扬子鳄消化道Ghrelin免疫活性细胞的分布及其在冬眠期的密度变化

目的 研究扬子鳄（Alligator sinensis）消化道中生长素释放肽ghrelin免疫活性（IR）细胞的分布、组织定位及其在冬眠期的变化.方法 应用链霉亲和素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物（SABC）免疫组织化学方法结合生物统计学分析.结果 Ghrelin-IR细胞在扬子鳄的小胃密度最高,在胃贲门部、胃体和胃幽门部有少量分布,主要位于胃腺上皮细胞之间.在食管、十二指肠、空肠、回肠和直肠中均未检测出ghrelin-IR细胞.冬眠期小胃ghrelin-IR细胞显著性减少（P〈0.01）,其它部位无显著性变化（P〉0.05）.结论扬子鳄消化道ghrelin-IR细胞的分布同其它动物有相似之处,也有其一定的特异性.Ghrelin在扬子鳄冬眠期的代谢变化和能量稳态的调节中起重要作用.     

白条草蜥消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学

应用6种胃肠激素抗血清和免疫组织化学ABC法(avidin-biotin complex method),对白条草蜥(Takydromus wolteri)消化道内分泌细胞进行了免疫组织化学定位研究和形态学观察。结果表明,5-羟色胺细胞较其他5种内分泌细胞的分布更为广泛,整个消化道中(即从食管到直肠)均有分布,其分布密度高峰位于幽门。食管、回肠和直肠未检测到生长抑素细胞,生长抑素细胞在幽门部分布密度最高,总体来说生长抑素细胞的分布在胃部较高而在小肠部较低。胃泌素细胞和胰多肽细胞分布在小肠,均在十二指肠分布密度最高。胰高血糖素细胞在胃幽门部分布密度最高,十二指肠、空肠次之,回肠分布密度最低。P-物质细胞仅分布于幽门部。6种内分泌细胞以圆形和锥体形为主,它们广泛分布于消化道黏膜之间、腺泡上皮细胞之间及上皮细胞基部。内分泌细胞的密度分布与其食性、食物组成和生活环境有关,它们的形态与其内、外分泌功能是相适应的。     

凹耳蛙消化道组织学和嗜银细胞形态观察

为了揭示凹耳蛙(Odorrana tormota)消化道的基本特征,运用石蜡切片法和龙桂开银浸法对凹耳蛙消化道组织学结构及嗜银细胞的形态与分布密度进行了观察。结果显示:①凹耳蛙的胃壁具明显的纵行皱襞和胃小凹,胃腺发达,小肠可分为十二指肠和回肠,杯状细胞分散在十二指肠上皮细胞之间,十二指肠中未见十二指肠腺分布。②凹耳蛙嗜银细胞见于消化道全长,呈毛笔头样、锥体形、梭形、椭圆形和长条形等;幽门腺上皮和十二指肠绒毛上皮中的嗜银细胞具指向腺泡腔或肠腔的突起,提示其可能具有腔分泌的功能。嗜银细胞的分布密度胃幽门部最高,十二指肠和胃体其次,食道最低。据此认为胃既是凹耳蛙的主要消化器官,也是消化道中主要的内分泌器官;十二指肠是凹耳蛙消化道中的主要吸收部位,同时也具有内分泌功能;消化道嗜银细胞具有内分泌的功能,还可能具有腔分泌的功能。     

黑龙江林蛙冬眠和非冬眠消化道内分泌细胞的比较研究

目的应用5-羟色胺(5-HT)、生长抑素(SS)、胃泌素(GAS)、胰高血糖素(Glu)、胰多肽(PP)和P-物质(SP)6种特异性抗血清,对黑龙江林蛙冬眠期和非冬眠期消化道内分泌细胞进行检测。方法应用卵白素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物(avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex,ABC)免疫组织化学法。结果在冬眠期和非冬眠期黑龙江林蛙消化道内检测到5-HT细胞、SS细胞和Glu细胞,而GAS细胞、PP细胞和SP细胞均未检测到。5-HT细胞分布广泛,存在于黑龙江林蛙冬眠期和非冬眠期从食管到直肠的整个消化道中,在冬眠期分布密度高峰为胃幽门部和十二指肠,而非冬眠期则为胃幽门部;SS细胞分布也较为广泛,在黑龙江林蛙冬眠期和非冬眠期消化道中,除了直肠以外,均有分布,且这两个时期SS细胞的分布密度高峰均在胃幽门部。Glu细胞在冬眠期仅在胃贲门部、胃体、空肠和回肠检测到,而在非冬眠期除以上四个部位外直肠部也检测到了Glu细胞,并且Glu细胞分布密度高峰都在胃体部。结论黑龙江林蛙在冬眠期和非冬眠期消化道中内分泌细胞分布型的不同,可能与机体适应不同时期的生理功能有关。     

棘胸蛙消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学定位

We studied the distribution and density of the endocrine cells in the digestive tract of Paa spinosa using immunohistochemical method (streptavidin-peroxidase method) using eight gut hormone antisera.The 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the digestive tract with the highest density in the stomachus pyloricus,the second highest in the duodenum,fewer in the oesophagus,stomachus cardiacus and rectum.The gastrin immunoreactive cells were located mainly in the stomachus pyloricus and occasionally in different parts of the intestine.The somatostatin immunoreactive cells occured mainly in the stomach,frequently in the stomachus pyloricus,and occasionally in different parts of the intestine.The pancreatic polypeptide immunoreaetive cells were found with the highest density in the duodenum,the second highest in the stomachus cardiacus,and rarely in the rectum.No immunoreactive cells were observed with the antisera to glucagon,substance P,growth hormone and calcitonin,but there were glucagon and substance P mucosal nerve plexus throughout the digestive tract,and both with the highest density in the duodenum[Acta Zoologica Sinica 49(6):858-864,2003].     

两种蛇消化道5-羟色胺细胞的免疫组织化学定位及比较

应用5－羟色胺特异性抗血清,对眼镜蛇和乌梢蛇消化道含5－HT的内分泌细胞进行了免疫组织化学定位和比较。5－HT细胞的形态在两种蛇中大致相同,消化道各部位都有呈圆形和长梭形（具胞突）的阳性细胞。食道和胃以圆形细胞为主,肠道段则以长梭形细胞为主。眼镜蛇5－HT细胞以十二指肠密度为最高,食道最低;乌梢蛇以幽门部密度为最高,直肠最低。肠道段两者分布特点相同,从十二指肠至直肠分布密度渐疏。本文还对两种蛇5－HT细胞分布型的原因、形态和功能相适应的特点进行了讨论。     

日本林蛙胃肠道内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学

应用7种胃肠激素抗血清对日本林蛙胃肠道内分泌细胞的形态和分布进行了免疫组织化学研究。5-羟色胺(5-HT)免疫活性(-IR)细胞分布于胃肠道各段,其在胃肠道中的分布密度为：十二指肠、空肠处最高,胃中各段居中,回肠和直肠处最低。生长抑素(sS)-IR细胞分布于胃贲门至空肠的胃肠道段,其分布密度自前向后呈递减趋势。胃泌素(Gas)-IR细胞在十二指肠和空肠处有少量分布。高血糖素(Glu)-IR细胞仅见胃体部位较少分布。P_物质(SP)-IR细胞在回肠和直肠中有分布。胃肠道各段均未检出胰多肽(PP)-IR细胞和胰岛素(Ins)-IR细胞。与其它动物相比较,对日本林蛙胃肠道内分泌细胞的分布型进行了讨论。     

牛蛙胃肠胰系统内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学鉴定与定位

应用过氧化物酶标记的链霉卵白素(S-P)免疫组织化学方法对牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)胃肠胰系统5种内分泌细胞进行了鉴定与定位.在消化道中检测到了5-羟色胺(5-HT)、生长抑素(SS)、胃泌素(Gas)和胰高血糖素(Glu)细胞.5-HT细胞主要分布于胃幽门部和空肠,食道中偶见.SS细胞主要分布于胃,幽门部较密集,小肠各段少量,直肠和食道偶见.Gas细胞主要分布于小肠各段,胃和直肠中偶见,食道中未检测到.Glu细胞主要分布于胃和直肠,小肠各段偶见,食道中未检测到.在胰腺中检测出了5-HT、SS、Gas、Glu和胰多肽(PP)细胞.SS、Glu和PP细胞数量较多,成簇分布于胰岛中,5-HT和Gas细胞少量,散在分布于胰腺腺泡之间.胃腺部和胰腺内分泌细胞多呈圆形、椭圆形或形态不规则,有的可见明显胞突伸向邻近细胞,胃肠道上皮中的内分泌细胞多呈梭形、楔形或锥形,有的可见明显胞突伸向消化腔.与其它两栖动物相比,牛蛙胃肠胰系统内分泌细胞的存在与分布有一些共性,也存在着种间差异.     

长鬣蜥胃肠道5-羟色胺细胞的免疫组织化学定位

研究长鬣蜥消化道内含有的5一羟色胺（5-HT）内分泌细胞的位置和形态,采用ABC（avidin—biotin—peroxidase complex）免疫组织化学法,应用5-HT特异性抗血清,对其消化道内的5-HT细胞进行免疫化学定位。结果：5-HT细胞从胃部到直肠的胃肠道各段均有分布,细胞密度分布以胃部最高,十二指肠次之,回肠最低。5-HT细胞的形态呈圆形、椭圆形和锥体形等,其中胃体部和直肠部以圆形和椭圆形为主,小肠部以锥体形为主;5-HT细胞广泛分布于上皮基部、上皮细胞之间、腺泡上皮及腺泡之间,有时可见于固有膜内。结论：5-HT细胞的密度分布与其食性、食物组成和生活环境有关,5-HT细胞的形态与其内、外分泌是相适应的。     

蝘蜓消化管内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学定位

目的阐明爬行动物蝘蜓消化管各段内分泌细胞的类型、局部分布、分布密度和形态学特征。方法应用免疫组织化学技术中链霉卵白素-过氧化物酶(S-P)法。结果在蜓消化管内鉴别出5种内分泌细胞,即:5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)、生长抑素(somatostatin,SS)、胃泌素(gastrin,GAS)、高血糖素(glucagon,GLU)、P-物质(substance P,SP)免疫活性(i mmnoreactive,IR)细胞。5-羟色胺免疫活性细胞是消化管中最主要的内分泌细胞类型,以不同密度分布于消化管各段,其中胃幽门部位分布密度最高。生长抑素免疫活性细胞在消化管内仅局限分布于胃部。胃泌素免疫活性细胞仅见于幽门和十二指肠部位。高血糖素免疫活性细胞仅分布于回肠和直肠。P-物质免疫活性细胞仅出现在直肠部位。蝘蜓消化管内分泌细胞形态多样:圆形、椭圆形、纺锤形、梭形、楔形、锥形以及不规则形。胃部多数内分泌细胞分布于胃腺中,食管和肠管中多数内分泌细胞则分布于上皮细胞间。结论蜓和其它爬行动物胃肠内分泌细胞的分布存在一定共同特征,然而也存在着一些特有的差异。     

蝘蜒消化管内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学定位

目的阐明爬行动物蝘蜒消化管各段内分泌细胞的类型、局部分布、分布密度和形态学特征。方法应用免疫组织化学技术中链霉卵白素一过氧化物酶（S-P）法。结果在蝘蜒消化管内鉴别出5种内分泌细胞,即：5—羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT）、生长抑素（somatostatin,SS）、胃泌素（gastrin,GAS）、高血糖素（glucagon,GLU）、P-物质（substance P,SP）免疫活性（immnoreactive,IR）细胞。5-羟色胺免疫活性细胞是消化管中最主要的内分泌细胞类型,以不同密度分布于消化管各段,其中胃幽门部位分布密度最高。生长抑素免疫活性细胞在消化管内仅局限分布于胃部。胃泌素免疫活性细胞仅见于幽门和十二指肠部位。高血糖素免疫活性细胞仅分布于回肠和直肠。P-物质免疫活性细胞仅出现在直肠部位。蝘蜒消化管内分泌细胞形态多样：圆形、椭圆形、纺锤形、梭形、楔形、锥形以及不规则形。胃部多数内分泌细胞分布于胃腺中,食管和肠管中多数内分泌细胞则分布于上皮细胞间。结论蝘蜒和其它爬行动物胃肠内分泌细胞的分布存在一定共同特征,然而也存在着一些特有的差异。     

蓝狐消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组化研究

蓝狐又名北极狐(Alopex lagopus),属于食肉目(Carnivora),犬科(Canidae),北极狐属(Alopex).     

Differentiations of 5-HT and GAS cells in the digestive canals of Rana chensinensis tadpoles

In the current study, 5-nydroxytryptamine(5-HT) and gastrin(GAS) cells in the digestive canals of Rana chensinensis tadpoles at different developmental stages were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results showed that the 5-HT cells were only detected in the duodenum before metamorphosis began, and were extensively distributed in the stomach, duodenum, small intestine, and rectum thereafter, with the highest counts found in the duodenum and rectum when metamorphosis was completed. The GAS cells were only distributed in the stomach and duodenum, and only rarely detected in the duodenum before metamorphosis began, but increased in the stomach during metamorphosis and showed zonal distribution in the gastric mucosa when metamorphosis was completed. Metamorphosis is a critical period for amphibians, during which structural and functional physiological adaptations are required to transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments. During metamorphosis, the differentiations of 5-HT cells in the gastrointestinal canals of tadpoles could facilitate mucus secretion regulation, improve digestive canal lubrication, and help watershortage food digestion in terrestrial environments. Conversely, GAS cell differentiations during metamorphosis might contribute to the digestive and absorptive function transition from herbivore to omnivore.     

Morphology and histochemical analysis of glycoproteins in the digestive tract of Dabry's sturgeon

The aim of this study is to explore the morphology and histochemistry of the digestive tract of Acipenser dabryanus (Duméril, 1869). The digestive system of the Dabry's sturgeon contained an oropharyngeal cavity, esophagus, stomach, pyloric caeca, duodenum, valvula intestine, and rectum. Both the pyloric caeca, and the valvula intestine, which belonged to elasmobranch, were present simultaneously in the digestive system of the Dabry's sturgeon, which indicated that it was an archaic species. According to the results, we found four types of mucous cells exist in the digestive tracts of the Dabry's sturgeon. The statistical results showed that there were various types and densities of mucous cells in different parts. In comparison, large quantities of mucous cells existed in intestines. The difference in type and distribution of mucous cells are closely related to the functions of the organs where they are found; 5‐hydroxytryptamine were used to identify the endocrine cells in the digestive tract of the Dabry's sturgeon.The 5‐hydroxytryptamine immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the digestive tract except the esophagus.     

Ontogeny of some endocrine cells of the digestive tract in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): An immunocytochemical study

Serotonin- and ten peptide-immunoreactive (IR) cell types were identified in the digestive tract of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) larvae of four morphofunctional phases ranging in age from hatching to 61 days. The sequence of appearance and location of endocrine cells during ontogenetic development of the larvae was determined. The differentiation of endocrine cells followed a distal-proximal gradient in the gut which paralleled the morphofunctional differentiation. Serotonin-IR cells were identified in the last portion of the digestive tract from phase I onwards and in the gastric region from phase III, before these regions were morphofunctionally differentiated; met-enkephalin-IR cells were identified from phase II onwards in both the differentiated rectum and the undifferentiated intestine; cholecystokinin (CCK)- and synthetic human gastrin-34-IR cells were located only in the intestine and first found in the undifferentiated intestine of phase II; human gastrin-17-, peptide YY (PYY)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-IR cells appeared in the intestine from phase II and in stomach in phase IV, when it showed gastric glands; pancreatic polypeptide (PP)- and glucagon-IR cells were observed in both intestine and stomach, but insulin- and somatostatin-IR cells only in stomach, from phase III, during which the intestine but not the stomach was differentiated. PP- and PYY-, PP- and glucagon-, and PYY- and glucagon-like immunoreactivities coexisted from their first appearance in some cells of the gut.     

两种有胃鱼消化道6种内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学比较研究

目的 应用6种胃肠激素抗血清对胡子鲶(Clarias fuscas)和瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli Richardson)消化道内分泌细胞进行了免疫组织化学比较.方法 应用链霉亲和素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物技术(streptavidin biotin-peroxidase complex method,SABC法)免疫组织化学方法.结果 除胡子鲶后肠外,五羟色胺细胞在两种鱼的消化道各段均有分布,其中贲门部或幽门部密度最高,前中肠次之,食道最少;胡子鲶消化道中生长抑素细胞主要分布于胃贲门部和胃部,食管、胃幽门及肠道内未见分布,而瓦氏黄颡主要分布于食管和胃部,肠道内未见分布;胃泌素细胞在胡子鲶消化道内只在肠内检测到,瓦氏黄颡只在幽门胃和前肠两个部位检测到;胰多肽细胞只在瓦氏黄颡的幽门胃和前肠两个部位有分布;胰高血糖素和P-物质两种细胞在两种鱼的消化道各段均未见其分布.结论 两种有胃鱼消化道中六种内分泌细胞的分布既有一定的共性,体现了两者消化生理的共同点;同时又存在较大的种间差异,与各自食性及生活环境相适应.     

中国黄羽鹌鹑消化道嗜银细胞胚后发育的分布及形态学观察

采用Grimelius银染法,对中国黄羽鹌鹑(Coturnix aponica)消化道嗜银细胞胚后发育的分布规律和形态结构进行了观察。结果显示,口腔、食管、嗉囊和泄殖腔中未发现嗜银细胞,其余部位均有不同数量的分布,其分布呈波浪形,大多数日龄段在腺胃和结直肠中存在2个分布高峰,回肠次之,十二指肠、空肠、盲肠较少,随着日龄增加,不同部位嗜银细胞数量均先增加,后减少,在100 d时达高峰。嗜银细胞主要分布在腺胃腺叶内细胞之间、肠黏膜上皮细胞之间及固有层内,形态多呈圆形、椭圆形、锥形及梭形等。结合嗜银细胞形态与功能间的联系,发现消化道内广泛分布着4种类型的嗜银细胞。我们认为中国黄羽鹌鹑消化道的嗜银细胞具有内分泌、外分泌及旁分泌3种功能,其分布特点可能与动物的食性及生活环境有关。     

中华花龟消化道5-羟色胺免疫活性内分泌细胞的分布与形态学观察

应用5-HT抗血清,以ABC（avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex）免疫组织化学方法,探究中华花龟消化道内5-HT免疫反应阳性内分泌细胞的分布及形态。结果表明,5-HT阳性细胞从食管到直肠的消化道各段均有分布,以十二指肠部位分布密度为最高,胃幽门部次之,食管部最低;5-HT阳性细胞广泛分布于上皮细胞之间、上皮基部、腺泡上皮细胞之间、腺泡之间以及固有膜内,形态多样呈圆形、椭圆形、锥体形、梭形等,以锥体形为主。认为中华花龟消化道5-HT阳性细胞具有内、外分泌两种作用途径,并且5-HT阳性细胞的密度分布可能与其食性、生活环境等有关。     

Seasonal changes in morphology and function of the gastrointestinal tract of free-living alpine marmots (Marmota marmota)

The gastrointestinal tracts of 76 free-living alpine marmots ( Marmota marmota) shot during a population control program in Switzerland were collected and analysed for patterns of change in morphology and function over the period from emergence from hibernation in April to just before re-entry into hibernation in September. Between first emergence and mid-summer (July) the fresh tissue mass of the stomach increased by 105%, the small intestine by 259% (among the largest recorded for a mammal), caecum by 185%, proximal colon by 138%, and distal colon by 144%. Mitotic activity was greatest in the small intestine; the mitotic index was high (40%) compared with indexes in the stomach and hindgut (approximately 4%) even at emergence, and increased to approximately 60% by mid-summer. Microbial activity in the caecum was also significant at emergence. The stomach (length) and caecum (length and fresh mass) increased in response to ingested food earlier than did the small intestine. Between mid-summer and September there were decreases in small intestinal tissue mass and mitotic activity. It is concluded that the gastrointestinal tract of alpine marmots probably continues to function throughout hibernation at a low level, with a mid-winter trough as part of an endogenous circannual rhythm. However, after emergence in spring, increases in size and activity of the tract appear to be a response to ingested food rather than to an endogenous signal. The early signs of down-regulation of the small intestine before re-entry into hibernation, together with its delayed up-regulation in response to food in spring, are consistent with the high costs of maintaining this section of the digestive system.     

40周HBK-SPF鸭胃肠道5-羟色胺细胞的免疫组织化学定位

目的应用5-HT抗血清研究40周HBK-SPF鸭胃肠道内的5-HT免疫活性细胞的分布密度及形态,并探讨其分布型的成因及细胞形态与功能的关系。方法免疫组织化学ABC法。结果5-HT细胞主要分布于十二指肠及其以下部位,腺胃偶见,分布密度近似呈波浪形,其中以直肠分布密度最高,小肠呈U形分布。5-HT细胞的形态多样,呈圆形、椭圆形、锥体形等,主要分布于胃肠粘膜上皮之间、上皮基部、固有膜以及腺泡上皮之间等。结论40周HBK—SPF鸭5-HT细胞分布型的形成与各部位消化功能有关;根据其形态,我们认为40周HBK—SPF鸭胃肠道内5-HT细胞具有内、外分泌两种功能。