乙烯对蜡梅切花开放衰老及乙烯受体基因表达的影响

为探索乙烯是否参与蜡梅花朵开放衰老进程的调控,利用气相色谱法测定分析不同发育阶段花朵的乙烯释放情况,同时分析乙烯、1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对切花开放衰老进程和乙烯受体基因表达的影响。结果表明:蜡梅花朵开放衰老过程中有微量乙烯的产生,在盛开期出现峰值;外源乙烯显著加快了花朵开放衰老进程,缩短切花瓶插寿命1.9 d,而1-MCP处理则延长瓶插寿命2.4 d;存在受乙烯和1-MCP影响其在蜡梅花朵中表达的乙烯受体基因成员CpETR-1、CpETR-2、CpETR-3,且3个基因的转录水平变化与开放衰老进程关联较为紧密。说明蜡梅乙烯释放量虽然很低,但乙烯参与了蜡梅花朵开放和衰老的调控,影响其进程和相关乙烯受体基因的表达。     

1-甲基环丙烯对百合采后切花某些生理指标的影响

百合切花经1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理后瓶插寿命延长,花朵发育和衰老进程延缓,乙烯峰出现时间推迟.经1-MCP处理的亚洲百合的乙烯峰值和细胞膜透性降低,而麝香百合可溶性蛋白质含量则不受影响.     

外源乙烯对月季(Rosa hybrida)切花花朵开放的影响与乙烯生物合成相关基因表达的关联

以探讨外源乙烯对月季切花花朵开放的影响及其与花瓣内源乙烯生物合成相关基因表达之间的关联为目的. 试材选用外源乙烯对花朵开放进程影响截然相反的两个品种, 其中, Samantha明显被促进, 而Kardinal则明显被抑制. 经外源乙烯处理, 两品种花瓣乙烯生成量、1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(1-aminocyclopropane -1-carboxylate, ACC)合成酶(ACC synthase, ACS)和ACC氧化酶(ACC oxidase, ACO)活性都被诱导升高. 但是, 以上指标两品种间变化有差异, 其中, Samantha主要表现为峰值提前, 即由未经处理对照的盛开期(开花级数4级)提早到初开期(3级); 而Kardinal主要表现为绝对值剧烈升高, 且远高于Samantha. 从花瓣中克隆到3个ACS (Rh-ACS1, Rh-ACS2和Rh-ACS3)和1个ACO(Rh-ACO1)基因的cDNA, 非放射性Northern检测结果表明, Rh-ACS3和Rh-ACO1基因的表达受到乙烯的诱导, 并且其表达变化在两个品种中都与ACS活性和乙烯生成量相一致. 由此推测, 外源乙烯对切花月季品种间花朵开放影响的差异, 可能与花瓣内乙烯生物合成关键酶转录水平上的诱导差异有关, 并且Kardinal可能对外源乙烯更为敏感. 还明确了月季切花3个ACS基因之间的表达存在发育时间和诱导方式上的特异性.     

不同后熟期‘菊水’梨果实对外源乙烯和1-MCP处理的生理响应

用80uL·L-1外源乙烯和1.0 uL·L-11-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理不同后熟期'菊水'梨果实,分析处理后果实品质和生理指标在(25±1)℃贮藏温度下的变化特征.结果显示:在采收当天(采后0 d)和呼吸跃变初期(采后4 d),外源乙烯处理能明显促进果实硬度和可溶性同形物含量(SSC)的下降,降低活性氧清除酶(SOD、CAT和APX)的活性,提高呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率,促进果实后熟,1-MCP处理却表现出与乙烯相反的效应,且采收当天比呼吸跃变初期的作用效果更明显;在呼吸跃变中期(采后12 d),外源乙烯和1-MCP处理效果均不明显.研究发现,外源乙烯能促进果实后熟而1-MCP却抑制果实后熟,其效果因处理果实后熟期的不同而存在显著差异,果实后熟程度越高,其处理的效果越不明显.     

乙烯诱导西瓜果实的水渍化败坏

为了研究乙烯在西瓜(Citrullus lanatusThunb.Mansfeld)果实水渍化败坏过程中的作用,先将果实在5μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)气体中处理18 h,然后在50 μL/L乙烯和20℃温度下贮藏.西瓜果实对乙烯处理的最初反应表现为胎座组织的电导率和游离汁液增加,同时出现组织软化和水渍化.水渍化的症状最初在靠近花萼端的内果皮中发生,在乙烯处理的第2天开始出现,ACC合成酶(ACS)和ACC氧化酶(ACO)的活性明显提高.1-MCP单独处理不产生任何明显的作用,但是会完全抑制外源乙烯诱导的水渍化败坏.没有经过乙烯处理的西瓜果实,贮藏2 d以后出现呼吸强度和乙烯释放量的高峰,10 d以后水渍化现象也零星出现.这些结果和1-MCP的预防效果说明,西瓜果实的水渍化败坏是一种由乙烯诱导的衰老现象.     

牡丹切花能荷水平及能量代谢与瓶插品质的关系

为了揭示牡丹切花能量调控规律及其与切花瓶插品质的关系,以发育至二级状态的‘洛阳红’切花为试材,研究高能荷水平(大田自然生长,FNG)和低能荷水平(自然生长采后5～6 ℃贮藏15 d,PCS)状态下切花瓶插品质与能荷以及能量代谢的敏感基因SnRK1表达的关系。结果表明：(1)与FNG(高能荷)相比,PCS(低能荷)明显加快瓶插过程中牡丹切花开放和衰老进程,显著缩短瓶插寿命和减小最大花径,并提早呼吸跃变峰值,提高呼吸速率,加快蔗糖降解,导致花瓣琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和线粒体复合体Ⅳ(CCO)活性下降加快,造成ATP和EC水平快速下降,引起PsSnRK1的表达水平上调时间提前,表达水平提高。(2)PsSnRK1 基因能够对牡丹花瓣能量匮乏快速响应,能荷水平下降可诱导 PsSnRK1基因表达上调。研究发现,冷藏后花瓣能荷水平下降是导致牡丹切花瓶插过程中花朵快速衰老的重要因素之一,花瓣能量状况在调控牡丹切花瓶插品质过程中起着重要作用,并为通过调节牡丹切花能量水平提高切花瓶插品质提供一种新策略。     

香蕉一个Ⅲ类酸性几丁质酶基因与果实成熟关系的研究

为了解Ⅲ类酸性几丁质酶基因(MaCHⅢ)与香蕉果实采后成熟过程的相互关系,对经乙烯和1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理的巴西香蕉果实采后乙烯释放量、Ⅲ类酸性几丁质酶基因(MaCHⅢ)表达以及几丁质酶活性进行了测定.结果显示:(1)乙烯催熟处理的香蕉果实,乙烯释放量比对照处理的果实提前15 d达到高峰;1-MCP处理的香蕉果实,乙烯生物合成和果实成熟明显受到了抑制.(2)外源乙烯加速了MaCHⅢ基因的下调表达和Ⅲ类酸性几丁质酶活性的下降,MaCHⅢ表达量和Ⅲ类酸性几丁质酶活性分别在采后第3天和第4天下降到最小值.(3)1-MCP处理使MaCHⅢ基因呈现上调表达,Ⅲ类酸性几丁质酶活性上升,MaCHⅢ基因表达量和Ⅲ类酸性几丁质酶活性分别在采后18 d和25 d达到高峰.研究表明,MaCHⅢ基因可能与香蕉果实采后成熟呈负相关.     

1-MCP对东方百合开放与衰老的影响

以东方系列百合（Lilium spp.）‘西伯利亚’品种为材料,研究了1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）对百合切花质膜透性、乙烯释放量、丙二醛含量、可溶性蛋白质含量等生理指标的影响。结果表明：1-MCP可延缓百合切花花瓣质膜相对透性的增加,延长百合切花瓶插寿命;降低百合花瓣乙烯释放量,推迟乙烯峰的出现;降低百合花瓣丙二醛含量,对可溶性蛋白含量的变化无明显影响。本研究结果说明1-MCP对东方百合切花的保鲜有一定效果,确定了1-MCP处理东方百合的最佳使用浓度为0.01μL/L。     

1-MCP对冷藏食荚豌豆衰老及品质的影响

研究了0.5、l和2μL/L的l-MCP处理对l℃贮藏食荚豌豆衰老及品质变化的影响.结果表明,采用l和2uL/L的1-MCP处理可有效抑制食荚豌豆呼吸、乙烯释放和超氧阴离子(O-2)生成,同时保持豆荚中较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AsA-POD)活性和叶绿素、抗坏血酸(AsA)含量,减少豆荚中MDA、纤维素含量的积累和豆荚腐烂指数的增加,延缓了其衰老进程和品质的下降.0.5 uL/L浓度的1-MCP处理对食荚豌豆采后衰老及品质无明显影响.     

低温对牡丹切花花色和花青素苷合成的影响

以牡丹洛阳红(Paeonia suffruticosa‘Luoyang Hong’)开放级别为蕾开期的切花为材料,研究不同温度(22℃、15℃和4℃)处理对切花花色和花青素苷合成的影响。结果表明:与22℃处理相比,15℃和4℃处理切花花色明度下降、红度和彩度增加,花瓣花青素苷含量增加。对花青素苷合成相关基因表达量分析的结果表明:15℃和4℃低温促进与花青素苷合成相关的PsCHS1、PsCHI1、PsF3'H1、PsANS1、PsDFR1、PsMYB2、Psb HLH1和Psb HLH3基因的表达。低温对花青素苷上游合成途径中PsCHS1和PsCHI1基因进行调控;下游合成途径中PsDFR1、PsANS1和PsF3'H1基因对低温的响应相对敏感,4℃处理后基因的表达量大幅上调,且显著高于15℃处理组。上述所提到的结构基因和调节基因均是受低温调控的关键基因,进而影响牡丹洛阳红切花花青素苷合成与积累。     

Inhibition of ethylene-induced cellular senescence symptoms by 1-methylcyclopropene, a new inhibitor of ethylene action

Ethylene is known to accelerate flower senescence, but the sequence of events that links its interaction with the tissue and the final senescence symptoms is still obscure. Recently, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was found to inhibit ethylene-induced wilting in flowers. This work was carried out in order to investigate the effects of 1-MCP on cellular senescence symptoms in petunia flowers following expossure to ethylene. Cut petunia ( Petunia hybrida ) flowers that were exposed to ethylene for 12 h at concentrations of 1–12 ppm wilted sooner than their untreated counterparts. This effect was abolished by a 6-h pre-treatment with 1-MCP. Immediately following the ethylene treatment, decreases in petal fresh weight and total protein content were measured, along with higher electrolyte leakage, and lower membrane lipid fluidity and protein content. When applied alone, 1-MCP had relatively little impact on these parameters. However, when the flowers were treated with 1-MCP prior to the ethylene treatment, ethylene had no effect. These results indicate that while ethylenes effects on wilting were obvious 3 days after the treatment, cellular parameters were affected already at the end of the treatment. Since 1-MCP repressed these early ethylene effects, it was concluded that it interferes with ethylene action in petunia flowers at a rather early stage, long before apparent wilting.     

Ethylene perception inhibitor 1-MCP decreases oxidative damage of leaves through enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms in soybean plants grown under high temperature stress

Ethylene is a stress hormone involved in early senescence and abscission of vegetative and reproductive organs under stress conditions. Ethylene perception inhibitors can minimize the impact of ethylene-mediated stress. The effects of high temperature (HT) stress during flowering on ethylene production rate in leaf, flower and pod and the effects of ethylene inhibitor on ethylene production rate, oxidative damage and physiology of soybean are not understood. We hypothesize that HT stress induces ethylene production, which causes premature leaf senescence and flower and pod abscission, and that application of the ethylene perception inhibitor 1-Methyl cyclopropene (1-MCP) can minimize HT stress induced ethylene response in soybean. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine whether ethylene is produced in HT stress; (2) quantify the effects of HT stress and 1-MCP application on oxidative injury; and (3) evaluate the efficacy of 1-MCP at minimizing HT-stress-induced leaf senescence and flower abscission. Soybean plants were exposed to HT (38/28 °C) or optimum temperature (OT; 28/18 °C) for 14 d at flowering stage (R2). Plants at each temperature were treated with 1-MCP (1 μg L⁻¹) gas for 5 h or left untreated (control). High temperature stress increased rate of ethylene production in leaves, flowers and pods, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane damage, and total soluble carbohydrate content in leaves and decreased photosynthetic rate, sucrose content, F_v/F_m ratio and antioxidant enzyme activities compared with OT. Foliar spray of 1-MCP decreased rate of ethylene production and ROS and leaf senescence traits but enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (e.g. superoxide dismutase and catalase). In conclusion, HT stress increased ethylene production rates, caused oxidative damage, decreased antioxidant enzyme activity, caused premature leaf senescence, increased flower abscission and decreased pod set percentage. Application of 1-MCP lowered ethylene and ROS production, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, increased membrane stability, delayed leaf senescence, decreased flower abscission and increased pod set percentage. The beneficial effects of 1-MCP were greater under HT stress compared to OT in terms of decreased ethylene production, decreased ROS production, increased antioxidant protection, decreased flower abscission and increased pod set percentage.     

Effect of Ethylene and its Antagonist 1-MCP on the Senescence of Detached Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana

1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) applied alone did not influence significantly the chlorophyll and carotenoid content of the older leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., but retarded the senescence of the younger ones (6^th and 7^th leaf nodes). However, 1-MCP effectively blocks the ethylene induced senescence of excised rosette leaves. The preliminary application of 1-MCP (3 h in advance to the treatment by Ethrel) almost totally eliminated the ethylene action. Similar trend was also observed after simultaneous application of Ethrel and 1-MCP, and the effects of both treatments on the chlorophyll and carotenoid destruction are comparable.