植物叶片解剖结构的量化及其在C4植物高粱中的应用北大核心CSCD

测量切片内所有细胞或细胞器的总周长,并乘以切片厚度和校正因子是一种量化植物叶片解剖结构的常用方法。前人在使用该方法时因忽视了细胞大小、切片厚度等影响估算精确度的因素,从而导致计数样本偏少并产生较大误差。通过分析该方法误差产生的原因及其与精确度的关系,明确了该方法在实际应用中不同精确度所要求对应的切片数量。在此基础上,将该方法用于C4植物高粱(Sorghum bicolor)叶片结构的量化,提出叶肉细胞与维管束鞘细胞接触面积(CABM)等参数,发展并完善了植物叶片解剖结构的量化方法。     

C4荒漠植物猪毛菜与木本猪毛菜的叶片解剖结构及光合生理特征

为了比较C₄荒漠植物猪毛菜(Salsola collina)和木本猪毛菜(S. arbuscula)的抗旱结构和适应环境的光合作用特征, 在二者混生的群落中, 选择代表性植株, 采集叶片进行叶片解剖结构分析, 在自然条件下测定了二者叶片的气体交换参数。研究结果表明：猪毛菜叶片具表皮毛, 具有更发达的薄壁贮水组织;木本猪毛菜叶片具有更厚的角质层, 表皮下有1层下皮细胞, 其栅栏组织细胞较长, 排列更紧密。猪毛菜的净光合速率明显高于木本猪毛菜, 日平均值分别为21.5和15.7 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1。猪毛菜的蒸腾速率也明显高于木本猪毛菜, 日平均值分别为14.9和10.2 mmol·m^-2·s^-1。猪毛菜和木本猪毛菜的水分利用效率的日平均值分别为1.39和1.53 μmol CO₂·mmol^-1H₂O, 特别是在14:00时分别为1.61和2.30 μmol CO₂·mmol^-1H₂O, 木本猪毛菜高出猪毛菜约42%。猪毛菜的光补偿点低于木本猪毛菜, 而光饱和点和光量子效率较高, 具有更低的CO₂补偿点。这表明：二者的旱生结构不同, 木本猪毛菜具有更显著的荒漠植物特征;在适于二者混生的环境下, 猪毛菜比木本猪毛菜的光合能力更强, 而木本猪毛菜的水分利用效率更高。     

红树植物白骨壤叶片的解剖结构及其生态适应性

运用石蜡切片的方法对红树植物白骨壤的叶片进行解剖学的观察和研究。结果表明:白骨壤的叶为异面叶;上表皮为复表皮,有厚的角质膜及下皮层;下表皮上有大量的泌盐腺毛;栅栏组织多层,约占叶肉组织的2/3,海绵组织退化;机械组织和输导组织均很发达。反映了白骨壤叶片的结构与其生活的海生环境高度相适应。     

川西高原4种苹果属植物叶片解剖结构与其抗旱性分析

采用常规石蜡制片法和NaOCl法,对川西高原地区4种苹果属植物叶片的解剖结构特征进行了观察,并选取叶片厚度、上下表皮角质层厚度、上下表皮细胞厚度、栅栏组织厚度等14项抗旱性相关指标进行测定,运用方差分析、主成分分析和隶属函数法对4种苹果属植物的抗旱性进行了分析与综合评价。结果显示:(1)4种苹果属植物叶片上下表皮外均附有角质层,表皮细胞排列紧密,上表皮细胞明显大于下表皮细胞,其中变叶海棠的角质层厚度和表皮细胞厚度均较大;气孔均只分布在下表皮,其中花叶海棠的气孔密度最大,花叶海棠和湖北海棠的气孔长、宽最小;栅栏组织由2~3层排列紧密的栅栏细胞组成,海绵组织细胞排列疏松,细胞间隙大,其中山荆子的栅栏组织厚度、栅海比和叶片结构紧密度最大;主脉均为外韧维管束,其中湖北海棠维管束厚度最大,且皮层中有时出现含晶细胞。(2)所选14项指标中除下表皮角质层厚度外,其余13项指标在4个树种间差异显著,经主成分分析筛选出上表皮角质层厚度、下表皮细胞厚度、栅栏组织厚度等8项指标作为4种苹果属植物抗旱性综合评价的代表性指标。(3)隶属函数法分析结果表明,4种苹果属植物抗旱能力大小顺序为:变叶海棠山荆子花叶海棠湖北海棠。     

一种植物叶片的解剖结构显微测量新方法

通过传统的双重染色法用短花针茅(Stipa Breviflora)叶片制作石蜡切片,采用地理信息系统GIS技术中的ArcGIS图像处理软件对切片进行矢量化,并对切片结构数据进行统计。此方法操作灵活,测量精确,有效的解决了不规则面积测量和计算的问题,减少了人为误差,可单独保存和再次读取,因此在显微测量中提供了新的技术。     

植物C4光合途径的形成及其影响因素

本文介绍植物C4光合途径形成的发育、光照、CO2浓度、温度和湿度等因素的调节,以及C4途径建立的分子调控的研究进展。     

C4植物的光呼吸

自50年代 Decker 发现光呼吸后的一段时间里,有些学者认为 C_4植物是非光呼吸型的。70年代以后,越来越多的人证明 C_4植物是有光呼吸的。本文报道我们近年来对 C_4植物光呼吸测定的结果。     

植物叶片形态解剖结构对环境变化的响应与适应

叶片是植物进化过程中对环境变化比较敏感且可塑性较大的器官,环境变化常导致叶的长、宽及厚度,叶表面气孔、表皮细胞及附属物,叶肉栅栏组织、海绵组织、胞间隙、厚角组织和叶脉等形态解剖结构的响应与适应。本文综述了陆生植物叶片上述形态解剖结构对水分、温度、光照、CO2浓度和UV-B辐射等环境因子变化以及多因子复合作用的响应与适应,分析了该领域的研究特点及其存在的问题,指出了未来研究的重点和方向。     

栓皮栎叶片解剖结构种群变异及其对环境因子的适应

【目的】厘清天然广布树种栓皮栎叶片解剖结构的种群变异及其与环境因子的关系。【方法】以中国28个天然分布栓皮栎种群叶片为研究对象,用常规石蜡切片结合光学显微技术对栓皮栎叶片解剖性状进行研究,用巢式方差分析、Pearson相关性分析等方法对栓皮栎叶片解剖结构的种群变异与环境因子关系进行分析。【结果】(1)栓皮栎叶片解剖性状在28个种群间存在显著差异,平均变异系数为7.84%～15.16%,且同一叶片解剖性状在不同种群间的变异范围不同;(2)9个解剖性状在种群内及种群间均存在极显著差异,平均表型分化系数为37.44%,解剖性状变异主要来自种群内;(3)叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度与纬度呈显著正相关关系,年均气温及年降水量对上表皮厚度和栅栏组织厚度有显著影响。【结论】栓皮栎具有丰富的遗传多样性,为适应低温与干旱,栓皮栎叶片整体呈增厚趋势。研究结果为了解栓皮栎环境适应策略提供理论依据。     

陕北黄土高原优势植物叶片解剖结构的生态适应性

以陕北黄土高原地区7种优势植物为材料,比较了它们沟间地和沟谷地植株叶片解剖结构的差异,以揭示该地区优势植物对干旱强光照环境的生态适应性.结果表明:(1)7种植物各自具有抵抗黄土高原干旱强光照环境的特殊解剖结构:白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)叶上表皮具有发达的泡状细胞,叶内具有花环结构;长芒草(Stipa bungeana) 叶上表皮下陷形成气孔窝,表皮下具有2至多层的厚壁组织;猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)叶具有贮水组织、分泌组织和环栅型叶肉细胞;铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)叶肉全特化为栅栏组织;茭蒿(Artemisia giraldii)具有双栅型叶肉细胞和分泌结构;达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza daurica)叶具有发达的粘液细胞;杠柳(Periploca sepium)叶表皮具厚蜡质层.(2)与沟谷地植物叶片结构相比,干旱强光照的沟间地植物叶片厚度、叶上表皮角质层厚度、栅栏组织厚度、贮水组织厚度增加,上表皮细胞体积、韧皮部面积增大,而木质部面积、木质部面积/韧皮部面积缩小.(3)叶片变异系数可反映植物适应环境的潜在能力,7种植物综合变异系数由高到低依次为猪毛蒿、铁杆蒿、茭蒿、白羊草、达乌里胡枝子、长芒草、杠柳.潜在适应能力最强的猪毛蒿已成为陕北黄土高原地区植被生态恢复的先锋物种之一.     

Leaf anatomy and subgeneric affiliations of C3 and C4 species of Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in North America

The halophytic genus Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) includes species with the C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways. North American species of this genus were investigated to determine whether C3 and C4 leaf anatomy are consistent within the two sections of Suaeda, Chenopodina and Limbogermen, present on this continent. All species from section Chenopodina were found to possess C3 anatomy, whereas all species from section Limbogermen were found to be C4 species. Characteristics of leaf anatomy and chloroplast ultrastructure are similar to those reported from C3 and C4 species, respectively, from the Eastern Hemisphere. All species from section Limbogermen have the suaedoid type of leaf anatomy, characterized by differentiation of the mesophyll into palisade parenchyma and a chlorenchymatous sheath surrounding central water-storage tissue, as well as leaf carbon isotope ratios (_13C) of above -20. All species from section Chenopodina have austrobassioid leaf anatomy without a chlorenchymatous sheath and _13C values of below -20. According to our literature review, the photosynthetic pathway has now been reported for about half (44) of the Suaeda species worldwide. The C3 and C4 photosynthetic syndromes are with few exceptions distributed along sectional or subsectional lines. These findings throw new light on the infrageneric taxonomy of this genus.     

Recent developments in mesophyll conductance in C3, C4, and crassulacean acid metabolism plants

The conductance of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the substomatal cavities to the initial sites of CO₂ fixation (g_m) can significantly reduce the availability of CO₂ for photosynthesis. There have been many recent reviews on: (i) the importance of g_m for accurately modelling net rates of CO₂ assimilation, (ii) on how leaf biochemical and anatomical factors influence g_m, (iii) the technical limitation of estimating g_m, which cannot be directly measured, and (iv) how g_m responds to long‐ and short‐term changes in growth and measurement environmental conditions. Therefore, this review will highlight these previous publications but will attempt not to repeat what has already been published. We will instead initially focus on the recent developments on the two‐resistance model of g_m that describe the potential of photorespiratory and respiratory CO₂ released within the mitochondria to diffuse directly into both the chloroplast and the cytosol. Subsequently, we summarize recent developments in the three‐dimensional (3‐D) reaction‐diffusion models and 3‐D image analysis that are providing new insights into how the complex structure and organization of the leaf influences g_m. Finally, because most of the reviews and literature on g_m have traditionally focused on C₃ plants we review in the final sections some of the recent developments, current understanding and measurement techniques of g_m in C₄ and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants. These plants have both specialized leaf anatomy and either a spatially or temporally separated CO₂ concentrating mechanisms (C₄ and CAM, respectively) that influence how we interpret and estimate g_m compared with a C₃ plants.     

A Remarkable New Leaf Type With Unusual Photosynthetic Tissue in a Central Asiatic Genus of Chenopodiaceae

Abstract: From the hygrohalophyte Borszczowia aralocaspica Bunge (Chenopodiaceae), a new leaf type with 1-layered chlorenchyma is described as "borszczovoid" and compared with other leaf types in subfamily Salsoloideae. The chlorenchyma is suspected to represent a unique C₄ type. Evidence is cited from anatomical studies and documented by micrographs and Carbon isotope determinations (ä¹³C values). The 1-layered photosynthetic tissue combines all essential anatomical characters of a 2-layered chlorenchyma of regular C₄ plants and is in intimate contact with concentrically arranged peripheral bundles. The ä¹³C values are − 13.03 ‰ from young stems and − 13.78 ‰ from leaves. The results are discussed in the anatomical, physiological and taxonomic framework. In addition, from distantly-related Suaeda species of section Conosperma the conospermoid leaf type is re-described. It is characterized by typical palisade and Kranz layers and differs from the C₄ suaedoid type by an external water-storaging hypodermis and an arrangement of Kranz cells reminiscent of the atriplicoid type from subfamily Chenopodioideae. From eight other species of Chenopodiaceae ä¹³C values are given for the first time.     

Metabolite control of Sorghum C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase catalytic activity and phosphorylation state

Kinetic analyses were performed on the nonphosphorylated and in vitro phosphorylated forms of recombinant Sorghum C4 phospho enolpyruvate carboxylase (C4 PEPC). The native enzyme was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography and its integrity demonstrated by Western blot analyses using anti N- and C-terminus antibodies. At suboptimal pH (7.1 to 7.3) and PEP concentration (2.5 mM), phosphorylation, positive metabolite effectors e.g., glucose-6-phosphate, glycine and dihydroxyacetone-phosphate, or an increase in pH strongly activated the enzyme and lowered the inhibitory effect of L-malate. C4 PEPC phosphorylation strengthened the effect of the positive effectors thereby decreasing further the enzyme's sensitivity to this inhibitor. L-malate also decreased the phosphorylation rate of C4 PEPC, a process antagonized by positive metabolite effectors. This was shown both in vitro, in a reconstituted phosphorylation assay containing the catalytic subunit of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase or the Sorghum leaf PEPC-PK and in situ, during induction of C4 PEPC phosphorylation in mesophyll cell protoplasts.     

鳞皮鳞木Lepidodendron lepidophloides Yao叶座的解剖构造

描述了贵州水城矿区汪家寨组 (晚二叠世晚期 )煤核中一种脱落的具解剖构造的鳞木类叶座。这些叶座在大小和形态上与鳞皮鳞木 (LepidodendronlepidophloidesYao)很相似 ,很可能属于同一种植物的不同保存类型的叶座。将鳞皮鳞木与已知几个鳞木类植物叶座属 ,如鳞木属、鳞皮木属、封印木属和华夏木属进行了对比 ,认为鳞皮鳞木具有这几个属的混合特征 ,将其归入上述任何一属似乎都不太妥当。该类植物有可能代表了一个新属。由于茎的其他部分构造不明以及这些叶座与生殖构造的联系目前尚不清楚 ,因此 ,本文暂时采用鳞皮鳞木这一种名 ,其确切归属留待对其茎的其他部分的解剖构造以及与生殖器官之间的联系都清楚了以后再行决定。首次较详细地报道华夏植物区鳞木类植物叶座的解剖构造。     

鳞皮鳞木Lepidodendron lepidophloides Yao叶座的解剖构造

描述了贵州水城矿区汪家寨组(晚二叠世晚期)煤核中一种脱落的具解剖构造的鳞木类叶座.这些叶座在大小和形态上与鳞皮鳞木(Lepidodendron lepidophloides Yao)很相似,很可能属于同一种植物的不同保存类型的叶座.将鳞皮鳞木与已知几个鳞木类植物叶座属,如鳞木属、鳞皮木属、封印木属和华夏木属进行了对比,认为鳞皮鳞木具有这几个属的混合特征,将其归入上述任何一属似乎都不太妥当.该类植物有可能代表了一个新属.由于茎的其他部分构造不明以及这些叶座与生殖构造的联系目前尚不清楚,因此,本文暂时采用鳞皮鳞木这一种名,其确切归属留待对其茎的其他部分的解剖构造以及与生殖器官之间的联系都清楚了以后再行决定.首次较详细地报道华夏植物区鳞木类植物叶座的解剖构造.     

C4 anatomy can evolve via a single developmental change

C₄ photosynthesis is a complex trait that boosts productivity in warm environments. Paradoxically, it evolved independently in numerous plant lineages, despite requiring specialised leaf anatomy. The anatomical modifications underlying C₄ evolution have previously been evaluated through interspecific comparisons, which capture numerous changes besides those needed for C₄ functionality. Here, we quantify the anatomical changes accompanying the transition between non‐C₄ and C₄ phenotypes by sampling widely across the continuum of leaf anatomical traits in the grass Alloteropsis semialata. Within this species, the only trait that is shared among and specific to C₄ individuals is an increase in vein density, driven specifically by minor vein development that yields multiple secondary effects facilitating C₄ function. For species with the necessary anatomical preconditions, developmental proliferation of veins can therefore be sufficient to produce a functional C₄ leaf anatomy, creating an evolutionary entry point to complex C₄ syndromes that can become more specialised.     

C4 photosynthesis in Cyperus longus L., a species occurring in temperate climates

Abstract. Cyperus longus L. , which has a widespread but disjunct distribution throughout Europe and extends northwards into Britain, was found to be a C₄ species based upon its Kranz leaf anatomy, low CO₂ compensation point and the labelling of malate as an early product of ¹⁴CO₂ fixation. The photosynthetic characteristics of C. longus are similar to many other C₄ species with a high maximum rate of photosynthesis (> 1.5 mg CO₂ m ⁻² s ⁻¹) and a relatively high temperature optimum (30–35°C), but unlike many C₄ species the rate of photosynthesis does not decline rapidly below the optimum temperature and a substantial rate (0.6 mgCO₂ m⁻²s⁻¹)occursat 15°C. Leaf extension is very slow at 15°C and shows a curvilinear response to temperatures between 15 and 25°C. Leaves extend at a rate of almost 4 cm d⁻¹ at 25°C.