天然免疫和获得性免疫异常在阿尔茨海默病发生发展中的作用

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是最常见的神经退行性疾病,其典型病理特征包括脑中细胞外沉积的β淀粉样蛋白(amyloid-β, Aβ)和神经元内由高度磷酸化的tau蛋白组成的神经纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangles, NFTs)。虽然AD的发病机制还没有被完全阐明,但近来越来越多的证据提示,免疫系统失调与AD的发生发展密切相关。该综述总结了AD发病机制中与免疫相关的病理变化,重点关注了天然免疫和获得性免疫的相关机制及其相互作用,以期为AD的发病机制提供新的见解以及为未来AD的免疫相关研究提供新的方向。     

G蛋白偶联受体对脑内Aβ代谢与功能的调节

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种神经退行性疾病,β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloidβ,Aβ)沉积和tau蛋白过度磷酸化是其主要病理特征。对AD发病机制的深入研究有助于寻找治疗AD的特异性药物。作为最大的膜蛋白家族,G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptors,GPCRs)参与了AD的多个进程阶段。文章从GPCRs对Aβ合成的调节、Aβ毒性调节、Aβ降解、tau蛋白磷酸化,以及形成二聚体等方面阐述GPCRs参与AD发展的调控机制,有助于深入了解AD的发病机制,更好地研发以GPCRs为靶标的治疗AD的靶向性药物。     

NLRP3炎症小体在阿尔兹海默症中的作用及潜在治疗靶点

阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是常见的神经退行性疾病,严重影响患者的生存质量。目前尚无有效的针对性治疗措施。AD发病机制复杂,是环境、遗传和年龄影响因素共同作用的结果。大脑中β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid, Aβ)沉积、微管相关蛋白tau过度磷酸化形成的神经纤维缠结及神经元丢失是AD典型病理特征,大量研究证明,Aβ、tau蛋白聚集诱导核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体含pyrin结构域蛋白3(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3,NLRP3)炎症小体活化是AD炎性机制的核心环节,且以其和上下游分子为靶点的抑制剂和化合物治疗在细胞和动物模型中均发挥神经保护作用,改善空间记忆功能障碍,但临床疗效和安全性仍待研究。因此,抑制NLRP3炎症小体的活化可能是AD的潜在治疗靶点。本文以NLRP3炎症小体的活化机制和影响因素及与AD关系进行综述,并总结以NLRP3炎症小体为靶点的AD治疗药物,以期为AD等NLRP3炎症小体相关疾病提供新的治疗方向...     

SUMO在阿尔茨海默症及其运动干预调节中的作用

阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer's diseases, AD)是一种常见的神经退行性疾病,俗称老年性痴呆。脑内Aβ过度聚集、Tau蛋白过度磷酸化和神经元凋亡是AD的主要病理特征。小泛素样修饰蛋白(small ubiquitin-like modifier, SUMO)通过与底物蛋白结合参与蛋白质翻译后修饰,已被发现可通过以下方式参与AD的病理过程,主要有:(1) SUMO修饰BACE1,促进Aβ产生;(2) SUMO修饰Tau蛋白,促进其磷酸化并抑制其被泛素蛋白酶系统降解;(3) AD脑内SUMO化异常导致神经元过度凋亡。运动已被证实可改善AD病理特征,调节体内SUMO化水平,这提示运动缓解AD可能存在SUMO化机制。现通过综述SUMO与AD,以及运动对SUMO的影响,阐述SUMO介导的运动抗AD的可能机制。     

β-分泌酶抑制剂研究进展

阿尔兹海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种退行性的神经性疾病,其主要病理特征为β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid protein,Aβ)的异常聚集及tau蛋白的过度磷酸化。研究发现,β-分泌酶上调在Aβ沉积发生发展过程中具有重要作用。抑制β-分泌酶活性有可能减少淀粉样病变,从而延缓AD病理发生。现结合AD的发病机制对β-分泌酶的特点及β-分泌酶抑制剂的研究进展进行综述。     

长链非编码RNA在阿尔茨海默病中的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是常见的神经退行性疾病,也是最为常见的一类老年痴呆类型.AD主要的病理变化包括淀粉样蛋白(amyloid-β,Aβ)沉积、tau蛋白过度磷酸化、胆碱能神经元的缺失、神经炎症以及代谢障碍等.然而,有关AD具体的发病机制和分子谱尚不清楚,这给AD的诊断和治疗带来很...     

GSK-3β在阿尔茨海默症病理特征形成中的作用

糖原合成酶激酶3β(glycogen synthase kinase-3β,GSK-3β)是糖原合成酶激酶3的一种亚型。GSK-3β不仅参与淀粉样蛋白质前体(amyloid precursor protein,APP)代谢,还在tau蛋白过度磷酸化过程中发挥作用,GSK-3β表达及活性的异常会导致神经元细胞的凋亡。APP异常代谢和tau蛋白异常磷酸化是阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)发展的重要因素,因此GSK-3β可能与AD的病理变化密切相关,明确其在AD中的作用及其机制对AD的治疗有重要的意义。     

阿尔茨海默病发病机制与药物治疗研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是以认知衰退和行为障碍为特征的神经退行性疾病，多发于老年人。近年来，AD发病率和死亡率上升且趋年轻化。AD病因包括：淀粉样蛋白沉积、tau蛋白聚集、载脂蛋白异常、血管病变、重金属紊乱、氧化应激及遗传因素等。淀粉样蛋白斑块聚集和神经纤维缠结是AD主要病理标志。β淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β, Aβ)病理性累积被认为是AD发病主因之一。目前，AD仍缺乏有效疗法。本文综述AD发病机制和治疗策略相关进展，以期为AD研究与诊疗提供参考信息。     

针对tau蛋白PET 示踪剂研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种常见的中枢神经系统退行性疾病,脑内主要病理变化为神经元外由β-淀粉样蛋白(Amyloidβ,Aβ)沉积形成的老年斑(Senile Plaques,SP)和神经元内由异常过度磷酸化的微管相关tau蛋白构成的神经原纤维缠结(Neurofibrillary Tangles,NFTs),对这两种病理改变的特异性识别有助于AD早期发现与诊断。既往针对AD的PET示踪剂多数作用于Aβ,近年tau蛋白类PET示踪剂发展迅速,以[18F]THK-523、[18F]THK-5105和[18F]THK-5117为代表的tau蛋白靶向PET示踪剂在AD的诊断与治疗方面显示出巨大的发展潜力与应用前景。     

杏仁核注射Aβ 25-35后大鼠脑内细胞周期蛋白、tau蛋白和Bax蛋白的异常表达

近年来研究发现,阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)病人脑内神经元细胞周期相关蛋白的异常表达与AD相关病理改变存在关联。为探讨β-淀粉样蛋白(β—amyloid,Aβ)的毒性作用能否导致成年脑神经元表达细胞周期相关蛋白,以及细胞周期相关蛋白表达与神经损伤之间的关系,我们运用免疫组化、积分光密度分析等方法对Aβ25-35多肽片段单侧杏仁核注射的大鼠脑进行了研究。结果显示,Aβ25-35注射的大鼠脑内除了有与神经纤维缠结相关的磷酸化tau蛋白和凋亡相关蛋白Bax蛋白水平增加外,术后7d细胞周期相关蛋白cyclin A和cyclin B1蛋白在神经元内异常表达,但术后21d时cyclin A的表达有所降低,而cyclin B1在脑内神经元中已检测不到;免疫荧光双标结果显示Aβ25-35注射后7d的大鼠脑内有较多的cyclin B1和Bax、cyclin B1和磷酸化tau蛋白共存的神经元,而Bax与磷酸化tau蛋白阳性信号很少共存在同一细胞上。以上结果提示,Aβ可导致成年脑神经元表达细胞周期相关蛋白,这些神经元可能会通过与Bax相关的凋亡途径死亡,或首先导致与AD神经纤维缠结相关的tau蛋白磷酸化。     

Loss of Yme1L perturbates mitochondrial dynamics

Yme1L is an AAA protease that is embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane with its catalytic domain facing the mitochondrial inner-membrane space. However, how Yme1L regulates mammalian mitochondrial function is still obscure. We find that endogenous Yme1L locates at punctate structures of mitochondria, and that loss of Yme1L in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells results in mitochondrial fragmentation and leads to significant increased ‘kiss-and-run'' type of mitochondrial fusion; however, Yme1L knockdown (shYme1L (short hairpin-mediated RNA interference of Yme1L)) cells still remain normal mitochondrial fusion although shYme1L mitochondria have a little bit less fusion and fission rates, and the shYme1L-induced fragmentation is due to a little bit more mitochondrial fission than fusion in cells. Furthermore, shYme1L-induced mitochondrial fragmentation is independent on optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) S1 or S2 processing, and shYme1L results in the stabilization of OPA1 long form (L-OPA1); in addition, the exogenous expression of OPA1 or L-OPA1 facilitates the shYme1L-induced mitochondrial fragmentation, thus this fragmentation induced by shYme1L appears to be associated with L-OPA1''s stability. ShYme1L also causes a slight increase of mitochondrial dynamics proteins of 49 kDa and mitochondrial fission factor (Mff), which recruit mitochondrial key fission factor dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) into mitochondria in MEF cells, and loss of Drp1 or Mff inhibits the shYme1L-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. In addition, there is interaction between SLP-2 with Yme1L and shYme1L cells retain stress-induced mitochondrial hyperfusion. Taken together, our results clarify how Yme1L regulates mitochondrial morphology.     

Effects of increasing the number of players and memory size in the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma: a numerical approach

The Prisoner''s Dilemma has become a paradigm for the evolution of altruistic behaviour. Here we present results of numerical simulations of the infinitely iterated stochastic simultaneous Prisoner''s Dilemma considering players with longer memory, encounters of more than two players as well as different pay-off values. This provides us with a better foundation to compare theoretical results to experimental data. We show that the success of the strategy Pavlov, regardless of its simplicity, is far more general by having an outstanding role in the iterated N-player N-memory Prisoner''s Dilemma. Besides, we study influences of increased memory sizes in the iterated two-player Prisoner''s Dilemma, and present comparisons to results of experiments with first-year students.     

Hamilton's rule meets the Hamiltonian: kin selection on dynamic characters

Many biological characters of interest are temporal sequences of decisions. The evolution of such characters is often modelled using dynamic optimization methods such as the maximum principle. A quantity central to these analyses is the ''Hamiltonian'' function, named after the mathematician William R. Hamilton. On the other hand, evolutionary models in which individuals interact with relatives are usually based on Hamilton''s rule, named after the evolutionary biologist William D. Hamilton. In this article we present a generalized maximum principle that includes the effects of interactions among relatives and we show that a time-dependent (dynamic) version of Hamilton''s rule holds involving the Hamiltonian. This result brings together the power and generality of both the maximum principle and Hamilton''s rule thereby providing a natural framework for understanding the evolution of ''dynamic'' characters under kin selection.     

Morphological variations in a widely distributed Eastern Asian passerine cannot be consistently explained by ecogeographic rules

Ecogeographic rules that describe quantitative relationships between morphologies and climate might help us predict how morphometrics of animals was shaped by local temperature or humidity. Although the ecogeographic rules had been widely tested in animals of Europe and North America, they had not been fully validated for species in regions that are less studied. Here, we investigate the morphometric variation of a widely distributed East Asian passerine, the vinous‐throated parrotbill (Sinosuthora webbiana), to test whether its morphological variation conforms to the prediction of Bergmann''s rule, Allen''s rules, and Gloger''s rule. We at first described the climatic niche of S. webbiana from occurrence records (n = 7838) and specimen records (n = 290). The results of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) suggested that the plumage coloration of these parrotbills was darker in wetter/warmer environments following Gloger''s rule. However, their appendage size (culmen length, beak volume, tarsi length) was larger in colder environments, the opposite of the predictions of Allen''s rule. Similarly, their body size (wing length) was larger in warmer environments, the opposite of the predictions of Bergmann''s rule. Such disconformity to both Bergmann''s rule and Allen''s rule suggests that the evolution of morphological variations is likely governed by multiple selection forces rather than dominated by thermoregulation. Our results suggest that these ecogeographic rules should be validated prior to forecasting biological responses to climate change especially for species in less‐studied regions.     

巨噬细胞特异性启动子/抗菌肽PR39基因腺病毒载体的构建及其表达

旨在构建由巨噬细胞特异性启动子调控的抗菌肽PR39基因腺病毒表达载体,检测目的基因在小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7中的表达。PCR扩增巨噬细胞启动子/抗菌肽PR39成熟肽基因序列,插入腺病毒穿梭载体pAdTrack中,重组穿梭质粒(pAdTrack-SP/PR39)与腺病毒骨架(pAdEasy-1)共转化大肠杆菌BJ5183,通过细菌内同源重组产生重组腺病毒载体(pAd-SP/PR39)。pAd-SP/PR39经PacI线性化后转染293细胞,包装出重组腺病毒(Ad-SP/PR39)。Ad-SP/PR39感染小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,经RT-PCR和免疫细胞化学检测PR39的靶向表达特异性。成功构建了由巨噬细胞特异性启动子调控的抗菌肽PR39基因腺病毒表达载体。包装出的重组腺病毒仍然能感染小鼠巨噬细胞且高效表达抗菌肽PR39。构建的重组腺病毒能够在巨噬细胞中表达抗菌肽PR39基因,为靶向表达抗菌肽在胞内菌感染治疗中的应用奠定了基础。     

CMY-39型AmpC酶新基因亚型的序列分析与原核表达

目的对弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌所产CMY-39型AmpC酶新基因亚型进行基因克隆和重组表达。方法以产CMY-39型AmpC酶新基因亚型的弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌总基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增CMY-39,将其克隆入pGEM-T载体后测定该核苷酸序列,再将CMY-39基因克隆到pET-32 a（＋）系统进行重组,重组菌在大肠埃希菌BL21中表达,SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定酶蛋白的表达。结果 PCR扩增出大小为1 146 bp的基因片段,与GenBank上CMY-39的基因序列同源性为99%。大肠埃希菌BL21转化pET-32 a（＋）/CMY-39重组质粒后,AmpC酶三维试验为阳性。此基因能在大肠埃希菌中大量表达,SDS-PAGE电泳显示,蛋白分子质量大约为60 kD。结论此基因为CMY-39新基因亚型,登陆号为HM565135;成功表达重组的CMY-39型酶,为进一步做酶动力学及酶的其他分子生物学特性研究奠定了基础。     

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒VP39-GST融合蛋白的原核表达

用PCR的方法扩增得到斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒（Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus,SpltMNPV）vp39全长基因。将其克隆至原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1上,构建重组表达质粒pGEX-4T-vp39,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,在1 mmol/L异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导下超量表达了与理论预测值相符的一个约60 kD的VP39-GST融合蛋白。VP39-GST融合蛋白的成功表达为进一步研究VP39在病毒侵染过程中与宿主细胞成分或病毒粒子蛋白间的相互作用奠定了基础。     

PR-39,一种多功能的抗菌肽

PR－39（proline-arginine-rich)是哺乳动物体内的一种含有39个氨基酸残基的小分子抗菌肽,因其富含脯氨酸而得名。分子量小（4719．7）,结构稳定,具有广谱抗菌活性。近年来许多实验研究表明,PR－39在抗肿瘤,组织修复等方面同样具有生物学作用。     

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(SpltNPV)基因组EcoR I-G片段的序列分析

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(SpltNPV)基因组EcoR I-G片段全长7 450bp,包括7个开放读码框vp39、lef-4、cg30、p91、vp33、tlp20、AcMNPV ORF81同源基因和一个同源区(hr).基因组排列比较分析发现,这些基因在基因组中的排列,在所有已知序列的杆状病毒中都比较保守.     

城市小尺度生态基础设施的设计方法——以雄安新区启动区为例

高速的城市化进程带来一系列生态破坏和环境污染等可持续发展挑战,需要在城市规划阶段尽量规避这些风险。生态基础设施建设倡导生态系统修复和环境协同治理的理念,是新兴城市化背景下指导城市规划的一种有效手段。目前,国内外生态基础设施建设在宏观尺度研究比较系统,而在小尺度的研究相对欠缺。我国社区等小尺度生态基础设施建设,由于规模较小,缺乏网络化构建,导致了建设后雨水内涝、面源污染问题仍层出不穷。构建了一种城市小尺度生态基础设施的设计方法和技术流程,以雄安新区启动区为研究区开展生态基础设施设计：（1）基于实际调研与理论研究分析场地现状,综合考虑自然要素、物理感知、心理感知、生态过程等相关因素构建"廊道为骨,斑块为节"的生态基础设施体系;（2）辨识区域主要动物活动、迁徙以及保护植物多样性等功能生态斑块,构建串联全城提供多种功能的系统性廊道、增加城市内部生态系统服务的结构性廊道、将生态系统服务渗入城市肌理的局部功能性廊道;（3）从景感满意度和年径流总量控制率2个方面进行生态基础设施建设预期效果评估。研究结果有助于缓解雄安新区建设所面临生态环境问题,保障人居生活环境品质,并为今后城市建设工作提供参考。