芥菜型多室油菜与甘蓝型油菜的种间远缘杂交

通过对芥菜型多室油菜与甘蓝型油菜种间杂交 以下简写为芥×甘或甘×芥 的结实性、交配性以及不同甘蓝型油菜对交配性的影响等研究发现:芥、甘正反交形成的饱满种子数较少,其形成种子的能力弱,但是芥×甘与甘×芥杂交相比,芥×甘形成饱满种子的能力较强,受精能力以及杂种胚胎的发育能力也强,在授粉后的子房发育上二者无显著差异.所以,芥菜型多室油菜与甘蓝型油菜种间杂交创建新资源时宜采用芥×甘杂交方式;不同甘蓝型油菜品种与芥菜型多室油菜正反交的结角率、受精指数、结籽指数和可交配指数均不相同,但可交配指数的变异系数最大.因此,筛选可交配性强的甘蓝型基因型应着眼于可交配指数高的甘蓝型油菜亲本材料,根据本试验结果,芥菜型多室油菜与甘蓝型油菜93-221-1杂交形成的杂种胚具有较强的可发育性.     

小鼠不同阶段胚胎玻璃化冷冻保存的比较研究

采用玻璃化冷冻法对ICR、C57BL/6、DBA~*C57BL/6杂交F1代三种品系小鼠的不同阶段胚胎进行冷冻保存,比较胚胎解冻后形态良好率、体外发育率和移植后的出生率,结果表明解冻后各品系小鼠胚胎从2细胞到桑椹胚形态良好率在75%以上,其中8细胞胚胎形态良好率在83%以上,而囊胚的形态良好率仅在40%左右。解冻后胚胎体外培养的发育率随胚胎发育阶段的提高而提高,桑椹胚的发育达93%以上。体外受精2细胞冷冻胚与体内受精2细胞冷冻胚比较,二者形态良好率差异无显著意义(74%∶75%),但体内受精冷冻胚的发育率明显高于体外受精冷冻胚(76%:40%,p<0.01);胚胎经过三次反复冻融后形态良好率无显著差别;冷冻2细胞胚移植后的受孕率与仔鼠出生率分别达64%和40%,但均低于新鲜2细胞胚。     

人工诱导泥鳅雌核发育的细胞学研究和诱导参数优化

为培育泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)全雌品种,研究通过细胞荧光染色后进行细胞学观察确定人工诱导泥鳅雌核发育的热休克起始时间,并进一步利用核型和流式细胞分析等方法对人工诱导雌核发育泥鳅进行鉴定。结果显示,二倍体泥鳅受到灭活的鲤(Cyprinus carpio)精子刺激后,第二极体与卵核分开的时间在人工授精后3—5min;卵子在人工授精后3.5min后再热休克2min的诱导孵化率达到10.26%。通过分析野生型泥鳅胚胎、人工诱导雌核发育泥鳅胚胎、泥鳅×鲤杂交胚胎和单倍体泥鳅胚胎的发育,发现部分雌核发育的胚胎可以正常发育,而杂交胚胎和单倍体胚胎会出现明显的发育障碍。核型和流式细胞检测分析表明利用本研究获得的热休克参数进行处理可得到二倍体雌核发育子代,二倍率达64.71%。研究从细胞学层面获得泥鳅雌核发育的诱导参数,可为利用人工诱导雌核发育开展全雌泥鳅育种提供指导。     

杂交鹅掌楸体胚发生过程中ATP酶活性的超微细胞化学定位

利用透射式电镜,通过胚性细胞的超微切片观察,对杂交鹅掌楸体细胞胚胎发生和发育过程中ATP酶活性进行了超微细胞化学定位.结果表明,非胚性细胞的质膜、液泡膜等膜系统当中存在ATP酶活性,质体、核膜、细胞壁以及细胞间隙上有少许沉积;早期胚性细胞ATP酶反应产物主要沉积于质膜、液泡膜上、淀粉粒、细胞壁加厚处;胚性细胞后期ATP酶活性从质膜逐渐转移入细胞内,细胞质、壁旁体、胞间连丝、细胞膜与细胞间隙、细胞核等处均有ATP酶活性反应.随着胚性细胞的发育及分裂,包裹细胞的厚壁、细胞核、核仁与染色质等处也出现ATP酶活性反应沉淀物.说明杂交鹅掌楸体细胞胚胎发生及发育过程中存在丰富的能量代谢.     

鳙X(鳙X鲢)回交育种试验报告

我们自工，68-1974年对嵘宁x(鲡罕x赃少）少回交鱼进行受精过程、胚胎、形态、食性和生长等一系列生物学特性的研究,阅明了下列两个问题：1鳙. 杂交后代与亲本鳙鱼回交，所得到的回交鱼出现杂交优势— 回交鱼的（鳃耙排列整齐者）生长速度，无论在鱼种阶段或成鱼阶段都比祖传的良种‘鱼较快；有常规的受精细学程序，受精卵在水温22-24C'的条件下，经26.5小时左右胚胎以头部破膜孵出，畸形率低，从卵球受精开始到成色各发育阶段发育良好；形态结构为鳙、鲢的中间型，更似鳙鱼，但头比鳙鱼小些，且鳃耙有排列整齐和不整齐两种个体类型；食性与鳙鱼相近，但比鳙、鲢都广，食浮游动物及较大型的浮游植物，偏重食浮游动物，摄食强度也较鳙鱼强。2 试验证明,鳙,鲢不但可以相互杂交，而民子代具有能育性；与缩亲本回交，也能成功地得到回交鱼。从细胞学和胚胎学的研究来看，回交鱼与亲本间亦有很多相似之处。因此认为鳙、鲢鱼间的亲缘关系，是否达到属间差异的地步，似乎还有考虑的余地。回交鱼所表现的性状，既充分反映了结构与机能的统一，也反映出与遗传性的关系。     

人体胚胎发育概况与新进展(五)——先天性畸形的发生与预防

人体胚胎在发育过程中受某些不利因素的影响而导致胎儿外形或内部结构的异常,称为先天性畸形。先天性畸形的发生率,可因检查方法、受检婴幼儿的年龄、种族和地区等条件的差异而有很大出入,但国际上一般认为先天性畸形的发生率为2.7％。早期流产的胚胎,畸形率可达50％,围产期胚儿或婴儿死亡的约有20％属于先天性畸形。当前由于环境污染日趋严重,畸形率有上升趋势。研究致畸因子的类型和作用机制,以及如何预防畸形的发生,做到优生优育,已是现代医学主要问题之一,而我国对这个问题更应高度重视。     

水稻胚胎形成期间蛋白质和RNA合成活力的变化

用~3H-亮氨酸和~3H-尿苷标记不同发育时期的稻胚,发现蛋白质合成活力呈四阶段变化;各种RNA的合成与胚胎各发育阶段密切有关。α-鹅膏蕈碱(1.0μg/ml)对稻胚RNA合成的抑制作用在开花后7、15和18天较强,13天时很弱。在水稻胚胎形成期间,胚细胞蛋白质合成活力高峰先后出现于胚分化后期(开花后11天)和成熟中期(18天);mRNA的合成在分化初期(7天)和成熟中期(15～18天)较强;而rRNA和/或tRNA的合成高峰则出现在胚胎器官原基分化已经完成时(13天)。     

大叶杨的受精作用和胚胎发育

用细胞化学方法研究了大叶杨(Populus lasiocarpa Oliv.)的受精作用和胚胎发育。结果表明:柱头在授粉期有蛋白质和多糖性质的分泌物。花粉在授粉后6小时大量萌发。授粉后6天开始出现双受精作用。次生核受精完成较卵核受精完成为早,精卵融合为有丝分裂前型。受精作用消耗大量淀粉粒。核型胚乳于授粉后开始细胞化。胚乳主要成分为蛋白质,游离核形成后不出现淀粉粒。胚乳在胚的发育中被吸收。休眠期的合子经历液泡消失、合子皱缩、液泡再出现、合子伸长等极性化过程。胚胎发生类型为茄型。授粉后44天,胚相继发育成熟。成熟胚直立,具2枚相互包裹的子叶。根冠原中具类根冠柱结构。     

应用乙二醇冷冻小鼠胚胎：优化和简化程序的探索

提高解冻胚胎的发育能力和简化冷冻解冻程序是胚胎冷冻研究的两大永恒的主题。尽管乙二醇（EG）广泛用于家畜胚胎冷冻,但很少用于冷冻小鼠和人胚胎。为数很少的以EG慢冻小鼠或人胚胎的研究均采用较为复杂的人胚冷冻程序,未见简化程序和用EG冷冻小鼠桑椹胚的报道。采用简单的牛胚胎冷冻程序研究了发育时期、EG浓度、平衡方法、添加蔗糖以及解冻后脱除EG等对小鼠胚胎冻后发育能力的影响。结果显示：（1）致密晚期桑椹胚冻后体外培养囊胚发育率（81.92%±2.24%）和孵出率（68.56％±2.43%）显著（P＜0.05)高于4-细胞、8-细胞胚胎和致密早期桑椹胚胎;（2）1.8mol/L EG冷冻小鼠致密晚期桑椹胚的囊胚发育和孵出率显著高于其它浓度;（3）在EG中平衡10min的冻后囊胚发育显著好于平衡5、20或30min;（4）两步平衡冷冻胚胎的囊胚发育率和孵出率显著高于一步平衡;（5）用EG冷冻小鼠胚胎无需添加蔗糖;（6）解冻后可不脱除EG;（7）冻后发育的早期囊胚和囊胚细胞数明显少于体内发育胚胎。因此,用EG冷冻小鼠胚胎的最佳方案为：致密晚期桑椹胚用1.8mol/L EG不添加蔗糖、两步平衡15min、以简单的牛胚胎冷冻程序冷冻解冻、解冻后不脱除EG直接培养或移植。     

玉米杂种优势与杂交后胚中ATP酶活性和RNA酶活性及蛋白质含量的关系

通过对若干个玉米杂交及其亲本自交授粉后1天、3天、7天、10天胚中ATP酶活性、RNA酶活性及蛋白质变化的比较来探讨杂种优势产生的生化机理。结果表明,30个组合的玉米授粉后一天,有90%组合杂交胚中ATP酶活性超过双亲或母本自交胚中ATP酶活性。授粉后3天杂交胚中ATP酶活性多数低于双亲自交胚中的ATP酶活性,看来这一表现与自交授粉后胚中合子细胞分裂较迟缓有关。以上四个时期授粉后,杂交胚中RNA酶活性介于双亲之间或低于双亲,这可能与杂交胚中核酸分解的速度较慢有关。杂交胚中蛋白质含量变化不同时期各组合间表现不同,杂交后胚胎发育初期胚中蛋白质的变化不一定是总的数量的增加,而是某些蛋白质或酶的变化。     

湘华鲮(♂)×鲮鱼(♀)杂交一代与其双亲染色体组型的比较研究

三种鱼的二倍体数目完全相同,均为2n=50。三种鱼的核型差异较大,尤其是双亲间的组型在形态上有明显的差异。然而杂交一代的m、sm二组染色体的组型却十分接近母体,这二组的染色体数占了全部染色体总数的88%。杂交一代染色体组型中的st和t二组染色体虽与双亲有所不同,但与双亲中这二组染色体组型的差异来比要小一些。三种鱼的中期分裂相中,未曾发现带有随体的染色体,也未发现与性别有关的异型染色体的存在。       

基于Cytb和ITS1基因的两种不同体型湘华鲮遗传差异研究

研究采用Cytb和ITS1基因序列作为分子标记对平背型和高背型湘华鲮的遗传差异进行分析。研究结果表明,基于Cytb与ITS1基因序列,高背型和平背型湘华鲮在碱基组成上均表现出偏向性,且呈现出高单倍型多样性和低核苷酸多样性的特征。遗传距离分析和NJ系统树构建的结果表明,两种不同体型湘华鲮遗传分化程度低,未达到种群分化的水平。综上所述,高背型和平背型属于同一个种群。研究结果丰富了湘华鲮分子生物学数据,为湘华鲮种质资源保护及产业发展提供了理论依据。     

中国鲤科鱼类染色体组型的研究Ⅹ.鲃亚科五种鱼和(鱼句)亚科四种鱼的染色体组型

本文报道了鲤科鲃亚科5种鱼和(鱼句)亚科4种鱼的染色体组型考察结果,并对这两个亚科鱼类的染色体数日和臂数进行了统计分析,讨论了其染色体进化及系统关系等问题。     

湘华鲮的生物学研究

湘华鲮是湖南沅江中上游的一种主要经济鱼类。主要以硅藻为食。1+龄鱼的平均体长为22厘米,平均体重为273.7克;2+龄鱼的平均体长31.3厘米,平均体重704克;3+龄鱼的平均体长为39.2厘米,平均体重1479克。渔获物中的年龄组成,以2+、3+、4+龄为主,渔获物中最大年龄和最大体重为6+龄、3400克。江河生长的湘华鲮,雌性性成熟年龄多为3年,雄性提早成熟一年;达性成熟年龄的雌性以Ⅳ期卵巢越冬;达性成熟年龄的雄性精巢,在冬季发育至Ⅴ期;它的生殖季节为4月底至5月下旬。在江河中有自然产卵场;4—5龄的雌性湘华鲮,成熟卵巢系数为8—17.6%,卵径约2.0—2.2毫米,每克卵粒数为293—321。       

饲料蛋白水平对湘华鲮幼鱼生长性能、体成分及血清生化指标的影响

为研究饲料中不同蛋白水平对湘华鲮[Sinilabeo decorus Tungting (Nichols)]幼鱼形体指标、体成分及血清生化指标的影响,配制蛋白水平为32.57%、37.58%、42.76%、47.83%和52.22%的5种等脂饲料。选取初始质量为(14.40±1.08) g的湘华鲮幼鱼450尾,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾,进行为期60d的饲养实验。结果表明:(1)饲料不同蛋白水平对湘华鲮的成活率和饲料系数无显著影响(P>0.05);蛋白质效率随饲料蛋白水平的升高显著降低(P<0.05); 52.22%蛋白组的增重率和特定生长率均显著低于32.57%和42.76%蛋白组(P<0.05)。(2)随着饲料蛋白水平升高,湘华鲮肥满度呈降低趋势,且52.22%蛋白组显著低于其他组(P<0.05);肝体比呈先降后升的趋势,且37.58%蛋白组显著低于32.57%、47.83%和52.22%蛋白组(P<0.05);肠体比呈降低趋势,且52.22%蛋白组显著低于32.57%蛋白组(P<0.05)。(3)湘华鲮肌肉粗蛋白质含量随着饲料蛋...     

Induced Androgenesis in Fish: Obtaining Viable Nucleocytoplasmic Hybrids

A self-review of long-standing studies of induced androgenesis in fish. The data are provided on the induction of diploid androgenesis in teleost fish via blocking the first cleavage division and the development of the method of dispermic androgenesis in sturgeon fishes. Androgenetic nucleocytoplasmic hybrids were obtained using the method of dispermic androgenesis and eggs of previously produced true interspecific hybrids. Specific morphological features of androgenetic hybrids were described and dispermic androgenesis was realized using cryopreserved sperm. The mechanism of sex determination in sturgeon fishes is discussed with reference to possible use of androgenesis for restoration of rare and disappearing species.__________Translated from Ontogenez, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2005, pp. 254–264.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Grunina, Recoubratsky.     

Geophone detection of subterranean termite and ant activity

A geophone system was used to monitor activity of subterranean termites and ants in a desert environment with low vibration noise. Examples of geophone signals were recorded from a colony of Rhytidoponera taurus (Forel), a colony of Camponotus denticulatus Kirby, and a termite colony (undetermined Drepanotermes sp.) under attack by ants from a nearby C. denticulatus colony. The geophone recordings were compared with signals recorded from accelerometers in a citrus grove containing Solenopsis invicta Buren workers. Because of their small size, all of these insects produce relatively weak sounds. Several different types of insect-generated sounds were identified in the geophone recordings, including high-frequency ticks produced by R. taurus and C. denticulatus, and patterned bursts of head bangs produced by Drepanotermes. The S. invicta produced bursts of ticks with three different stridulation frequencies, possibly produced by three different-sized workers. Overall, both systems performed well in enabling identification of high-frequency or patterned pulses. The geophone was more sensitive than the accelerometer to low-frequency signals, but low-frequency insect sound pulses are more difficult to distinguish from background noises than high-frequency pulses. The low cost of multiple-geophone systems may facilitate development of future applications for wide-area subterranean insect monitoring in quiet environments.     

光倒刺鲃、中华倒刺鲃和倒刺鲃氨基酸成分和微量元素的测定

本文对光倒刺鲃,中华倒刺鲃和倒刺鲃18种氨基酸和8种微量元素进行了分析,结果表明:这三种鱼是营养价值很高、滋味很鲜美的鱼类。并且,根据结果氨基酸组成比例,可为该鱼的人工饲养等方面的研究提供理论依据。     

Tidal movements of shallow water fishes in Kuwait Bay

The intertidal migrations of shallow water fishes in Kuwait Bay were studied during two 24 h periods using an otter trawl. Most species wereconcentrated at a location corresponding to Low Low Water mark. At the other tidal levels some fishes migrated with the tide to High High Water mark through a horizontal distance of up to 2 km. Any effect of day and night on the catch was masked by the effect of tidal condition.
Leiognarhus decorus (de Vis) was typically concentrated at Low Water but a proportion of the population followed the rising tide toward the shore. There was a die1 effect whichmay have been due to fish moving to shallower water at night compared with the day. Length-frequency distribution changed slightly with tidal state so that larger fish were not captured at High Water during the day. Of the fishes captured at high tide, the largest individuals of L. decorus were captured at a depth of 2.0 m deep. Solea elongata Day did not migrate with tidal fluctuations and was captured in large numbers only at Low Water. Arius tenuispinis Day was captured in shoals at or around Low Water.     

Developmental Genetics of Fishes: Isozymic Analyses of Differential Gene Expression

SYNOPSIS. The fundamental evolutionary position of the fishesand the plasticity of their gene expression render them wellsuited for developmental genetic analyses. Isozymes, encodedin related loci, have proven to be effective probes of differentialgene expression in the fishes. The advanced bony fishes exhibita higher temporal and spatial specificity of isozyme locus expressionthan the primitive fishes. Some isozyme loci are limited intheir expression to specific developmental periods such as hatching.The more phylogenetically recently derived loci have a morerestricted tissue expression, and tend to be expressed laterin development than more ancient loci exhibiting a more generalizedtissue expression. More closely related isozyme loci tend tooverlap more in their cellular expressions than do more distantlyrelated loci. The role of gene and genome relatedness in regulatinggene expression also has been studied by the investigation ofpreferential allele expression in interspecific hybrids. Theschedules of gene expression are often perturbed in interspecificfish hybrids. A progressive increase in the severity of developmentalabnormalities, at the morphological and enzymatic levels, occursduring embryogenesis of hybrids formed from progressively moredistantly related species. In most instances of allelic repression,the paternal allele is preferentially inhibited but occasionallythe maternal allele is selectively repressed. A non-reciprocaldevelopmental success is often observed for hybrid embryos derivedfrom reciprocal crosses. These aberrant nucleocytoplasmic interactionshave been related to models of gene regulation and the evolutionarydivergence of gene regulatory mechanisms.