人心肌酸性铁蛋白的分离纯化及临床应用

人心肌匀浆经热变性,酸化,硫酸铵盐析,超离心、Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ＣＬ－４Ｂ柱层析和制备等电聚焦分离,得到酸性铁蛋白,经鉴定,所得酸性铁蛋白ｐＩ为５．０,Ｈ亚基分子量为２１ｋＤ,Ｌ亚基为１９ＫＤ,ＰＡＧＥ分析呈单一区带,制备了兔抗人酸性铁蛋白抗血清,用该抗血清建立的人酸性铁蛋白放射免疫分析可检测出８０％甲胎蛋白阴性肝癌病人。     

豌豆铁蛋白的纯化及其抗血清的制备

干豌豆种子粗提物经MgCl2 盐析、AcA2 2 凝胶过滤和DEAE 纤维素阴离子交换柱层析等方法进行纯化 ,以邻菲咯啉显色法检测铁蛋白 ,最后获得纯的铁蛋白 .纯化的铁蛋白在PAGE上显示一条带 ,SDS PAGE显示该蛋白仅含 2 8kD一条亚基 .纯化的豌豆铁蛋白免疫兔 7周后 ,琼脂糖双扩散法检测抗血清效价达 1∶32 .用分级盐析法纯化抗血清 ,纯化后的抗体用琼脂糖双扩散法对大豆铁蛋白粗提物有免疫交叉反应     

酸性同工铁蛋白、p53在大肠腺癌和大肠腺瘤组织中的表达及其意义的探讨

采用抗人胎盘酸性同工铁蛋白单克隆抗体、ｐ５３ 单克隆抗体和免疫组化方法,分别对３２ 例大肠腺癌、３０ 例大肠腺瘤和３０ 例非肿瘤性大肠粘膜组织进行检测。结果是酸性同工铁蛋白在５３．１％ 的大肠腺癌和１６．６７％ 的大肠腺瘤中为阳性表达, 二者阳性率比较存在显著性差异 （Ｐ＜ ０．０５）, 在非肿瘤性大肠粘膜组织中全部为阴性; ｐ５３ 在４３．８％ 的大肠腺癌和１３．３％ 的大肠腺瘤中为阳性表达; 在大肠腺癌组织中, 酸性同工铁蛋白与ｐ５３ 的表达符合率为７１．９％ （同为阳性者为３４．４％ , 同为阴性者为３７．５％ ）, 经统计学检验酸性同工铁蛋白的表达与ｐ５３ 的表达具有显著的相关性; 在３０ 例大肠腺瘤组织中, 酸性同工铁蛋白与ｐ５３ 同为阳性表达者３ 例, 该３ 例组织均可见非典型增生的病理变化。本研究结果表明大肠癌细胞内存在酸性铁蛋白抗原, 这些酸性铁蛋白若释放到血液中可能是造成患者血清铁蛋白水平升高的主要原因之一; 另外还提示对大肠腺瘤患者进行ｐ５３ 和酸性同工铁蛋白的检测可能作为判断其早期癌变的指标     

鸡Zong凝集素的分离纯化与性质研究

鸡Ｚｏｎｇ菌丝体浸取液依次经硫酸铵分级沉淀,ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ＣＬ－６Ｂ离子交换层析和Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－１００分子筛层析３个主要步骤纯化得到一种凝集素（ＴＡＬ）。纯化的ＴＡＬ在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳上显示一条蛋白质着色带。ＴＡＬ的分子量为８９．４ｋＤ,亚基分子量为３８ｋＤ和５１ｋＤ,提示ＴＡＬ分子由两个不同亚基组成。ＴＡＬ具有供血动物种属专一性,使Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠红细胞凝集所需ＴＡＬ最     

甘薯叶片蔗糖酶的分离纯化及其部分性质

纯化酶经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示单一蛋白带,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ显示一条蛋自带,其亚基分子量为３９．８ｋＤ。用ＳｅｐｈａｃｒｙｌＳ－２００凝胶过滤测得全酶的分子量为７９．４ｋＤ,该酶由两个相同亚基组成。其表观Ｋｍ为１２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｖｍａｘ为９９．５ｍｇ还原糖ｍｇ－１ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｈ－１。     

大豆11S球蛋白Gy5(A3B4)的基因克隆和序列分析

大豆11Ｓ球蛋白(Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｉｎ)是大豆种子的主要贮藏蛋白,分子量为360ｋＤ,由6对相同的蛋白亚基(每对亚基的分子量约60ｋＤ)构成。每对亚基又是由一个酸性Ａ肽(35～45ｋＤ)和一个碱性Ｂ肽(22ｋＤ)通过二硫键连接而成。Ａ肽和Ｂ肽源自同一个基因,即首先由一个大的ｍＲ?..     

推进早期胚胎发育正常调控过渡的输卵管细胞因子的初步研究

本研究对勉输卵管上皮细胞分泌蛋白的特征及功能能作了初步研究和分析。ＲＯＳｓ分子量介于１３５－４４ｋＤ,可分为３组,其中第２,３组为酸性糖蛋白。经糖苷酶消化,第３组ＲＯＰＳ显著地降解为分子量接近３０ｋＤ的蛋白。利用制备的抗总ＲＯＰｓ多抗以及针对不同分子量ＲＯＰ的抗血清,分别进行功能分析发现,Ａｒｏｐ－Ｔ和Ａｒｏｐ－Ⅰ能使受精卵发育完全阻断．     

流行性出血热循环免疫复合物组分分析

应用ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及免疫转印技术对流行性出血热患才血清中免疫合物组分进行了分析。流行性出血热循环免疫复合物经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分离,考马斯亮兰染色,显色主要有７条带,分子量分别为２３ｋＤ,５０ｋＤ,５２ｋＤ,６５ｋＤ,７２ｋＤ,８０ｋＤ及１００ｋＤ。采用该病毒特异性抗血清、单克隆抗体以及人免疫球蛋白、补体成分抗血清识别,在其特环免疫复合物中可检出特异性病毒抗在及相应的免疫球状蛋白和补体成     

人早期胎盘绒毛纤维连接蛋白的分离纯化及鉴定

人妊娠５－８周的胎盘绒毛经匀浆后,用２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ｕｒｅａ－ＰＢＳ提取,通过Ｈｅｐａｒｉｎ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ４Ｂ亲和柱层析,再经Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ＣＬ－６Ｂ凝胶过滤层析,得到人早期胎盘纤维连接蛋白（ｅａｒｌｙ ｐｌａｃｅｎｔａ ｆｉｂ－ｂｒｏｎｅｃｔｉｎ,ｅｐＦＮ）。经还原及非还原ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和免疫印迹电泳分析,ｅｐＦＮ分子量约５００ｋＤ,是由两个２５０ｋＤ亚基组成,与人足月胎盘纤维连接     

甘薯叶片蔗糖酶的分离纯化及其部分性质

纯化酶经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示单一蛋白带,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ显示一条蛋白带,其亚基分子量为３９．８ｋＤ。用Ｓｅｐｈａｃｒｙｌ Ｓ－２００凝胶过滤测得全酶的分子量为７９．４ｋＤ,该酶由两个相同亚基组成。其表观Ｋｍ为１２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｖｍａｘ为９９．５ｍｇ还原糖ｍｇ＾－１ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ ｈ＾－１。     

A novel fusion protein of IP10-scFv retains antibody specificity and chemokine function

We combined the specificity of tumor-specific antibody with the chemokine function of interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 (IP-10) to recruit immune effector cells in the vicinity of tumor cells. A novel fusion protein of IP10-scFv was constructed by fusing mouse IP-10 to V(H) region of single-chain Fv fragment (scFv) against acidic isoferritin (AIF), and expressed in NS0 murine myeloma cells. The IP10-scFv fusion protein was shown to maintain the specificity of the antiAIF scFv with similar affinity constant, and bind to the human hepatocarcinoma SMMC 7721 cells secreting AIF as well as the activated mouse T lymphocytes expressing CXCR3 receptor. Furthermore, the IP10-scFv protein either in solution or bound on the surface of SMMC 7721 cells induced significant chemotaxis of mouse T cells in vitro. The results indicate that the IP10-scFv fusion protein possesses both bioactivities of the tumor-specific antibody and IP-10 chemokine, suggesting its possibility to induce an enhanced immune response against the residual tumor cells in vivo.     

Combination of all-<Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis> retinoic acid and taxol regressed glioblastoma T98G xenografts in nude mice

Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and highly malignant brain tumor that continues to defy current treatment strategies. This investigation used all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and taxol (TXL) as a combination therapy for controlling the growth of human glioblastoma T98G xenografted in athymic nude mice. Histopathological examination revealed that ATRA induced differentiation and combination of ATRA and TXL caused more apoptosis than either treatment alone. Combination therapy decreased expression of telomerase, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκВ), and inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins (IAPs) indicating suppression of survival factors while upregulated Smac/Diablo. Combination therapy also changed expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins leading to increased Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and activation of caspase-9. Increased activities of calpain and caspase-3 degraded 270 kD α-spectrin at the specific sites to generate 145 kD spectrin breakdown product (SBDP) and 120 kD SBDP, respectively. Further, increased activity of caspase-3 cleaved inhibitor-of-caspase-activated DNase (ICAD). In situ double immunofluorescent labelings showed overexpression of calpain, caspase-12, caspase-3, and AIF during apoptosis, suggesting involvement of both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways for apoptosis. Our investigation revealed that treatment of glioblastoma T98G xenografts with the combination of ATRA and TXL induced differentiation and multiple molecular mechanisms for apoptosis.     

Dissociating the dual roles of apoptosis-inducing factor in maintaining mitochondrial structure and apoptosis

The mitochondrial protein apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) translocates to the nucleus and induces apoptosis. Recent studies, however, have indicated the importance of AIF for survival in mitochondria. In the absence of a means to dissociate these two functions, the precise roles of AIF remain unclear. Here, we dissociate these dual roles using mitochondrially anchored AIF that cannot be released during apoptosis. Forebrain-specific AIF null (tel. AifDelta) mice have defective cortical development and reduced neuronal survival due to defects in mitochondrial respiration. Mitochondria in AIF deficient neurons are fragmented with aberrant cristae, indicating a novel role of AIF in controlling mitochondrial structure. While tel. AifDelta Apaf1(-/-) neurons remain sensitive to DNA damage, mitochondrially anchored AIF expression in these cells significantly enhanced survival. AIF mutants that cannot translocate into nucleus failed to induce cell death. These results indicate that the proapoptotic role of AIF can be uncoupled from its physiological function. Cell death induced by AIF is through its proapoptotic activity once it is translocated to the nucleus, not due to the loss of AIF from the mitochondria.     

Apoptosis-inducing factor: vital and lethal

Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a NADH oxidase with a local redox function that is essential for optimal oxidative phosphorylation and for an efficient anti-oxidant defense. The absence of AIF can cause neurodegeneration, skeleton muscle atrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy. In many models of apoptosis, AIF translocates to the nucleus, where it induces chromatin condensation and DNA degradation. The nuclear localization of AIF can be inhibited by blocking upstream signals of apoptosis. The contribution of AIF to cell death depends on the cell type and apoptotic insult and is only seen when caspases are inhibited or not activated. It is unknown to what extent and through which mechanisms AIF contributes to the induction of cell death. Here, we discuss recent progress in the quest to understand the contribution of AIF to life and death.     

Dominant cell death induction by extramitochondrially targeted apoptosis-inducing factor.

The complete AIF cDNA comprising the amino-terminal mitochondrial localization sequence (MLS) and the oxidoreductase domain has been fused in its carboxyl terminus to enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP), thereby engineering an AIF-GFP fusion protein that is selectively targeted to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Upon induction of apoptosis, the AIF-GFP protein translocates together with cytochrome c (Cyt-c) to the extramitochondrial compartment. Microinjection of recombinant AIF leads to the release of AIF-GFP and Cyt-c-GFP, indicating that ectopic AIF can favor permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane. These mitochondrial effects of AIF are caspase independent, whereas the Cyt-c-microinjection induced translocation of AIF-GFP and Cyt-c-GFP is suppressed by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk. Upon prolonged culture, transfection-enforced overexpression of AIF results in spontaneous translocation of AIF-GFP from mitochondria, nuclear chromatin condensation, and cell death. These effects are caspase independent and do not rely on the oxidoreductase function of AIF. Spontaneous AIF-GFP translocation and subsequent nuclear apoptosis can be retarded by overexpression of a Bcl-2 protein selectively targeted to mitochondria, but not by a Bcl-2 protein targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. Overexpression of a mutant AIF protein in which the MLS has been deleted (AIF Delta 1-100) results in the primary cytosolic accumulation of AIF. AIF Delta 1-100-induced cell death is suppressed by neither Z-VAD.fmk or by Bcl-2. Thus, extramitochondrially targeted AIF is a dominant cell death inducer.     

AIF 的生物特性与功能

凋亡诱导因子(AIF)是一种具有氧化还原酶活性的黄素蛋白,在参与线粒体组成和能量代谢方面发挥重要作用。此外,AIF是一种不依赖caspase的凋亡因子,在凋亡刺激影响下,AIF经蛋白酶水解形成57 kD的成熟AIF,释放到胞质中,通过自身的NLS及CypA的辅助作用转位入核,引起染色质凝集和DNA的大片段化,导致细胞凋亡。AIF的这种双功能性是由其结构决定的,特有的插入序列构像的改变可影响其诱导细胞凋亡的活性。本文主要对AIF的结构及其功能作用进行综述。     

AIF Downregulation and Its Interaction with STK3 in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) plays a crucial role in caspase-independent programmed cell death by triggering chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. Therefore, it might be involved in cell homeostasis and tumor development. In this study, we report significant AIF downregulation in the majority of renal cell carcinomas (RCC). In a group of RCC specimens, 84% (43 out of 51) had AIF downregulation by immunohistochemistry stain. Additional 10 kidney tumors, including an oxyphilic adenoma, also had significant AIF downregulation by Northern blot analysis. The mechanisms of the AIF downregulation included both AIF deletion and its promoter methylation. Forced expression of AIF in RCC cell lines induced massive apoptosis. Further analysis revealed that AIF interacted with STK3, a known regulator of apoptosis, and enhanced its phosphorylation at Thr180. These results suggest that AIF downregulation is a common event in kidney tumor development. AIF loss may lead to decreased STK3 activity, defective apoptosis and malignant transformation.     

Expression of apoptosis-inducing factor during early neural differentiation in the chick embryo

The distribution of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) immunoreactivity has been studied in the developing somites and nervous system of the chick embryo at embryonic day 4. AIF was found to be expressed primarily in the cytoplasm of cells of the ventral motor roots, at the points of their insertion into the neural tube. Co-localization of mitochondrial AIF immunoreactivity with the epitopes recognized by the monoclonal antibodies HNK-1 and 1E8 suggests that the AIF may be present in Schwann cell precursors as well as in nerve fibres. AIF immunoreactivity was not observed in either cell bodies in the neural tube, or in the somitic tissue surrounding the ventral roots. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that AIF may be involved in neuronal cell death during development, and that target-derived neuronal survival factors may act by controlling AIF activity.     

An increase in intracellular Ca2+ is required for the activation of mitochondrial calpain to release AIF during cell death

Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), a flavoprotein with NADH oxidase activity anchored to the mitochondrial inner membrane, is known to be involved in complex I maintenance. During apoptosis, AIF can be released from mitochondria and translocate to the nucleus, where it participates in chromatin condensation and large-scale DNA fragmentation. The mechanism of AIF release is not fully understood. Here, we show that a prolonged ( approximately 10 min) increase in intracellular Ca(2+) level is a prerequisite step for AIF processing and release during cell death. In contrast, a transient ATP-induced Ca(2+) increase, followed by rapid normalization of the Ca(2+) level, was not sufficient to trigger the proteolysis of AIF. Hence, import of extracellular Ca(2+) into staurosporine-treated cells caused the activation of a calpain, located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. The activated calpain, in turn, cleaved membrane-bound AIF, and the soluble fragment was released from the mitochondria upon outer membrane permeabilization through Bax/Bak-mediated pores or by the induction of Ca(2+)-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition. Inhibition of calpain, or chelation of Ca(2+), but not the suppression of caspase activity, prevented processing and release of AIF. Combined, these results provide novel insights into the mechanism of AIF release during cell death.     

Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF): a novel caspase-independent death effector released from mitochondria

Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a phylogenetically ancient mitochondrial intermembrane flavoprotein endowed with the unique capacity to induce caspase-independent peripheral chromatin condensation and large-scale DNA fragmentation when added to purified nuclei. In addition to its apoptogenic activity on nuclei, AIF can also participate in the regulation of apoptotic mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and exhibits an NADH oxidase activity. Under normal circumstances, AIF is secluded behind the outer mitochondrial membrane. However, upon apoptosis induction AIF translocates to the cytosol and the nucleus. Injection of anti-AIF antibodies or knockout of the AIF gene have demonstrated that AIF may be required for cell death occurring in response to some stimuli. In particular, inactivation of AIF renders embryonic stem cells resistant to cell death following growth factor withdrawal. Moreover, AIF is essential for programmed cell death during cavitation of embryoid bodies, the very first wave of (caspase-independent) cell death indispensable for mouse morphogenesis. We have recently found that AIF is neutralized by heat-shock protein (HSP) 70, in a reaction that appears to be independent of ATP or the ATP-binding domain (ABD) of HSP70 and thus differs from the previously described Apaf-1/HSP70 interaction (which requires ATP and the HSP70 ABD). Intriguingly, HSP70 lacking ABD (HSP70 Delta ABD) inhibits apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal, staurosporin, and menadione, three models of apoptosis which are also affected by micro-injection of anti-AIF antibody or genetic ablation of AIF. Altogether, these data suggest that AIF plays a role in the regulation of caspase-independent cell death.