净化污水植物香蒲形态解剖特征的比较研究

用高浓度铅锌废水和清洁水中生长的香蒲Typhalatifolia为材料,制片供显微观察,进行形态解剖特征的比较研究。结果表明：生活在铅锌废水中的香蒲叶表皮细胞变小变方形,出现质壁分离。叶绿休的数量减少,而气孔的数量增加。     

香蒲铅锌废水净化塘藻类、菌类生境调查及抗性藻种筛选

香蒲铅锌废水净化塘藻类、菌类生境调查及抗性藻种筛选刘玉,麦志勤胡文凤（中山大学环境科学研究所,广州５１０２７５）（华南师范大学植保系,广州５１０６４２）ＨａｂｉｔａｔＩｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｌｇａｅａｎｄＢａｃｔｅｒｉａｉｎａＴｙｐｈａＰｕｒ...     

人工湿地处理凡口铅锌矿金属废水的稳定性分析

研究了宽叶香蒲Typha latifolia人工湿地系统处理广东韶关凡口铅锌矿选矿废水的稳定性.历时10年的监测结果表明该系统能有效地净化铅锌矿废水.未处理的废水含有高浓度的有害金属,Pb(11.5 mg·L-1),Zn(14.5 mg ·L-1),Cd(0.05 mg·     

铅锌矿废水中重金属在宽叶香蒲（Typha latifolia）的积累与分布

 本文通过对净化塘系统和对照点的水、土和宽叶香蒲组织的分析结果指出：宽叶香蒲具有较强的忍耐、吸收和积累Pb、Zn等重金属的能力。Pb、Zn等重金属在宽叶香蒲体内的积累数量与分布规律是根>地下茎>叶;老地下茎>嫩地下茎;Pb在叶的分布是老叶>成熟叶>嫩叶。在净化塘系统内,各种重金属在宽叶香蒲根部积累比例最大的是Pb,其次是Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Mn。     

应用磷脂脂肪酸和聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳分析技术研究湿地植物根际微生物群落多样性

以天津大学校内两个相邻的小型湖泊(青年湖和爱晚湖)为研究区域, 通过采样分析, 利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)和聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)分析技术, 研究了湿地植物种类(芦苇(Phragmites australis)和东方香蒲(Typha orientalis))和生长方式(单生和混生)对根际微生物生物量和群落结构的影响。PLFA分析结果表明, 植物根际微生物生物量大于非根际(爱晚湖芦苇除外); 植物种间的差异较大, 东方香蒲根际沉积物中微生物生物量大于芦苇根际; 种内根际微生物受植物的生长状况影响较大, 采样期间两个湖泊中东方香蒲的生长状况(株高)相似, 根际微生物生物量相差不大, 而爱晚湖芦苇由于与东方香蒲共生, 受到东方香蒲的抑制, 使得根际微生物生物量明显低于单独生长的芦苇; 革兰氏阳性细菌数量小于革兰氏阴性细菌的数量, 且根际的革兰氏阳性细菌与革兰氏阴性细菌的比值小于非根际。沉积物中的细菌群落结构主要与植物种类有关, 同一种植物的根际细菌群落结构差异较小(这些根际细菌聚为一类); 不同植物的根际细菌群落结构差异较大。     

香蒲属的成分研究——IV．香蒲属化学和系统学的研究

从蒙古香蒲Typha davidiana,宽叶香蒲T．latifolia和长苞香蒲T．angustata花粉中分别分离得到几个相同的黄酮类化合物。三个为甙元,五个为黄酮醇甙;用薄层层析分析了五种香蒲花粉(包括上述三种)的黄酮类化合物,结果表明各种花粉黄酮成分基本一致。 从化学上把香蒲属和黑三棱属及可能相关的16个科作了比较,结果表明：香蒲属与露兜树科相差很远;与帚灯草科,须叶藤科,谷精草科相似;与黑三棱属非常相似;因此建议把香蒲属和黑三棱属同归于一科——香蒲科,成立香蒲目。该目可能与帚灯草目接近。这些结果与近来的解剖学、孢粉学、血清学、胚胎学、和细胞学方面的研究结果是一致的。     

中国东北香蒲属植物花粉的营养价值及开发潜力分析

香蒲属（Typha）系香蒲科（Typhaceae）一单属,水生或沼生。全国共11种［‘］,东北地区约7种。香蒲属植物是重要的经济植物和珍贵的药材,香蒲花粉用于止血,效果很好;叶片可用于纺织、造纸等;幼叶基部和根状茎先端可作蔬菜食用;雌花序成熟后可作枕芯和坐垫的填充物．从营养学角度来看,目前对香蒲花粉还缺乏较系统的研究和开发利用．作者着重从香蒲花粉的营养价值的角度来展示其具有巨大开发潜力的野生资源．l材料与方法选取三种香蒲,即宽叶香蒲TyphalatdoliaL．（No．l）、水烛TangustifoliaL．（No．2）和无苞香蒲Tla。anniiLe…     

人工湿地处理炼油废水的生态效益研究

来自茂名石化公司的炼油废水含有较高浓度的污染物 ,超过广东省规定的排放标准 ,未经处理不能直接排放。 4种草本植物 ,香根草、芦苇、宽叶香蒲和蒲草被用来测试建植人工湿地的效果以及所建植的人工湿地处理炼油废水的效果。在为期 2个月的处理过程中 ,人工湿地在前期对炼油废水的净化效率很高 ,它们对第一批高浓度废水中氨氮、COD、BOD和油的去除率分别是 97.7%、78.2 %、91 .4%和 95 .3% ,对第一批低浓度污水分别是 97.1 %、71 .5 %、73.7%和 89.8%。但是 ,随着时间的推移 ,湿地的净化效果会有一定程度的下降 ,然后逐渐趋于稳定。湿地对氨氮、COD、BOD和油类的去除效率始终表现为氨氮 >油类 >BOD>COD,但植物对它们的净去除量却是 COD>BOD>氨氮和油类。湿地建植之初 ,植物的净化功能很弱 ,但随植物的生长和生物量的增加而逐渐增强。然而 ,不同植物种对废水的净化率很接近 ,基本上无显著性差异。被测试的 4种植物在污水湿地中的生长表现都好过在清水湿地中的 ,但香根草、芦苇和宽叶香蒲在高浓度废水的分蘖数比在低浓度的废水少些 ,而蒲草相反 ,表明高浓度污水相对于低浓度污水而言已经对前面 3个种产生了伤害 ,却仍促进蒲草生长。在清水培养阶段 ,香根草产生分蘖的速度是 4个种中最低的 ;进入污水培养阶     

Q型聚类分析在东北水生植物香蒲属分类研究中的应用

香蒲属（Typha）植物是我国东北水生植物中的重要类群,作者首次利用数值分类学中的Q型聚类分析方法对东北产香蒲属七种植物进行分析,可望为科学地研究该类群提供依据,同时也对传统分类进行评价。l材料与方法以香蒲属这7个种（表1）作为分类运算单位（OperahonaltaxonoAnc。L简称OTU）,主要观察和测量了7种植物的营养体、花序、花期及花粉等性状,首先对其性状数据化,并对该原始数据进行标准差标准化处理,共筛选出50个性状的原始数据（表对,对其进行数量分类。特征记录主要靠观察和测量植物标本、腊叶标本及花粉形态数据等,其性…     

芦苇和香蒲地上部N和P积累动态及适宜收获时期分析

通过野外采样和室内分析相结合的方法,对5月至11月芦苇〔Phragmites australis(Cav.)Trin.ex Steud.〕和香蒲(Typha orientalis Presl)地上部生物量以及N和P的含量和积累量的动态变化进行了分析,并对生物量、N和P含量及N和P积累量间的相关性进行了研究;在此基础上,确定芦苇和香蒲的适宜收获时期。结果表明:在整个生长过程中,芦苇和香蒲地上部生物量随生长时间延长呈典型的单峰型曲线,最高值分别出现在9月份和10月份,且芦苇地上部生物量极显著高于香蒲(P<0.01)。芦苇和香蒲地上部N含量呈先升高后降低的趋势、P含量呈逐渐降低的趋势,香蒲地上部N和P含量均极显著高于芦苇地上部。芦苇地上部N和P积累量在8月份达到最高,香蒲地上部N和P积累量在9月份达到最高。芦苇和香蒲地上部C/N、C/P和N/P比在不同月份差异较大,C/N和N/P比呈波动趋势,C/P比则总体呈逐渐升高的趋势。总体来看,芦苇和香蒲的生长在生长初期和中期受N限制、在生长末期受P限制。相关性分析结果表明:芦苇和香蒲地上部的N含量与P含量、N积累量与P积累量间均呈极显著正相关;N和P积累量与其生物量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),但与N和P含量的相关性不显著(P>0.05)。综合分析结果表明:芦苇和香蒲的适宜收获时期分别为8月份和9月份。     

Growth and metabolism of Typha species in relation to cutting treatments

Container and field experiments, in which Typha latifolia L. and Typha angustifolia L. were cut either above or below the water level, were conducted to determine the physiological basis for reports that the latter treatment was more effective as a control measure. In containers, measurements of oxygen concentrations within the aerenchyma of the rhizome both with an oxygen electrode and by gas chromatography showed that oxygen could diffuse very readily to plant parts growing in an anoxic environment if there was a small amount of leaf or cut plant stem growing above the water level. When all shoots were cut below water, the oxygen in submersed plant parts was rapidly consumed and anaerobic respiration resulted in the production of ethanol. Lactate or elevated malate levels were not found. The below-water biomass decayed rapidly under these conditions and the plants had a much lower regenerative ability than plants cut above water where oxygen continued to reach the roots and rhizomes. In the field, three cuts during the growing season below water were sufficient to kill nearly all the underwater biomass; similar cuts above water reduced the total biomass compared with uncut plants, but much of the underwater biomass remained healthy and able to regenerate.     

Latitudinal characteristics of below- and above-ground biomass of Typha: a modelling approach

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The latitudinal differences in the growth characteristics of Typha are largely unknown, although a number of studies have pointed out the effects of climate on the growth and productivity of Typha. Therefore, a dynamic growth model was developed for Typha to examine the effects of latitudinal changes in temperature and radiation on partitioning of the total biomass during the growing season into rhizomes, roots, flowering and vegetative shoots, and inflorescences. METHODS: After validating the model with data from growth studies of Typha found in past literature, it was used to investigate the dynamics of above- and below-ground biomasses at three latitudes: 30 degrees, 40 degrees and 50 degrees. KEY RESULTS: Regardless of the initial rhizome biomass, both above- and below-ground biomass values converged to a latitude-specific equilibrium produced by the balance between the total production and respiration and mortality losses. Above-ground biomass was high from 10 degrees to 35 degrees latitude with sufficient radiation, despite high metabolic losses; however, it decreased markedly at higher latitudes due to a low photosynthetic rate. Below-ground biomass, on the other hand, increased with latitude up to 40 degrees due to decreasing metabolic losses, and then markedly decreased at higher latitudes. Above-ground biomass was enhanced with an increasing number of cohorts regardless of latitude. However, although more cohorts resulted in a larger below-ground biomass at low latitudes, the largest below-ground biomass was provided by a smaller number of cohorts at high latitudes. This difference is due to low production rates of late-season cohorts in high latitudes, compared with consumption for shooting and establishing foliage. CONCLUSIONS: The model could be used to predict the potential growth of Typha in given conditions over a wide range of latitudes and is useful for practical applications such as wetland management or wastewater treatment systems using Typha.     

Differential responses to salinity help explain the replacement of native Juncus kraussii by Typha orientalis in Western Australian salt marshes

The influence of salinity on Typha orientalis and Juncus kraussii was documented in experiments on germination of seeds and on growth of seedlings and adult, rhizome-bearing plants. Juncus was more salt-tolerant than Typha at all three life-history stages, but salt tolerance increased with plant age for both species. Although seeds of both species germinated at 0 and 5 ppt, the germination data overestimated salt tolerance for Typha. Only the newly emerged seedlings of Juncus were capable of growth after removal from the 5 ppt NaCl solution to fresh water. Typha seedlings that initiated growth at 0 ppt grew well at 5 ppt but not at 10 ppt, while Juncus seedlings were tolerant of 10 ppt. Although the 20 ppt treatment caused high mortality of Juncus seedlings, the 10 ppt treatment mainly reduced growth. Adult plants of Typha, which were collected from the field, survived the 20 ppt treatment, while adult Juncus survived the 40 ppt treatment. The presence of salt (10–40 ppt) shortened the growing season for adult, rhizome-bearing plants of both Juncus and Typha, with a lower maximum and earlier peak in total leaf length and maximum leaf number. Thus, the greater biomass in fresh water was achieved primarily through a longer growth period, rather than a greatly accelerated growth rate. Interactions between the two species were explored in mixed-species culture of both seedlings and adult rhizome-bearing plants. Interspecific interactions were present at low salinity, but results differed for seedlings and adult plants. Typha seedlings failed to outgrow Juncus seedlings (at 5 ppt) but adult plants of Typha outgrew Juncus (at 0 ppt). Relative yields (biomass in mixed/pure pots) for Juncus and Typha seedlings were 0.85 and 0.26 at 5 ppt. Relative yields of adult plants were 0.24 for Juncus and 1.20 for Typha at 0 ppt. For both seedlings and adults, the species that ultimately dominated the mixed-species pots produced just as much total biomass as in pure-species pots, even though initial planting density was half as high. Extrapolating findings to the field situation, it appears that Typha has a narrow regeneration niche. The indication is that Typha could invade Juncus stands only following salinity reduction (allowing seed germination and early seedling growth) and after disturbance disrupts the native vegetation. The combined conditions of prolonged low salinity and open habitat occur where street drains are cut through the salt marsh. The probability of Typha becoming established would be highest in such areas. vegetative expansion would follow with continued freshwater influx, as rhizome-bearing plants gain an interspecific advantage.     

Depth distribution of three Typha species, Typha orientalis Presl, Typha angustifolia L. and Typha latifolia L., in an artificial pond

The depth distribution of the aquatic macrophyte Typha orientalis Presl was examined in comparison with two other Typha species: Typha angustifolia L. and Typha latifolia L. Vegetation surveys mapping the depth distributions were conducted at Ushigafuchi Pond, Tokyo, Japan, in autumn 2004 and 2005. All vegetation had been cleared from this artificial pond in spring 2003. In 2004 T. orientalis was distributed in shallow to deep water habitats between T. latifolia (shallow water regions) and T. angustifolia (shallow to deep water regions). However, by 2005 T. orientalis had almost disappeared from the pond. It had been replaced by Leersia japonica Makino at depths of 0–30 cm, by Schoenoplectus validus (Vahl) at depths of 30–60 cm and by T. angustifolia at depths of 60–100 cm. It appears that T. orientalis is not a strong competitor, particularly with taller species, but rather a pioneer species.     

Detection of phages carrying the Shiga toxin 1 and 2 genes in waste water and river water samples

AIMS: To evaluate the occurrence and abundance of phages that carry the stx(1) and stx(2) gene in water samples of different quality. METHODS AND RESULTS: Phages growing on the Shiga toxin-negative Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43,888) strain were enumerated by a plaque assay in concentrated raw and treated waste water samples and river water samples. Plaques were investigated for the presence of stx(1) and stx(2) genes by a multiplex/nested PCR procedure. An overall number of 805 plaques were tested for the presence of stx-carrying phages. Stx genes could be demonstrated in 2% (stx(1)) and 16% (stx(2)) of the plaques. Stx-phages were eliminated with approximately the same efficiency in comparison with somatic coliphages during the waste water treatment process. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the low numbers of phages carrying the stx genes 1 and 2 in treated waste water and river water, the dilution and inactivation of host bacteria and the unsuitable conditions for the transduction of host organisms in aquatic environments, it is difficult to derive from the data the direct evidence for a public health problem. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results show the quantitative occurrence of stx-carrying phages in waste and river water and confirm the frequent circulation of these viruses in the aquatic environment.     

The role of mammals in maintaining plant species richness in a floating Typha marsh in southern Ontario

Animals are known to influence and sometimes help maintain plant species richness in terrestrial systems. This study investigated the effects of mammals in influencing plant species richness of a floating Typha marsh at Point Pelee National Park. The extent of use of the marsh by terrestrial mammals was documented by mapping mammal trails from air photographs. Trail densities ranging from 70 to 1550 m ha–1 in various areas of the marsh, provided evidence for widespread, and in some places frequent, mammal activity. Plant surveys indicated a pattern of increased species richness and frequency associated with these trails, particularly in late summer when Typha biomass increased off trails. Three mechanisms by which mammals might influence species richness: disturbance of the dominant Typha, nutrient enrichment, and seed dispersal, were investigated using field and lab experiments. Two types of disturbance, trampling and herbivory, at two levels of intensity were simulated within 2×2m plots with and without fertilizer added. Disturbance significantly affected species richness; high levels of trampling decreased while high levels of clipping increased species richness. Nutrients had no effect; there were no significant disturbance×nutrients interactions. The importance of seed dispersal by raccoon was studied by collecting raccoon scat from within the marsh, incubating scat in a growth chamber and comparing the species that emerged to those growing in the marsh. Although substantial numbers of viable seeds of terrestrial species were found in scat, only one of these species was actually part of the Typha mat community. We concluded that mammals do influence plant species richness in this marsh primarily through disturbance of the dominant Typha.     

Responses of wetland plants to ammonia and water level

Constructed wetland systems receiving animal wastewater may enhance water quality when designed, operated, and maintained properly. In the case of wetlands designed to treat animal waste, system effectiveness may be limited by high ammonia concentrations and inundation, conditions that can adversely affect macrophytic vegetation. We conducted a 4-month greenhouse experiment to assess the impact of ammonia concentration and water level on plants commonly used in constructed wetlands for treating animal waste. We examined the effects of ammonia concentration (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/l) on the growth and biomass production of Juncus effusus, Sagittaria latifolia, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Typha angustifolia, and Typha latifolia. We also explored interactions between ammonia concentration (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/l) and water level (flooded and nonflooded conditions) for S. tabernaemontani and T. latifolia. We found that ammonia levels in excess of 200 mg/l inhibited growth for J. effusus, S. latifolia, and T. latifolia after a period of weeks, and levels in excess of 100 mg/l similarly inhibited growth for S. tabernaemontani. Ammonia levels in the range studied had an ambiguous effect on T. angustifolia. Affected species demonstrated similar fertilization/inhibition responses to increased ammonia, but important differences were noted between species. Flooded conditions of 10 cm did not significantly increase ammonia toxicity to S. tabernaemontani or T. latifolia. Our results emphasize the need for careful consideration of the species used in treatment wetlands, and suggest that management of ammonia concentration may enhance plant growth and system function.     

Radionuclides in plants growing on sludge and water from uranium mine water treatment

Chemical treatment of uranium mine acid drainage generates sludge containing high radioactivity levels with, for example, ²³⁸U and ²²⁶Ra concentrations at about 18 and 9 kBq kg⁻¹ dry weight, respectively. Spontaneous vegetation, such as grass (Polygonum sp.), reeds (Phragmites australis), and bullrush (Typha latifolia) growing in sludge dewatering ponds concentrated uranium and uranium daughter radionuclides. However, bullrush growing in natural wetlands by the stream receiving treated mine water discharges contained even higher radionuclide concentrations, e.g., 21 Bq kg⁻¹ dry weight of ²³⁸U, about four times higher than bullrush growing on sludge, probably because the uranium in water is more bioavailable to Typha than uranium in the chemical sludge. It is suggested that wetlands with plant species could be used as a secondary treatment to further reduce radioactivity in chemically treated uranium mine water and to improve water quality in streams receiving treated water discharges. Furthermore, it is concluded that vegetation both from sludge drying ponds and from streams receiving treated water discharges, due to the high radionuclide concentrations in the vegetation, is not suitable as cattle feeding.     

The epiphytic communities of various ecological types of aquatic vegetation of five pastoral ponds

Five small water bodies located within the agricultural region of Wielkopolska (west Poland) underwent investigation. Periphyton samples were collected from various macrophyte habitats representing rush vegetation (in five water bodies), submerged aquatic plants (in three) and nymphaeids (in one): Palędzie — Ceratophyllum demersum, Potamogeton crispus, Typha latifolia; Batorowo — Phragmites australis; Piotrowo — Potamogeton natans, Ceratophyllum submersum, Typha latifolia; Tarnowo Podgórne — Typha latifolia; Dąbrówka — Zannichellia palustris, Potamogeton pectinatus, Phragmites australis. The main goal of the study was to determine the composition and abundance of the periphytic communities inhabiting various types of rush and water vegetation of five water bodies located within a mid-field landscape area. Diatoms such as Achnanthidium minutissimum, Amphora ovalis, Cocconeis placentula orNavicula cincta revealed significantly higher densities in the zone of elodeids, while green algae prevailed among nymphaeids. As a result of this study it was found that the epiphytic algae were characterised by much lower diversity in respect to a specific water body, though much greater diversity was observed in its relation to the type of substratum. Two types of habitats were distinguished — the first of simple build (helophytes and nympheids) and the second containing the complicated architecture of plant stems (elodeids).