蜱螨线粒体基因组研究进展

蜱螨亚纲包括蜱类和螨类, 是节肢动物中物种多样性最高的类群之一。本文综述了当前已测序的28种蜱螨线粒体基因组的研究成果。概括起来, 蜱螨线粒体基因组具有以下特点： （1）大小变异显著, 其中柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri线粒体基因组在目前已测节肢动物中最小（13 077 bp）; （2）一般碱基组成偏向A和T, 但6种蜱螨具有相反的GC-偏斜（正值）; （3）基因组的碱基组成及A+T富集区的位置、 长度和拷贝数等变异显著, 其中4种叶螨的A+T含量最高, 其A+T富集区在目前已测节肢动物中最短（44~57 bp）; （4）基因高度重排, 特别是真螨总目的种类, 但重排与高分类阶元无相关性; （5）真螨总目部分螨类的tRNA基因极度缩短, 不能形成经典的三叶草二级结构。作者建议要进一步测定更多蜱螨的线粒体基因组, 验证蜱螨非典型tRNA基因的生物学功能性, 分析蜱螨线粒体基因组的分子进化机制, 开展蜱螨线粒体转录组研究等。     

Progress in the complete mitochondrial genomes of the Acari

蜱螨亚纲包括蜱类和螨类,是节肢动物中物种多样性最高的类群之一.本文综述了当前已测序的28种蜱螨线粒体基因组的研究成果.概括起来,蜱螨线粒体基因组具有以下特点:(1)大小变异显著,其中柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri线粒体基因组在目前已测节肢动物中最小(13077 bp);(2)一般碱基组成偏向A和T,但6种蜱螨具有相反的GC-偏斜(正值);(3)基因组的碱基组成及A+T富集区的位置、长度和拷贝数等变异显著,其中4种叶螨的A+T含量最高,其A+T富集区在目前已测节肢动物中最短(44 -57 bp);(4)基因高度重排,特别是真螨总目的种类,但重排与高分类阶元无相关性;(5)真螨总目部分螨类的tRNA基因极度缩短,不能形成经典的三叶草二级结构.作者建议要进一步测定更多蜱螨的线粒体基因组,验证蜱螨非典型tRNA基因的生物学功能性,分析蜱螨线粒体基因组的分子进化机制,开展蜱螨线粒体转录组研究等.     

《蜱螨学手册》第二版简介

<正> 笔者曾在本刊15卷第二期(1978)介绍过G.W.Krantz所著的《蜱螨学手册》(A.Manualof Acarology)中的新蜱螨分类系统的情况。正如国外蜱螨学工作者形容蜱螨学分类的混乱情况与一百年前昆虫学的情况相似,今后会有很大的变更那样,在Krantz《蜱螨学手册》第一版出版8年之后,所出版的第二版(1978年)中,分类系统又有很大的改变,这是他又总结了近8年各国多数学者最近研究成果,从新修订的蜱螨最新分类系统。     

第九届国际蜱螨学会议将召开

<正> 第九届国际蜱螨学会议(IX International Congress of Acarology)将于1994年7月17日—22日在美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市召开。拟议中的讨论会有:蜱螨学的模型和生物学理论;螨类生态学的系统发育前景;螨类与其他节肢动物的相互关系;螨类群落和对环境的扰乱;蜱类寄主与寄生虫关系的变化模式;在蜱螨相互关系中的化学信息素。拟议中将讨论的专题有:蜱螨学研究     

波斯锐缘蜱的核型与细胞分类研究(蜱螨亚纲:软蜱科)

细胞分类学(cytotaxonomy)是细胞遗传学的一个分支学科,主要根据染色体的特征,细胞学和分类学的方法相结合,研究生物的自然分类。它为古老的经典分类学开拓了新领域。细胞分类学在许多动物中的应用已越来越广泛。在蜱螨中,早在60年代初,苏联学者(1962a)研究了软蜱的核型与分类的关系。Oliver(1977)据现有蜱螨染色体资料推论:如果将来寄螨目(Parasitiformes)4个亚目的蜱螨都是单着丝粒(monokinetic)染色体,螨目(Acariformes)3个亚目的螨类都是全着丝粒(holokinetic)染色体,那末蜱螨进化二源论将更加可信。我们比较过草原革蜱与森林革蜱的核型,有7个共同点,说明该两种蜱有较近的亲缘关系(周洪福等,1987)。     

蜱螨学在我国三十年来发展的今昔对比(1934—1964)

随着人们的生产实践,开发大自然以及自然疫源地调查等等,接触到的蜱螨学问题也逐渐增多,所以近年来国内外对蜱螨的研究工作也迅速开展起来,根据本世纪五十年代的发展成就,己建立起一门新兴的学科——蜱螨学。蜱螨学是研究蜱螨和人类经济及健康的关系,以及利用和防制蜱螨的一门学科。研究内容包括蜱螨的形态、分类、区系、生理、生化、生态、生活史、遗传、地理分布、危害和防治等等。解放前十五年的情况解放前蜱螨学在我国可以说完全是个空白点,仅有一些零星的报导,有些还是外国人做的,国内从事这方面工作的人员大多是昆虫学工作者。仅作为动物学或昆虫学的一部分,附带发表在其他有关杂志上,根本谈不上深入系统的研究。     

蜱螨染色体改良制片法——玻璃纸压片法

蜱螨与医、农、牧密切有关。研究蜱螨的染色体,对分类、进化、性比、孤雌生殖和遗传防治等都有意义。制备蜱螨的染色体标本,常用压片法或涂片法等。传统的压片法是把组织放在载片与盖片之间压制的,这个方法制成的临时     

蜱螨分类系统进展简讯

蜱螨与人类保健卫生、农业生产、仓储保管等均有密切的关系,近十余年来在啤螨的分类方面有了较大的进展。1958年E.W.Baker等在《蜱螨分科检索》(中译本由上海人民出版社1975年出版)中,将蜱螨列为一个目,分59个总科,124个科。1970年,G.W.Krantz     

寄生于棉蚜的三种绒螨幼螨记述

绒螨隶属蜱螨亚纲(Acari),真螨目(Acariformes),绒螨总科(Trombidioidea),绒螨科(Trombidiidae).目前绒螨科及其近缘类群的分类在学者之间未有一致意见.其分类单位和分类系统仍在变动中(Zhang 1998).     

会议简讯

中国昆虫学会1979年蜱螨学术 讨论会在苏州举行 中国昆虫学会 1979年蜱螨学术讨论会于1979年11月24—30日在苏州举行。全国24个省、市、自治区的77名代表和列席代表出席了会议。 讨论会共收到论文217篇,内有农业螨类和仓储螨类62篇、医学螨类104篇、蜱类51篇;内容包括区系分类、生态、经济和医学关系及防治杀灭等。有八位代表在大会上作了中心发言。代表们本着“百花齐放,百家争鸣”的方针进行了热烈的讨论。     

Molecular phylogeny and systematics of oligochaeta: Pro et contra

The systematics of oligochaete worms was discussed by experts for the entire 20th century. The development of computing and molecular techniques hold promise for the construction of a phylogenetically reasonable system. However, the eliminating of some paraphyletic lineages did not result in unanimous approval among a wide range of biologists (mainly morphologists and ecologists). Molecular systematics has helped clear up the position of many controversial species and genera, while causing doubts about the classification of higher rank taxa, which seemed to be logical and stable until recently.     

Advancing mite phylogenomics: Designing ultraconserved elements for Acari phylogeny

Mites (Acari) are one of the most diverse groups of life on Earth; yet, their evolutionary relationships are poorly understood. Also, the resolution of broader arachnid phylogeny has been hindered by an underrepresentation of mite diversity in phylogenomic analyses. To further our understanding of Acari evolution, we design targeted ultraconserved genomic elements (UCEs) probes, intended for resolving the complex relationships between mite lineages and closely related arachnids. We then test our Acari UCE baits in‐silico by constructing a phylogeny using 13 existing Acari genomes, as well as 6 additional taxa from a variety of genomic sources. Our Acari‐specific probe kit improves the recovery of loci within mites over an existing general arachnid UCE probe set. Our initial phylogeny recovers the major mite lineages, yet finds mites to be non‐monophyletic overall, with Opiliones (harvestmen) and Ricinuleidae (hooded tickspiders) rendering Parasitiformes paraphyletic.     

Major characters and enoplan systematics

The history of enoplan systematics is briefly reviewed. Various taxonomic characters significant at the generic level and above are discussed, with comments on their application to traditional classifications and to recently propounded theories and new approaches to enoplan classification schemes. Several new characters are introduced and their potential significance examined. Finally, a revised classification scheme is presented which leaves open some of the phylogenetic questions about which there is presently much debate but, at the same time, provides secure higher taxa to contain the many forms and groups currently undergoing revision.     

直翅目昆虫分子系统学研究新进展

对1994年以来国内外在直翅目昆虫种群遗传变异及进化、种及种下阶元的分类鉴定、种上阶元的系统发育分析及分子进化等分子系统学方面的研究进展进行了综述。近年来,蝗亚目昆虫分子系统学方面的研究成果较为丰富,而有关螽亚目的分子系统学研究较少。线粒体基因和核基因序列联合分析、整个基因组全序列分析以及分子数据与形态学的密切结合将是分子系统学未来发展的主要研究手段。     

Theory and practice of botanical classification: Cladistics,phenetics and classical approaches—critical summary: Botanical systematics in 1987

Aristotelian principles still dominate botanical classification. Biological classification has undergone a major transformation during the period fromAdanson (1763) toDarwin (1859), from essentialism and the practice of downward classification, to empiricism and upward classification. The polythetic class was conceptualized during the 1950s. Interest in the species problem generated data from many different disciplines, the most recent being DNA systematics. These many disciplines have contributed to our understanding of evolutionary processes and to improved classifications. Many different phylogenetic models were developed and for different kinds of data. These models formed the basis of many algorithms to infer phylogenetic trees, some widely available in computer packages. This became possible with rapid growth of computer technology. These developments in turn catalyzed the formulation of divergent philosophical principles and approaches to classification. For instance, should methodological principles be divorced from knowledge about evolutionary processes? These approaches are discussed along with problems of reticulate evolution, intra-OTU-variation, homology, and other issues in the light of existing methodologies and their impact on classification. The next important direction in addition to development of new classificatory algorithms is the synthesis of various elements of different methodologies presently used in isolation.     

真菌系统学大趋势：越来越多的分类单元

分子生物学技术与真菌系统学的有机融合,为真菌分类和系统发育研究带来了革命性的变化。最近20年来,真菌学家们建立了大量的新目、新科、新属和新种,掀开了真菌多样性及其起源进化研究的新纪元,但很多重要的系统发育问题仍没有解决,特别是大量目间、科间的亲缘关系并不清楚。细分是真菌系统学的主流趋势,野生食用菌和毒蘑菇的分类也是如此,近年涌现了越来越多的新分类单元,如在2010-2019年的10年间,中国发表大型真菌（含地衣）新种1 240余个。本专刊收载的15篇论文是对我国野生食用菌和毒蘑菇研究工作的部分总结,对真菌资源利用、毒蘑菇中毒预防与治疗具有较重要的科学意义和应用价值。     

对金缕梅科现代分类系统的评述

为了进一步研究金缕梅科的系统与进化,作者详细介绍了该科的分类历史及各个分类系统;根据现代植物系统学研究的原理和方法,着重对金缕梅科的５个现代主要分类系统,Ｈａｒｍｓ（１９３０）,张宏达（１９７３,１９７９）,Ｂｏｇｌｅｅｔａｌ．（１９８０）,Ｅｎｄｒｅｓｓ（１９８９）和李建华（Ｌｉ,１９９７）进行了详细的分析、比较和评述,在此基础上提出自己的观点,认为李建华的分类系统有一定合理性,但他对个别属的处理和族的划分仍有不妥之处     

A problem of truth in biological systematics

A possibility to put a question of truth of knowledge in biological systematics is studied. It is shown that the problem of truth in reference to systematics is wider than a question of classified information reliability. Prerequisites needed for logically accurate formulation of a definition and criteria of truth are considered. It is shown that such prerequisites are present in taxonomic practice, namely in a process of diagnosis compiling. Philosophical analysis of this work has been carried out. Interpretation of an essence of systematics as classification is connected with use of classical concept of truth (which defines truth as correspondence between knowledge and object) in its undeveloped form. Carried analysis allows supposing that a theory of systematics based on diagnostics rather than on classification would be more prospective. Use of imperfect concept of truth can be seen also in notions that system of taxa must reflect its evolutionary history. Development and modernization of Aristotle's orientation to discovery of the object form can become an alternative to such opinions. An aspiration to achieve the truth is the main motive of systematic work. An influence of this aspiration on a selection of purposes of taxonomic work and theoretical comprehension of its bases is shown. Such features of modern biological systematics as its accessibility for new results, criticism in respect of external morphological characters, and interest in intraspecific variability are connected with this aspiration. This motive comes into contradiction with a tendency to withdraw the problem of truth as such, which takes place in some brunches of theoretic systematics.     

中国十字花科植物系统分类近期研究进展

十字花科 ( Cruciferae ulma Brassicaceae)植物有 330多个属 ,约 35 0 0种 ,主产于北温带 ,尤以伊朗 -吐兰 ( Irano- Turanian)、地中海区域和西北美分布最多 ,我国有 1 0 2属、41 2种[1] ,广泛分布于全国各地 ,以西南、西北、东北高山区及丘陵地带为多 ,平原及沿海地区较少 [2 ] 。该科植物经济价值较大 ,其中芸苔属和萝卜属为我国主要的蔬菜和油料作物 ,另有一些种类可以供药用或观赏 ,或作为饲料、染料、调味品等 ;现代植物分子生物学研究的模式材料——拟南芥也属于这一类群。在系统发育上 ,十字花科属于白花菜目 ,与白花菜科 ( Capp…