北京农业大学成立昆虫标本工厂

在农业大跃进中,北京农业大学植物保护系,为了配合各地农业学校及科学普及工作的需要,最近已经成立了一个昆虫标本工厂,并已开始生产及供应。产品包括:(1)我国北部主要农作物害虫生活史标本20余种;(2)昆虫纲分类标本,每套20余目,180多科,约200种代表性昆虫,分装10盒;(3)昆虫卵、     

农业措施在害虫种群无公害控制中的作用

作物抗性品种、布局、耕作制度以及栽培管理等农业措施可以有效地调节害虫的种群数量,合理和综合运用这些措施,可以实现害虫生态调控的目的,从而为农作物的无公害生产提供新的植保技术。本文从农业措施在害虫控制中的直接作用、对天敌昆虫的影响等方面进行了综述,同时对利用农业措施控制害虫的几个问题进行了探讨,以期为合理利用和正确评价农业措施控制害虫提供参考。     

四川重要经济瘿蚊名录

双翅目瘿以科是长角亚目昆虫中唯一在农业、园艺和森林等方面具有重要经济意义的一个科。全世界已知4490余种,目前我国已定名的有60余种。其中有很多植食性种类和捕食性种类是重要的作物害虫和生物防治利用的有效灭敌资源“－“。本文首次对四川省庵蚊害、益虫进行了较系统的研究,共发现具有经济意义的害虫ZI种,益虫2种。其中农作物害虫4种,果树害虫5种,园林害虫6种,其它经济作物害、益虫8种。现将其学名、省内分布范围、寄主和为害等,以及种类检索表介绍如下。亚农作物害虫麦黄吸浆虫分布：四川（北陪、南部县人寄生：小麦、大麦、…     

气流控制农业害虫的发展与利用

气流控制技术工作原理是利用流动的空气消灭农作物上的害虫。利用气流控制技术原理制造产生流动的空气清除、杀死和收集农作物上害虫的机械装置称捕虫机或称吸虫机。应用捕虫机防治马铃薯、甘薯、茄子、香葱、草莓、茶树等农作物上的害虫方法,具有不污染环境、无残留、对人体健康无伤害、对土壤微生物影响较小等优点。本文从气流控制农业害虫的基本原理、发展和利用、局限性以及展望四个方面出发,阐述了国内外昆虫学者利用气流控制农业害虫研究的进展,目的是为我国研发和利用其技术防治农业害虫提供参考。     

我国农作物害虫测报技术规范制定与应用

截止到2012年底,全国农业技术推广服务中心共制定了24个害虫测报技术的国家标准和农业行业标准,涉及水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、果树、蔬菜等多种主要农作物。同时,一些省级植保部门根据各自的工作要求和业务特长,补充制定了部分害虫的地方性测报技术规范及国家标准。迄今,已对15大类107种(类)害虫制定了测报技术规范,为基层技术人员的害虫监测和预报业务提供了技术方法,促进了测报工作的有效开展。     

控制害虫的新设想——不育基因的生物工程

害虫防治的重要性和艰巨性害虫给农作物和人类健康所造成的危害是巨大的。在长期生产实践中,人们已经发展了各种方法来控制害虫,其中包括农业防治、化学药剂防治、生物防治(应用微生物杀虫剂和天敌昆虫)、物理防治和遗传防治等防治和技术。但是这些方法的使用都有一定的局限性和副作用,有的甚至造成了严重后果。例如作为目前生产中占主导地位的化学药剂防治,已给人类带来了很大麻烦,害虫对化学农药产生抗性,导致农药的     

寄生蜂调控半翅目害虫粉虱和蚜虫生理机制的研究进展

半翅目粉虱和蚜虫是农业上两类最重要的害虫之一,可为害多种农作物、蔬菜、经济作物等,并在全球范围内对农业生产造成严重的经济损失。寄生蜂作为一类种类繁多、寄生率高且对环境无威胁的天敌昆虫,在以生物防治为主的粉虱、蚜虫的绿色防控中发挥了极为重要的控害作用。近年来,随着对寄生蜂研究的不断深入,人们更加迫切了解寄生蜂对寄主的作用机制。目前,对以果蝇为代表的模式物种以及鳞翅目昆虫及其寄生蜂的研究较为完善,而对其他目害虫寄生蜂的调控机制认识较少。文章以半翅目害虫粉虱、蚜虫和其寄生蜂为研究对象,从免疫系统、生长发育以及能量代谢3个方面对寄生蜂调控寄主的生理机制进行了综述,以期为半翅目害虫的寄生蜂研究提供一定的建议和参考。     

海南南部夜间空中昆虫群落结构研究

海南南部是中国农作物冬季南繁育种的重要基地。为了明确南繁基地空中昆虫群落结构,利用探照灯诱虫器于2017年-2018年监测了空中飞行的昆虫种类和动态。共计发现396种昆虫,隶属于13目88科307属,其中包括粘虫、棉铃虫、稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶野螟等重大迁飞性害虫以及黑肩绿盲蝽、异色瓢虫等迁飞性天敌昆虫。鳞翅目(206种,52.02%),半翅目(85种,21.46%)和鞘翅目(57种,14.39%)是该地区的三大优势目。本研究明确了我国重要的农作物南繁基地夜间空中昆虫群落的结构,为指导作物害虫测报和防控工作提供了依据。     

会议简讯

为了普及和提高应用赤眼蜂防治农作物害虫的科学技术水平,促进农业生产发展,最近农林部委托吉林省农业科学院,在柳河县举办了由十九个省、市、自治区生物防治人员参加的全国赤眼蜂应用技术训练班。 赤眼蜂是寄生性的天敌昆虫,能寄生于多种害虫的卵,有效地控制玉米螟、松毛虫等多种害虫,并且可以不用或少用农药,有利于保护天敌昆虫。目前,利用赤眼蜂防治害虫的生物防治工作正在全国迅速发展,不少地区已经取得显著效果,积累了繁蜂、放蜂的技术经验和组织经验。 柳河县委十分重视研究和利用赤眼蜂防治害虫的工作。这个县的生物防治实验站在吉林省农业科学院的协助下,从1972年以来,坚持开展利用赤眼蜂防治玉米螟的科学实验活动,取得了一些重要成果。现在,这个生物防治实验站繁殖赤眼蜂,从贮存、加工寄主、     

江苏省农业害虫的演变和害虫的生态防治

一、江苏省农业害虫的类型据估计,我国每种作物的害虫种类在100—300种。在这些害虫中有80%以上由于与自然天敌间处于相互制约和保持相对稳定的低密度状态,始终不超过经济允许水平。所以江苏省稻、麦、棉、杂粮等主要农作物上的重要害虫仅数十种。这些农业害虫,由于生态因素的差异,表现了在年度间、地区间,其发生数量和为害程度上有很大差别。现将江苏省近年来主要农业害虫归纳于表1。     

Many unreported crop pests and pathogens are probably already present

Invasive species threaten global biodiversity, food security and ecosystem function. Such incursions present challenges to agriculture where invasive species cause significant crop damage and require major economic investment to control production losses. Pest risk analysis (PRA) is key to prioritize agricultural biosecurity efforts, but is hampered by incomplete knowledge of current crop pest and pathogen distributions. Here, we develop predictive models of current pest distributions and test these models using new observations at subnational resolution. We apply generalized linear models (GLM) to estimate presence probabilities for 1,739 crop pests in the CABI pest distribution database. We test model predictions for 100 unobserved pest occurrences in the People's Republic of China (PRC), against observations of these pests abstracted from the Chinese literature. This resource has hitherto been omitted from databases on global pest distributions. Finally, we predict occurrences of all unobserved pests globally. Presence probability increases with host presence, presence in neighbouring regions, per capita GDP and global prevalence. Presence probability decreases with mean distance from coast and known host number per pest. The models are good predictors of pest presence in provinces of the PRC, with area under the ROC curve (AUC) values of 0.75–0.76. Large numbers of currently unobserved, but probably present pests (defined here as unreported pests with a predicted presence probability >0.75), are predicted in China, India, southern Brazil and some countries of the former USSR. We show that GLMs can predict presences of pseudoabsent pests at subnational resolution. The Chinese literature has been largely inaccessible to Western academia but contains important information that can support PRA. Prior studies have often assumed that unreported pests in a global distribution database represent a true absence. Our analysis provides a method for quantifying pseudoabsences to enable improved PRA and species distribution modelling.     

浅析我国农作物病虫草鼠害成灾特点与减灾对策

农作物病虫草鼠害是我国农业生产的重要生物灾害,是制约高产、优质、高效益农业持续发展的主导因素之一。本文回顾了农业生物灾害综合防治技术在已往农业生产中的减灾作用。针对农作物病虫草鼠发生危害此起彼伏,关键防治技术落后,预警能力差,应用基础研究薄弱等现状,分析了我国生物灾害减灾研究面临的新挑战。从加强投资力度,开展重大病虫害灾变规律、中长期预测预报及综合防治关键技术研究,重视高新技术应用研究等角度指出了持续控制生物灾害的对策与途径。     

农作物遗传多样性农家保护的现状及前景

农作物地方品种的有效保护是农业生物多样性的可持续利用的基础。由于现代农业的集约化生产方式使大量农作物地方品种被少数高产改良品种所取代,造成农作物基因库的严重“基因流失”（genetic erosion)。农家保护是在农业生态系统中进行的动态保护,被保护的生物多亲性可在其生境中继续进化而产生新的遗传变异,在而是农业生物多样性就地保护的重要途径。然而,尽管人们对作物品种资源农家保护的兴趣不断增长,也有大量有关农家的保护的研究和案例分析,但目前为止还没有比较成功的农家保护实例报道。因此,对农家保护的机制及科学问题进行深入的研究,并寻求一条新的途径来充分发挥农家保护应有的作用,显得格外重要。利用生物多样性布局的水稻混合间栽的生产模式,不仅解决了病害控制的问题,而且也保护了水稻地方品种的多样性。这种混合间栽的生物多样性布局和生产方式可能成为农保护的一条新途径。     

我国农业害虫综合防治研究现状与展望

害虫综合防治作为农业生产的一项重要策略,在农业可持续发展中具有举足轻重的作用。近年来,针对我国害虫防治所存在的技术需求,科技部等部门先后通过973计划、863计划、科技支撑计划和农业行业专项等对重要害虫防治研究立项支持。通过这些项目的实施,我国建成了一支由国家和省级科研单位和大学组成的专业科研队伍和研究平台,对害虫监测预警技术、基于生物多样性保护利用的生态调控技术、害虫生物防治技术、化学防治技术、抗虫转基因作物利用技术等方面的研究取得了一系列的重要进展,研究建立了棉花、水稻、玉米、小麦和蔬菜等作物重要害虫的综合防治技术体系,并在农业生产中发挥了重要作用。以基因工程和信息技术为代表的第二次农业技术革命的到来,推动了害虫综合防治的理论发展,为害虫综合防治技术的广泛应用提供了新的机遇。地理信息系统、全球定位系统等信息技术和计算机网络技术的应用,提高了对害虫种群监测和预警的能力和水平,转基因抗虫作物的商业化种植等技术的应用显著增强了对害虫种群的区域性调控效率。针对产业结构调整和全球气候变化所带来的害虫新问题,进一步发展IPM新理论与新技术将成为我国农业昆虫学研究的重要方向之一。     

Insect pest management in African agriculture: Challenges in the current millenium

Pest management on a global scale experienced a total revolution after World War II when synthetic organic compounds were in agriculture and public health. However, it soon became apparent that there were many limitations in the use of chemicals for pest management. In agriculture, problems of pest resurgence, secondary pest outbreaks, pest resistance and adverse effects of pesticides on the environment, including human poisoning and toxicity to other non-target organisms, led to the search for alternative approaches to the pest outbreak problem. The 1960s produced new ideas on integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, followed by intensification of the search for biological control agents, which could be incorporated into IPM programmes. New application technologies were developed in the 1970s and 1980s and ecological approaches to the pest problem were spearheaded in the developed world in the 1990s, with extensive studies focused on the whole ecosystem. Important advances in crop production have also taken place in Africa in this century, involving adoption of high yielding varieties, fertilizer application, intensification of crop protection approaches, less shifting cultivation and more mono-cropping systems. However, these advances have led to increasing pest problems which unless tackled imaginatively and intelligently, they could become the most important constraint in crop production in the present millennium. Africa has entered the current millennium with relatively underdeveloped agriculture on a global scale and little investment in research on new pest management technologies that could be used to reduce crop losses. We are still highly dependent on pesticides for pest management. Therefore, the greatest challenges in agriculture in Africa will be the switch from a pesticide based mode of reducing losses due to pests to one that is ecosystem based, making use of insect management techniques which are ecologically and economically sound. Specifically, some of the major challenges in pest management in agriculture in Africa include; (i) reducing the dependence on pesticides, thus avoiding the limitations observed in the past 50 years; (ii) overcoming ignorance of the pest species and their associated community of parasites and predators which has dire consequences on the whole ecosystem; (iii) keeping out exotic pests, which in this millennium have had a devastating blow on the production of some crops and (iv) developing indigenous technologies for pest management (IPM, biocontrol, etc.) and making available to farmers materials for pest management which are affordable, safe, effective and environmentally friendly (e.g. microbial, botanicals, pheromones, genetically engineered products etc.). Both legislative and quarantine measures will have a significant role to play in pest management in the next millennium, but only when practised on a wider geographical area. Information technology (IT) will affect the way we acquire and make use of pest management strategies. Africa is therefore faced with the challenge of building up and improving its infrastructure and expertise on IT if it is to benefit pest management on the continent.     

干旱指标研究进展

干旱作为全球最为常见的自然灾害之一,已经对我国的农业生产造成了严重影响。为更好地预测影响作物的干旱并及时采取应对措施,综述了国内外广泛应用的各类干旱指标,包括气象指标、土壤墒情指标、作物生理生态指标及其它综合监测指标等,评述了各类干旱指标的优缺点以及在农业上的适用性,探讨了未来以作物干旱为核心的干旱指标研究拟重视的方面,以为减缓和预防干旱对农业的不良影响及制订科学的政策提供依据。     

Managing the pepper maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) using perimeter trap cropping

A perimeter trap crop barrier of hot cherry peppers, border-row insecticide applications, and a combination of the two management strategies were evaluated to see if they could protect a centrally located main crop of bell peppers from oviposition and infestation by the pepper maggot, Zonosemata electa (Say). In large plots, the main cash crop of bell peppers was protected from the majority of the oviposition and infestation by all three barriers. The combination sprayed/trap crop barrier provided the best protection against both oviposition and infestation and resulted in over 98% pest-free fruit at harvest. Maggots infested only 1.7% of the main crop fruit when protected by a sprayed or unsprayed trap crop barrier, compared with 15.4% in control plots. The perimeter sprayed/trap crop strategy was employed in three commercial fields in 2000 and 2001. The combination barrier resulted in superior insect control and reduced insecticide use at all commercial locations, compared with the same farms' past history or to farms using conventional and integrated pest management (IPM) methods. Economic analysis showed that the technique is more cost effective and profitable than relying on whole-field insecticide applications to control the pepper maggot. Farmer users were surveyed and found the perimeter trap crop technique simple to use, with many hard-to-measure benefits associated with worker protection issues, marketing, personnel/management relations, pest control and the environment. Use of the perimeter trap crop technique as part of an IPM or organic program can help improve crop quality and overall farm profitability, while reducing pesticide use and the possibility of secondary pest outbreaks.     

生命科学与我国的农业现代化

当前农业的成就显著,但也存在着污染并破坏生态环境、消耗大量矿产能源和资源,以及农产品内在质量常常不佳等问题。在分析国情及上述问题的基础上,提出了我国农业现代化必须要达到的目标为：（１）满足我国人民未来的食物需要;（２）提高农业生产的经济效益;（３）能供应可再生能源和资源,维护及改善生态环境,有利于我国的可持续发展。要达到这些目标,有待生命科学的研究作出重大贡献。农业中的种植业、养殖业和农副产品加工     

Functional and phylogenetic diversity of an agricultural matrix avifauna: The role of habitat heterogeneity in Afrotropical farmland

Varied strategies to alleviate the loss of farmland biodiversity have been tested, yet there is still insufficient evidence supporting their effectiveness, especially when considering phylogenetic and functional diversity alongside traditional taxonomic diversity metrics. This conservation challenge is accentuated in the Afrotropics by the rapid agricultural expansion and intensification for the production of cash crops and by a comparative lack of research. In this study, we assessed how farming practices influence avian phylogenetic and functional diversity. We conducted point‐count surveys to assess avian diversity in monocultures of tea and mixed crop farming systems surrounding the Nyungwe rainforest in south‐west Rwanda, allowing us to investigate the drivers of avian diversity at farm level. Species composition was found to be moderately different between farm types, with mixed crop farms supporting higher phylogenetic diversity than tea plantations. There were no significant seasonal differences in species composition, functional or phylogenetic diversity. Overall, functional diversity did not differ between farm types, but the dispersion of trophic‐related traits was significantly higher in mixed crop farms. Both functional and phylogenetic diversity were influenced by floristic diversity, vegetation height, tree number, and elevation to varying degrees. Our results also (i) highlight the role of farmland heterogeneity (e.g., crop species composition, height, and tree cover extent) in encouraging avian functional and phylogenetic diversity in the Afrotropics and (ii) indicate that the generally negative biodiversity impacts of monoculture agriculture can be partially alleviated by extensive agroforestry with an emphasis on indigenous tree species.