然酸化非常严重;混交林穿透雨和地表水酸度比大气降水低,树干径流酸度则大于大气降水;针叶林穿透雨和树干径流都有进一步酸化趋势,但地表水pH值比大气降水高．3种林型比较,阔叶林林冠缓冲能力最强,针叶林土壤缓冲能力最大．3种林型,林内降水和地表水养分N、P、K、Ca、Mg和Na含量除N外都明显高于大气降水．各林型树干径流对养分富集能力强于穿透水,养分在大气降水中的浓度低于在地表水中的浓度．针叶林林内降水比混交林和阔叶林养分含量高,但地表水中养分浓度比后两者低．从地表水的养分浓度看,阔叶林和混交林养分亏损更为严重．     

Rainfall partitioning into throughfall and stemflow and associated nutrient fluxes: land use impacts in a lower montane tropical region of Panama

Land-use change alters catchment hydrology by influencing the quality and quantity of partitioned rainfall. We compared rainfall partitioning (throughfall, stemflow and interception) and nutrient concentrations in rainfall, throughfall and stemflow in three land-use types [primary forest (PF), secondary forest (SF) and agriculture (A)] in Panama. Measurements of throughfall were highly variable which may have masked seasonal and land use differences but it was clear that throughfall at agricultural sites made up a larger proportion of gross precipitation than at forest sites. Of incident precipitation, 94% became throughfall in agriculture sites while 83 and 81% of gross precipitation became throughfall in PF and SF, respectively. The size of the precipitation event was the main driver of variation in throughfall and stemflow. Consistent patterns in nutrient cycling were also difficult to identify. Vegetation has a vital role in delivering nutrients as throughfall deposition of K was often larger than precipitation deposition. A canopy budget model indicated that canopy exchange was often more dominant than dry deposition. Throughfall was generally enriched with nutrients, especially K and Mg, with enrichment factors of up to 17 and 5 for K and Mg, respectively, in PF. In contrast, Ca was sometimes taken up by the canopy. Values of nutrient deposition were high (with up to 15, 3, 30 and 15 kg ha^?1 month^?1 in stand deposition of Ca, Mg, K and Na, respectively in PF), possibly due to the slash-and-burn agricultural practices in the area or marine inputs. Throughfall and stemflow are vital sources of nutrients in these ecosystems.     

Relationship between decomposition of cellulose in the soil and tree stand characteristics in natural boreal forests

Adjacent plots (1 m²) with and without communities of dwarf bamboo (Sasa), i.e. Sasa- and ref-plots, were selected in mountainous areas, which were relatively low in soil buffer capacity. The following parameters were studied: chemical properties of surface (0-30 cm) soil (at 6 sites), elemental abundances in the soil-Sasa ecosystem (at 6 sites), effect of artificial acid rain on the above two parameters (at 1 site), and chemical properties of throughfall and stemflow of Sasa (at 2 sites including one on a plain). Average values of pH(H₂O), base saturation and the ratio of exchangeable (K+Mg+Ca)/exchangeable Al in surface soil were 4.35±0. 53, 25.2±14.3% and 0.41±0.28, respectively, in Sasa-plots and 4.26±0.63, 20.0±9.6%, and 0.28±0.13, respectively, in ref-plots. Though not significant, all soil parameters had higher values in Sasa-plots, i.e. x = ca. 0.1 unit, 5% and 0.13, respectively. When the abundance of elements (exchangeable cations in soil of 30 cm depth plus elements in litter and Sasa biomass) in the ecosystem was compared between the two plots, K (and often other basic cations) was higher in Sasa-plots than in ref-plots, whereas Al was lower. Artificial acid rain (1.5 L of 0.05 M H₂SO₄ applied monthly for 10 months) induced a reduction of Na, K, Mg and Ca in a ref-plot, but in a Sasa-plot only Na and K were reduced whereas Mg and Ca were completely retained. The composite samples of throughfall and stemflow of Sasa were ca. 0.5 higher in pH and richer in K, Mg and Ca than the ambient precipitation. The amounts (equivalents) of elements released by Sasa were in the order K > Ca > Mg. It was determined that about 87% and 98% of K, 76% and 87% of Ca, and 39% and 93% of Mg were of Sasa origin in the composite samples at a mountainous site (cambisol soil type) and a plain site (andosol soil type), respectively. Sasa communities may have a significant role in retention of basic cations in surface soil and prevention of soil acidification because of recycling elements in the soil-Sasa ecosystem.     

亚热带常绿阔叶林和杉木人工林茎流与穿透雨的养分特征

亚热带常绿阔叶林和杉木人工林树干茎流和穿透雨养分含量均表现季节动态变化。养分含量中,K^ 、Ca^2 、NO3%-浓度高,Na^ 、Mg^2 居中,HPO4^2-含量低,相对于林外雨,养分均出现富集化,但树干茎流养分富集化高于穿透雨。树干茎流出现强烈的酸化,而穿透雨酸化现象不明显。树种之间的茎流养分特征表现不一样,樟树和枫香总的养分浓度较高,其次为刨花楠,最后为青冈和红栲。     

云南中山湿性常绿阔叶林中降雨对养分淋溶的影响

 作者在云南哀牢山生态站对中山湿性常绿阔叶林进行了定位研究,根据1990～1992年所取得的观测资料,对林外大气降雨,林内雨及树干茎流的养分浓度,养分季节变化及养分贡献进行了分析和讨论,探讨了大气降雨对养分淋溶的影响。结果表明：N、P、K、Ca、Mg浓度在林外降雨、林内降雨及树干流中有很大的差异。其养分浓度和养分输入均为雨季>干季,且养分浓度除林外降雨中N浓度外,均表现树干茎流>林内雨>林外降雨。此外,对降雨和淋溶作用对林地养分物质输入的贡献也进行了分析和讨论。     

Nutrient content of incident rainfall,throughfall and stemflow in a Nigerian secondary lowland rainforest

Abstract. Nutrient content of rainfall, throughfall and stemflow was studied over one year in the open and under the crowns of three tree species in a secondary rain forest at Ile‐Ife, Nigeria. Throughfall and stemflow comprised 78.8 % and 5.2 % respectively; 16.0 % of the incident rainfall was intercepted by the forest canopy. The concentrations of various nutrient elements in throughfall and stemflow were higher than those of incident rainfall. In throughfall and stemflow potassium concentration was highest and that of ammonium nitrogen was the lowest. Only calcium and sodium concentrations showed significant monthly variation in incident rainfall. Ca, Mg, K. Cu and P showed significant monthly variation in throughfall and stemflow. The concentrations of the elements were highest during the heavy‐rain months (May‐September). High concentrations of some of the elements were recorded also in November, the last rain month and the beginning of the dry season. The concentration of these elements in stemflow and throughfall was affected by tree species. The highest quantity of each element was deposited in the forest via throughfall followed by incident precipitation and the lowest via stemflow. The tree species affected the quantities of these elements by the volume of their stemflow and throughfall and the concentration of the various elements herein. Total nutrient concentration was much higher than available (dissolved) nutrient concentration. This was very pronounced with micronutrients.     

Rainfall partitioning and related hydrochemical fluxes in a diverse and in a mono specific (Phenakospermum guyannense) secondary vegetation stand in eastern Amazonia

Rainfall partitioning into throughfall and stemflow was studied in a diverse and in a mono specific stand of secondary vegetation in Eastern Amazonia. The nutrient concentrations in the water were analysed in order to quantify the related hydrochemical fluxes. Secondary vegetation forms the fallow in the local shifting cultivation system and is usually dominated by shrubs and trees. Phenakospermum guyannense (Strelitziaceae), a banana-like herb, is one of the predominant non-woody species. The study was conducted during an 18-month period in a 2.5-year-old relatively species-rich stand and a 10-year-old stand dominated by P. guyannense. In a year with 1956 mm of rainfall 65% (1281 mm) of this quantity reached the soil as throughfall in the diverse stand and 38% (743 mm) in the mono specific stand. Stemflow was estimated to be 23% and 41% respectively. P. guyannense and Banara guianensis (Flacourtiaceae), a tree species, were causing these high funnelling effects. In the young diverse stand B. guianensis had a stemflow of more than 200 l year⁻¹ and P. guyannense had a median flux of 77 l year⁻¹ per pseudostem. In the older stand the taller plants of P.␣guyannense collected 644 l year⁻¹ per pseudostem on the median. The reason for these high values could be the banana-like growth form of P. guyannense and the crown morphology of B. guianensis, which has inclined branches. The low proportion of throughfall and the high stemflow values differ from all previous studies in Amazonian primary forests. The proximity to the Atlantic Ocean strongly influenced the nutrient fluxes via rainfall at our study site. This becomes obvious from the high Na and Cl fluxes with rainfall (19.7 kg Na ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, 37.2 kg Cl ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) which were approximately equal to the Na and Cl fluxes with the sum of throughfall and stemflow for both stands. K fluxes in throughfall and stemflow in both stands were higher than in rainfall by a factor of 8. The high K enrichment during the crown passage is assumed to be caused by a␣high K concentration in the leaf tissue resulting in enhanced leaching from the leaves. In months with low␣rainfall the concentrations of Ca, Mg, S and Cl in throughfall of the diverse stand were significantly higher than in months with high rainfall. This was mainly due to vegetation burns in the dry period, which resulted in ash deposition on the canopy and subsequent wash-off and solution of ash particles. Received: 11 May 1997 / Accepted: 2 November 1997     

Stemflow nutrient inputs to soil in a successional hardwood forest

Stemflow and throughfall from a regenerating (8-year-old) southern Appalachian hardwood forest were collected to examine the relative importance of tree bole nutrient leaching in response to acid deposition. Samples from nine (2 m²) stemflow collection plots were analyzed for four dormant season and 11 growing season rainstorm events. Results showed that, relative to throughfall fluxes, stemflow accounted, on average, for approximately 8.5% of total water reaching the forest floor during both dormant and growing season storms. Relative to foliar leaching, K-, SO₄-, and PO₄ ions appear to be the most easily leached ions from young tree stems. Proportional nitrate and base cation stemflow fluxes increased significantly (p<0.05) with growing-season storm-event duration, suggesting that the stemsurface nutrient pool is depleted by precipitation more slowly than the foliar pool. On average, proportional stemflow fluxes of SO₄ (12%) and K (14%) were consistently higher than reported maximum values for more mature forest stands, which indicates that small-scale stemflow inputs of ions such as these to the forest floor may be important in early successional ecosystems.     

鼎湖山马尾松林降水再分配对养分动态影响

在鼎湖山马尾松林中 ,降水到达森林重新分配后 ,pH值的大小变化顺序为 :茎流 >径流 >穿透雨 >降水 ,且它们均呈酸性。与 pH值变化基本上相类似 ,养分元素浓度在各过程中均以茎流最高 ,降水最低。不同元素比较 ,其大小次序为 :Ca>N >Mg>P。Ca、P和Mg三种元素浓度在各过程中的月变化较明显 ,但pH值和N元素浓度的月际变化不强。该生态系统养分元素呈积累状态 ,大气降水的养分输入为 (kg·hm 2 ·a 1) :2 0 .62 9(N)、1 .0 1 5 (P)、46.3 3 2 (Ca)、3 .5 0 8(Mg) ;输出为 (kg·hm 2 ·a 1) :7.1 2 0 (N)、0 .63 2 (P)、2 3 .640 (Ca)、2 .1 3 3 (Mg)。此外 ,还对该生态系统生物地球化学循环特征进行了讨论。     

杉木人工林生态系统水文学过程的养分特性

根据5a定位观测的数据,对湖南会同24～28a生的杉木人工林生态系统各水文学过程中的养分特性进行了研究。结果表明：林冠降水是杉木人工林生态系统养分输入的重要来源,其中Ca的养分含量最高,P的含量最低。林内穿透水各养分元素的含量明显高于林冠降水中养分的含量。除Ca外,树干茎流中其它养分元素的含量为林冠降水的6倍以上。可见,林内穿透水和树干茎流是杉木林生态系统内养分循环的重要组成部分,有利于提高系统的养分利用率。地表径流中除硝态氮外,各元素的含量与穿透水的含量接近,其中P、Na和K三种元素的含量较低,但未超过林冠降水中养分元素含量。地下径流中N和K的含量较低,而Ca的含量与林冠降水相比没有差异。因而地表径流和地下径流不可避免的造成生态系统的养分损失,但24～28a生杉木林生态系统的调控能力较强,地表径流和地下径流量较小,生态系统的养分损失也相对较小,养分为净积累。不同季节之间水文学过程中养分元素含量存在一定程度的差异。降水形态、雷电和地形等要素影响养分元素含量。硝态氮在冰雹中未检出,而在雨水中的含量是雪水的2倍。铵态氮、K和Mg等元素在雨水中的含量最高。P和Ca以雪水的含量最高,与雨水和冰雹相比不存在数量级差异。雷电明显增加降水中养分的含量,特别是林冠上层的低空放电使降水中N的含量增加3～5倍。由于山谷和山麓的立地条件较好,其穿透水中养分含量比山坡的高,山谷与山麓的大致相等。在采集水样进行养分分析时,应考虑降水时间、降水形态和地形等因子的影响。     

Nutrient retention by Pseudoscleropodium purum and its relation to growth

Abstract

A complete mineral nutrient fertilizer solution was added to carpets of Pseudoseleropodium purum growing in Windsor Forest, Berkshire, to study the efficiency of nutrient capture from dilute solutions and its effect on growth. In the experiment different frequencies of application were balanced by employing different concentrations of fertilizer so that all treatment plots received the same quantities of nutrients over a six-month period. At the end of the experiment the concentrations of macronutrients (N, P, K, Mg, Ca) within the moss tissues were determined and shoot growth was assessed by the tagged shoot method.

Significant luxury uptake occurred only in the case of P where shoot concentrations in fertilized plots were 50% above the control. Smaller net increases were noted for other elements, particularly Mg. Shoot N concentration was hardly affected by fertilizer application possibly due to efficient internal recycling of the element in P. purum. Levels of exchange ably held cations were not markedly increased by fertilizer addition in the field experiment but when shoots were incubated with fertilizers in the laboratory for 30 min the concentrations of exchangeable Ca and Mg rose appreciably and exchangeable K fell. These changes appear to be quickly reversed under field conditions without transfer of cations to the protoplasts. The importance of elevated cation exchange capacity in the initial sequestration of nutrient cations is, therefore, questioned. Growth stimulation due to fertilizer treatment was negligible. Maximum net uptake of P, Mg and Ca occurred when plots were watered at weekly intervals with a dilute fertilizer and least occurred where a concentrated solution was applied at less frequent intervals implying that contact time between P. purum and its potential nutrients is an important factor. The period elapsing between fertilizer additions may also have significance, however, due to leaching away of nutrients and the re-establishment of a natural ionic balance at the cell wall exchange sites. Levels of nutrient absorption and growth were greatest at a site where the moss remained moist longest. This result indicates that the ability of P. purum to absorb and utilize additional nutrients is governed by general metabolic performance which is itself restricted by water supply in Windsor Forest.     

Rainfall input, throughfall and stemflow of nutrients in a central African rain forest dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees

Incident rainfall is a major source of nutrient input to a forest ecosystem and the consequent throughfall and stemflow contribute to nutrient cycling. These rain-based fluxes were measured over 12 mo in two forest types in Korup National Park, Cameroon, one with low (LEM) and one with high (HEM) ectomycorrhizal abundances of trees. Throughfall was 96.6 and 92.4% of the incident annual rainfall (5370 mm) in LEM and HEM forests respectively; stemflow was correspondingly 1.5 and 2.2%. Architectural analysis showed that ln(funneling ratio) declined linearly with increasing ln(basal area) of trees. Mean annual inputs of N, P, K, Mg and Ca in incident rainfall were 1.50, 1.07, 7.77, 5.25 and 9.27 kg ha^–1, and total rain-based inputs to the forest floor were 5.0, 3.2, 123.4, 14.4 and 37.7 kg ha^–1 respectively. The value for K is high for tropical forests and that for N is low. Nitrogen showed a significantly lower loading of throughfall and stemflow in HEM than in LEM forest, this being associated in the HEM forest with a greater abundance of epiphytic bryophytes which may absorb more N. Incident rainfall provided c. 35% of the gross input of P to the forest floor (i.e., rain-based plus small litter inputs), a surprisingly high contribution given the sandy P-poor soils. At the start of the wet season leaching of K from the canopy was particularly high. Calcium in the rain was also highest at this time, most likely due to washing off of dry-deposited Harmattan dusts. It is proposed that throughfall has an important 'priming' function in the rapid decomposition of litter and mineralization of P at the start of the wet season. The contribution of P inputted from the atmosphere appears to be significant when compared to the rates of P mineralization from leaf litter.     

人工桤柏混交林中降雨对养分物质的淋溶影响

引　言水体养分物的循环是生态系统生物地球化学循环的一个重要组成部分,因此,从生态角度来研究森林的存在对流域的水分循环和物质迁移的影响将是一个十分有意义的工作。目前,欧美各国关于森林与水质的关系研究比较多[5]。我国较多研究森林对河流泥沙悬浮含量影响,或干枝落叶和微生物对腐殖质转化等作用形成的森林养分循环,而较少研究森林降雨重新分配作用对森林养分循环的影响[1,2],因此,本文选择了亚热带人工桤柏混交林,通过观测降雨过程中林外降雨、林内降雨、树干流及其相应水质的变化,结合林外降雨、林内降雨和树干流的时空变化特性,分…     

Organic matter and nutrient dynamics of the forest and forest floor in the Hubbard Brook forest

Summary The forest floor is a major reservoir of organic matter and nutrients for the ecosystem and as such it influences or regulates most of the functional processes occurring throughout the ecosystem. This study reports on the nutrient and organic matter content of the forest floor of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest during different seasons and attempts to correlate results from studies of vegetation, litter, decomposition, stemflow, throughfall, and soil. An organic matter budget is presented for an undisturbed watershed.Average weight of the forest floor on an undisturbed watershed ranged from 25,500 to 85,500 kg/ha. The weighted watershed average was 46,800 kg/ha. Although the F and H horizons did not vary significantly with time, the L horizon increased significantly during the period June to August largely as a result of a severe hail storm. The order of abundance of elements in the forest floor was N;CaFe>S>P>Mn>K>Mg>Na>Zn>Cu. The concentrations of Ca, K, and Mn decreased with depth in the forest floor while N, P, S, Na, Fe, Zn, and Cu concentrations increased. N:P ratios were similar in decomposing leaf tissue, the forest floor, litterfall, and net stemflow plus throughfall suggesting a similar pattern of cycling. S was proportional to N and P in decomposing leaf tissue, the forest floor, and litterfall. Net stemflow and throughfall were affected by a relatively large input of SO₄=-S from the atmosphere. Residence times for elements in the forest floor were affected by inputs other than litterfall (precipitation, stemflow, and throughfall). Calculation of residence times using all inputs caused smaller values than if litterfall alone was used. While all residence times were reduced, the major differences occurred for K, S, and Na. N and P showed relatively long residence times as a result of retranslocation and immobilization by decomposers. The slow turnover rate because of the strong demand and retention by all biota must account for the efficiency of the intrasystem cycling process for N and P. K showed the shortest residence time. A rapid and efficient uptake of K by vegetation seems to account for the efficient cycling of this element. The patterns of nutrient cycling are several depending on the chemical properties of the forest floor, and nutritional requirements of the biota.This is contribution No. 67 of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. Financial support was provided by the National Science Foundation.     

秦岭天然次生油松林冠层降雨再分配特征及延滞效应

为了研究秦岭典型地带性植物油松林冠层降雨再分配特征及延滞效应,选择陕西宁陕县秦岭森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站55龄天然次生油松林,从2006-2008年(5-10月份)对林外降水、穿透降雨和树干茎流进行定位观测。利用其中100次实测数据进行分析研究,结果表明:总降雨量为1576.4 mm,穿透降雨量为982.9 mm,树干茎流量为69.5 mm,冠层截留量为524. 0mm,分别占总降雨量的62.4%、4.4%和33.2%。降雨分配与降雨量级密切相关,降雨量级增大,穿透降雨率和茎流率呈增大趋势,截留率呈降低趋势,变化幅度分别为46.6%-68.9%、0.8%-9.2%、53.4%-22.0%。穿透降雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量与林外降雨量之间的关系分别为:TF=0.6548P-0.4937,R²＝0.9596;SF=-0.2796+0.0452P+0.0005P²,R²＝0.8179;I=0.5958P^0.8175,R²＝0.8064。降雨事件发生后,穿透降雨和树干茎流出现的时间与降雨发生的时间并不同步,均表现出一定的延滞性,随着降雨量级增大,滞后时间表现出逐渐缩短的趋势((78.5±8.8)-(16.0±0.0) min,(111.0±33.0)-(41.2±0.0) min)。降雨终止时,特别是当降雨量>10.0 mm,穿透降雨终止时间也存在一定的延滞性((3.2±2.6)-(12.0±0.0) min)。但树干茎流终止时间先于降雨终止时间,降雨量级越小,树干茎流终止时间愈早((-58.3±21.5)-(-9.8±0.0) min)。     

Influence of soil oxygen and soil water on the accumulation of nutrients in avocado seedlings (Persea Americana mill.)

Summary This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to study the influence of 2 soil-oxygen levels and 4 irrigation levels on the plant response, root decay, concentrations of 12 nutrients, as well as on total amounts of nutrients per avocado seedling (Persea americana Mill.).Reduced soil-oxygen supply to the roots significantly reduced the amount of dry weight per seedling, increased percentage of root decay, and reduced the concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and B in the tops, while Na and Fe were increased. Concentrations of K, Mg, Na, and Cl in the roots were decreased, while N and Ca were increased with decreased soil oxygen supply to the roots. Total amounts of N, P, Ca, Mg, Na, and Cl per seedling were decreased with the low soil-oxygen supply to the roots.Only slight differences in dry weight of the tops of seedlings were found. The highest degree of root decay was caused by the irrigation treatment where a water table was present. In the tops, concentrations of N, P, K, Mg, Na, Zn, Cu, Mn, B, and Fe were significantly influenced by differential irrigation treatments; in the roots, concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Cl were also significantly influenced; and total amounts of N, P, Mg, and Cl the whole seedling were likewise significantly influenced.Significant interactions were noted between the soil-oxygen and irrigation treatments on the dry weight of tops, roots, and total amounts of dry weight produced per seedling. The lowest amount of dry weight of roots and the highest degree of root decay were found in the avocado seedlings grown under low soil-oxygen supply and the irrigation treatment where a water table was present. Several significant interactions between soil oxygen and irrigation on the concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Zn, and Mn are discussed.University of California, Citrus Research Center and Agricultural Experiment Station, Riverside, California. The research reported in this paper was supported in part by NSF Grant GB-5753x.     

Water inputs across a tropical montane landscape in Veracruz,Mexico: synergistic effects of land cover,rain and fog seasonality,and interannual precipitation variability

Land‐cover change can alter the spatiotemporal distribution of water inputs to mountain ecosystems, an important control on land‐surface and land‐atmosphere hydrologic fluxes. In eastern Mexico, we examined the influence of three widespread land‐cover types, montane cloud forest, coffee agroforestry, and cleared areas, on total and net water inputs to soil. Stand structural characteristics, as well as rain, fog, stemflow, and throughfall (water that falls through the canopy) water fluxes were measured across 11 sites during wet and dry seasons from 2005 to 2008. Land‐cover type had a significant effect on annual and seasonal net throughfall (NTF <0=canopy water retention plus canopy evaporation; NTF >0=fog water deposition). Forest canopies retained and/or lost to evaporation (i.e. NTF<0) five‐ to 11‐fold more water than coffee agroforests. Moreover, stemflow was fourfold higher under coffee shade than forest trees. Precipitation seasonality and phenological patterns determined the magnitude of these land‐cover differences, as well as their implications for the hydrologic cycle. Significant negative relationships were found between NTF and tree leaf area index (R²=0.38, P<0.002), NTF and stand basal area (R²=0.664, P<0.002), and stemflow and epiphyte loading (R²=0.414, P<0.001). These findings indicate that leaf and epiphyte surface area reductions associated with forest conversion decrease canopy water retention/evaporation, thereby increasing throughfall and stemflow inputs to soil. Interannual precipitation variability also altered patterns of water redistribution across this landscape. Storms and hurricanes resulted in little difference in forest‐coffee wet season NTF, while El Niño Southern Oscillation was associated with a twofold increase in dry season rain and fog throughfall water deposition. In montane headwater regions, changes in water delivery to canopies and soils may affect infiltration, runoff, and evapotranspiration, with implications for provisioning (e.g. water supply) and regulating (e.g. flood mitigation) ecosystem services.     

Litterflow chemistry and nutrient uptake from the forest floor in northwest Amazonian forest ecosystems

Samples of the fraction of net rainfall passing through the forest floor collected at monthly intervals in four pristine forests in Colombian Amazonia, during the period between 1995–1997 were analysed for solute concentrations to estimate the element fluxes from the forest floor into the mineral soil and root nutrient uptake from these forest floors. Results were compared with inputs by throughfall, stemflow, litterfall and fine root decay. Element concentrations were tested for their relationship with litterflow amounts, rainfall intensity and length of the antecedent dry period and differences in element fluxes between ecosystems were assessed. Concentrations of elements in litterflow followed a similar pattern as those in throughfall, which indicates that element outputs from the forest floor are strongly related to those inputs in throughfall. In the forests studied, the average concentrations of elements as K, Mg, orthoP and the pH of the litterflow decreased relative to that in throughfall in most events, while the concentration of elements such as dissolved organic carbon, H, SO₄ and Si increased in litterflow from these forests. Element concentrations in litterflow showed a poor correlation with variables such as litterflow amounts, rainfall intensity and antecedent dry period, except for K which showed a significant correlation (p>0.95) with analysed variables in all forests. Outputs were significantly different between forests (p>0.95); these fluxes, which particularly concerned cations, being the largest in the flood plain, while for anions outputs increased from the flood plain to the sedimentary plain. After adding the nutrient contributed by litter decomposition and fine root decay, the net outputs of main elements from the forest floors were still smaller than inputs by net precipitation (throughfall+stemflow) indicating that the litter layers clearly acted as a sink for most nutrients. Accordingly, the element balances confirm that the forest floors acted as a sink for nutrients coming in by throughfall, stemflow, litterfall and fine root decomposition. P, Mg and N appeared to be the most limiting nutrients and the forests studied efficiently recycled these nutrients.