云南南部和中部地区公路旁紫茎泽兰土壤种子库分布格局

公路边缘生境促进外来植物的入侵,土壤种子库作为植被天然更新的物质基础对未来植被的构成至关重要。研究路旁生境中紫茎泽兰土壤种子库的分布格局,对揭示路旁紫茎泽兰种群的补充和更新、探讨公路与入侵植物之间的关系以及科学制定紫茎泽兰防除对策具有重要意义。本文在紫茎泽兰入侵的云南南部和中部地区选择三种不同级别的9条公路的23个取样地点,沿垂直于公路方向设置55条样线,采得374个10 cm?10 cm?10 cm土样。采用温室萌发法,研究了紫茎泽兰土壤种子库从公路沿线到邻近景观的储量、影响因子以及分布格局。结果表明：9条公路旁的土壤中贮藏着丰富的紫茎泽兰种子,其种子库密度变动于3 152～25 225 粒?m-2,占所有有效种子密度的平均比例为48.7%。公路级别、路旁景观类型和海拔对路旁紫茎泽兰种子库密度有显著影响,密度随公路级别的提高而增加;不同路旁景观类型中的种子库密度排序为：稀树林>稀树灌木林>撂荒地和荒坡>森林;海拔1 700～1 900 m范围内的种子库密度最大。不同样线的种子库密度值随垂直于公路的距离变化格局略有不同,平均密度值和平均种子数量占样线总数的比例值都呈单峰变化,在距离公路最近端已经有很高密度,大多数样线的高峰值出现在9 m以内。公路旁已经分布有一个紫茎泽兰种子带,因而提高路旁本地植物的盖度及郁闭度有利于控制紫茎泽兰通过种子更新进一步扩散。     

交通要道重金属污染对农田土壤动物群落结构及空间分布的影响

为了解交通要道重金属对路边农田土壤动物群落结构及空间分布的影响,分季节分层次对104国道浙江上虞段周围农田5条样带及1条对照样带进行取样调查,共获得土壤动物4046个,计50个类群,隶属于4门7纲,弹尾目、前气门亚目、甲螨亚目为优势类群,其余为常见类群和稀有类群。同时测定了采样带土壤理化性质和重金属含量,结合类群特征指数,研究农田土壤动物群落结构特征以及土壤动物对土壤重金属污染的响应。结果表明,6条样带土壤理化指标全磷和pH、重金属各因子差异显著(P0.05),公路周围重金属含量明显高于对照和土壤背景值,随着采样距104国道的距离的减小,土壤动物的类群数和个体数呈现减少的趋势,在土层垂直分布上,并呈现表聚性减弱的现象。灰色关联分析表明,在调查样带中全磷对土壤动物的影响最大,土壤pH次之,其次是铅、铬的影响,锌的影响最小。土壤理化指标全磷和pH对农田土壤动物的影响大于土壤重金属,但重金属对污染样带土壤动物群落结构的影响已不能忽视。     

贵州省某土法炼锌点土壤重金属污染现状

对贵州省赫章县新官寨土法炼锌点的土壤重金属含量及空间分布进行了研究,以了解土法炼锌活动停止以后土壤重金属的污染状况.结果表明,当地农业土壤重金属的平均含量分别为Pb 337、Zn 648、Cd 9.0、Hg 0.44、Cu 121和As 17 mg·kg-1,分别是贵州省农业土壤背景值的7.5、7.9、26.4、2.2、4.7和0.8倍.单项污染指数显示,土壤Cd的污染最重,依次为Zn、Pb、As、Hg和Cu.综合污染指数揭示,该土法炼锌点4 km范围内的表层农业土壤严重污染.土壤中的污染物主要累积于表层30 am内,30 cm以下浓度较低.土壤Zn和Cd具有较高的活性和迁移性,峰值已向下迁移15～20 cm.     

交通绿化带植物配置对空气颗粒物的净化效益

交通绿化带有显著的净化街道空气的环境效益。通过对上海浦东某交通干道旁侧绿化带不同季节大气中总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的测定,定量研究了绿化带对TSP的净化效益;同时对研究区域内植物的配置情况用郁闭度和疏透度进行了表征,并研究了其与TSP的净化效益之间的相关性。研究结果表明:交通绿化带对由机动车引起的TSP污染有明显的净化作用,其中夏、秋季净化百分率较高,春、冬季较低;为达到较高的TSP净化效益,交通绿化带宽度应不小于5m,最佳为10m,采用先灌后乔的配置方式,并更多的选用常绿树种;绿地对TSP的净化百分率同植物群落的郁闭度成正相关,同疏透度成负相关关系;绿地内植物郁闭度的最佳范围为0.70～0.85,疏透度的最佳范围为0.25～0.33。研究结果可为评价现有交通绿化带植物配置情况和日后的城市绿地规划和建设提供技术依据。     

阿克苏市绿地土壤重金属污染及植物富集特征

植物对重金属污染具有一定的吸滞能力, 利用园林植物减缓和治理城市重金属污染具有重要意义。采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和富集系数法, 评价阿克苏市不同功能区绿地土壤重金属污染程度, 分析常见绿化树种叶片的重金属富集效应和空间分异特征。结果表明: 阿克苏市绿地土壤4种重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr)污染程度不同, 其中Cu、Pb污染最为严重, 达到了重度污染。阿克苏市不同绿地功能区土壤内梅罗综合污染指数(Nemerow integrated pollution index) PN由高到低的顺序为工业区绿地>(PN=3.68)交通道路绿地(PN=3.47)>居住区绿地(PN=3.34)>公园绿地(PN=2.93)>城郊绿地(PN=2.16); 阿克苏市区主要绿化树种间, 新疆杨、法国梧桐对Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr的富集系数较大, 可作为阿克苏市区土壤重金属污染修复的重点选用树种; 大叶白蜡、圆冠榆、垂柳对Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr的富集系数次之, 可作为备选树种。     

不同郁闭度控制下马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工林土壤动物群落特征

采用郁闭度控制方法,形成马尾松人工林郁闭度梯度(0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9)试验样地,研究不同郁闭度下土壤动物群落特征。运用手捡法、Tullgren法和Baermann法进行土壤动物群落调查。结果显示,1)共捕获土壤动物8 860只,隶属于4门11纲25目111科,其中大型土壤动物589只,以蜚蠊、疣和康叭为优势类群;中小型土壤动物8271只,以等节和丽甲螨为优势类群。2)大型土壤动物以杂食性为主,杂食性在0.9郁闭度显著增加,捕食性显著减少;中小型土壤动物以菌食和腐食性为主,腐食性土壤动物随郁闭度增大逐渐增加,菌食性逐渐减少。中小型捕食性土壤动物在郁闭度0.5—0.7显著增加,0.7—0.9无显著变化。3)大型土壤动物仅5—10 cm土层类群数在0.9郁闭度显著增加;中小型土壤动物总个体数及枯落物层个体数、5—10 cm土层类群数显著增加(0.5—0.7)后减少(0.7—0.9);中小型土壤动物总类群数在郁闭度0.5—0.6显著增加,枯落层类群数在郁闭度0.5—0.8显著增加,0.8—0.9显著减少。4)大型、中小型土壤动物多样性在土层中差异显著。中小型土壤动物Simpson优势度指数随郁闭度增大而减小,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀性指数则显著增大,Margalef丰富度指数先显著增高(0.5—0.6)后趋于平稳(0.6—0.9);大型土壤动物Jaccard相似性指数低于中小型。5)CCA分析表明,不同类群土壤动物对环境因子响应不同,郁闭度、含水量、有机质及全P对土壤动物类群影响显著。研究表明,0.7郁闭度马尾松人工林下土壤动物优势度、丰富度适中,林下植被恢复情况较好,该郁闭度可能更有利于土壤动物多样性和群落稳定性。     

玛曲高寒退化草甸土壤重金属污染风险评价

为了分析玛曲高寒草甸土壤重金属含量分布及重金属污染风险,采集玛曲高寒退化草甸土壤样品,分析研究区表层土壤(0—20 cm)中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb等八种重金属含量,描述玛曲高寒草甸土壤重金属的空间分布特征,采用单因子污染指数、内梅罗污染指数、地累积指数评价重金属污染程度并分析重金属污染潜在生态风险,以相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析表征同源性重金属。结果表明:(1)研究区内As、Cd的质量分数高于背景值, Ni的质量分数偏低,变异系数大小为Cr> Hg> Cd> Cu> As> Ni> Zn> Pb;(2)Cd单因子污染指数为轻微污染,地累积指数反映As属于未受污染与轻微污染之间,各重金属元素均无潜在生态风险;以国标和土壤背景值为标准,内梅罗综合污染指数表明玛曲未受到重金属污染;(3)主成分和相关性分析表明玛曲土壤中Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb等元素具有相同或相似的来源, Ni和Pb的来源优先顺序最大, Cr和Hg含量呈现弱相关。     

上海地区绿化树种重金属污染防护特性的研究

通过测定土壤样品的重金属含量,调查了上海七宝镇污染水系两侧与上海宝钢集团厂区的重金属污染状况。结果表明,在污染水系两侧重金属含量较对照稍高,而上海宝钢厂区各样点土壤重金属含量明显高于对照,存在较严重的污染．同时在这两处重金属污染地带观察记录了绿化树种的生长状况,采集植物样品以ICP仪进行树木样品的重金属含量分析,综合两方面数据对近20种常见绿化树种的重金属污染的防护特性进行了比较研究．结果表明,法国冬青、紫薇、木芙蓉、女贞和龙柏等植物种类富集重金属能力较强,且生长状况较为良好,最适于作为重金属污染厂区的生态防护绿化的主要树种;而蚊母、夹竹桃和石楠等植物种类虽然富集重金属能力较低,但有较强的耐性,能良好生长。也适于作为污染区绿化美化树种。     

城郊公路两侧主要森林类型铅含量及分布规律

对南京城郊３１２国道两侧主要森林类型林木不同器官中Ｐｂ含量和分布规律的研究表明,不同树种、同一树种不同器官中Ｐｂ含量有明显差异．火炬松对Ｐｂ污染的净化能力强于杉木、栎树．汽车尾气排放的Ｐｂ污染影响范围在离公路两侧１００ｍ以内,主要在４０ｍ以内范围．有林地土壤由于有林木及林下植被的覆盖,其Ｐｂ含量（尤其是表层０～２０ｃｍ范围内）明显降低,说明林分可有效地降低土壤中Ｐｂ的污染程度．林木不同器官对Ｐｂ尘的吸附率在１８０％～２８１％之间,以叶片吸附能力最强;不同树种比较,以松树吸附率为高     

云南会泽废弃铅锌矿重金属污染评价

取样测定了云南会泽废弃铅锌矿土壤和植物中重金属元素Pb、Zn、Cd的含量,并采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法评估了会泽县废弃铅锌矿复垦地和撂荒地土壤的重金属污染状况。结果表明：1)以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)为标准,复垦地和撂荒地的土壤重金属含量均超过国家三级标准;复垦地中Cd、Zn、Pb 3种重金属的总含量分别为国家三级标准的35.0、28.0和11.3倍;撂荒地中这3种重金属总含量分别为国家三级标准的40.7、37.6和16.7倍。2)单项污染指数评价结果表明：铅锌矿废弃地污染指数为Cd>Zn>Pb,3种重金属均达到重污染级。综合污染指数评价结果显示：铅锌矿废弃地重金属污染达到重度污染等级,复垦地已不适宜耕种农作物。废弃矿山及土法冶炼后遗留的矿渣是重金属污染的主要原因。3)当地受重金属污染的土壤中仍然有生长良好的野生植物,并且有些植物种类对重金属的吸收转运能力较强,在土壤重金属污染的生物修复中有应用潜力。     

改善颗粒物污染的道路绿地植被屏障研究进展

减少道路环境的颗粒物污染对通勤者的健康至关重要。道路绿地在交通排放和邻近区域之间形成屏障,但这种植被屏障是否可以有效消减局部颗粒物污染仍然需要深入研究和探讨。结合现有研究成果,阐述了植被对颗粒物污染的影响途径;分析了街道峡谷和开放道路两种典型城市道路环境中,植被组成及群落结构设计的关键特征对颗粒物分布和扩散的影响;总结了有利于消减颗粒物浓度的植被单株性状和叶片微形态;探讨了影响颗粒物浓度的其他因子的耦合作用;针对不同道路环境提出了有效的植被屏障设计建议,并指出了植被群落设计和叶片微形态方面的研究趋势,以期优化道路植被规划,改善路域空气质量。     

西安城市路边土壤重金属来源与潜在风险

应用X-Ray荧光光谱仪对西安城市路边土壤重金属含量进行测定,运用相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析探讨了路边土壤的重金属来源,并利用潜在生态风险指数法评价了其生态风险.结果表明:西安城市路边土壤中Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、N、iPb和Zn的平均含量均高于陕西土壤背景值.路边土壤中As、Mn和N i主要来自于自然源和交通源,Cu、Pb和Zn主要来自交通源,Co和Cr主要来源于工业源.潜在生态风险评价结果显示,西安城市路边土壤中重金属元素属于中等污染程度,具有中等潜在生态风险.     

Successful overwintering of arthropods in roadside verges

In densely populated areas, roadside verges often provide the last semi-natural habitats available. Their ecological value is often stressed by bio survey results. Yet insect summer surveys potentially misjudge the value of a biotope (roadside or otherwise) since the occurrences of species may only be seasonal, or even transient. To effectively ascertain the importance of a site for insects, species must be shown to complete their life cycle there or at least be shown to successfully accomplish critical life stages, such as reproduction or overwintering. To confirm overwintering of arthropods in roadsides, sods were cut in late winter in a verge where several years of summer survey data were available. The sods were placed in transparent semi-permeable cages and kept alive during subsequent spring, summer and autumn. All emerging arthropods were caught inside the cages using pitfall and funnel traps and identified to order or family level. Most of the terrestrial arthropod phyla and orders occurring in NW-Europe appeared to be represented. Several groups were further identified to the species level: Carabidae (Coleoptera), Curculionidae (Coleoptera), Araneae, Orthoptera, Apidae (Hymenoptera), Syrphidae (Diptera) and Dephacidae/Cercopidae (Hemiptera). Particularly for the Carabidae, Araneae and Curculionidae, many species recorded in summer were also found to overwinter; species overlap amounted to approximately 67%. Rarefaction of the summer sample or excluding possible summer vagrants, raised this overlap to as much as 88% for the Carabidae. Many of the species successfully overwintering in the roadside verge were generalists, but less common, more stenotopic species were present as well. Not only species hibernating as adults were involved, but also species overwintering in immature stages, indicating reproduction also takes place in the roadside verge. Apparently the roadside occurrence of many arthropod species, including stenotopic and declining ones, is not merely seasonal or incidental, and roadside verges do not necessarily act as a sink only. The ecological importance often attributed to roadside verges should clearly be taken seriously.     

Phenology of a common roadside fig in Sarawak

The phenology of a dioecious fig (Ficus fulva, Reinw. ex Bl.; 25 female, 26 male trees) was studied at Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak. Dioecious fig phenology provides an excellent opportunity to investigate the influence of climate and sexual specialization on the obligate fig–fig pollinator/ovule parasite interaction. Leaf phenology was strongly correlated between sexes. Trees dropped leaves during drought and initiated new leaf growth after the renewal of rain. Before the production of large crops of syconia, trees shed their leaves and then new leaves and syconia were initiated together. Syconia were produced in synchronous crops with asynchrony between trees maintaining a relatively even production of syconia within the tree group. Syconia abortion on male but not female trees, was negatively correlated with the proportion of trees with male phase syconia. A severe drought in early 1998 significantly disrupted the phenology thereafter. The duration of crop development was approximately twice as long on female trees as on males, and total syconia production was much higher on male trees. Plots of syconia diameter versus dry weight suggest sexual specialization in the investment profile during crop development. Male trees also sometimes produced a small crop of syconia immediately before a large crop, probably to supply wasps for the main crop. Sexes had different growth strategies with male trees growing more as small individuals and slightly delaying reproduction. Diameter at breast height was significantly correlated with total syconia production in male trees but not in females. Syconia production was best predicted by canopy width.     

Effects of de-icing salt on roadside grasses and herbs

Summary The harmful effect of de-icing salt on roadside herbs and grasses depends on the sensitivity of the plant species. Seedlings are more sensitive to salt than adult plants. At a low temperature (5°C) the plants were not affected by high salt concentrations. In winter with short frost periods (1–3 weeks) the harmful effect of de-icing salt on grasses and herbs will therefore be hampered by the low physiological activity of the plants.     

城市行道树对交通环境的响应

以远离交通环境的公园作为相对清洁区,研究了位于广东佛山种植最普遍的8种城市行道树树黄葛榕(FicusvirensAit.var.sublanceolata(Miq.)Corner),大叶紫薇(Lagerstroemiaspeciosa(L.)Pers.),芒果(MangiferaindicaL.),细叶榕(FicusmicrocarpaL.),阴香(Cinnamomumburmanii(Nees)Bl.),垂叶榕(FicusbenjaminaL.),白兰(MicheliaalbaDC.),红花羊蹄甲(BauhiniablakeanaDunn)在交通密集区生长在不同方位的植物器官对交通环境的响应。结果表明,交通密集区的城市行道树的叶片和树皮器官吸收重金属铅和镉、硫含量、电导率和pH值等指标在不同的方位呈现显著的差别,即城市行道树位于快车道一侧生长的植物的器官(以下简称P1)、位于面向人行道一侧生长的植物的器官(以下简称P2)及相对清洁区采集的植物样品(以下简称P0)各指标测定值的分析结果为:其叶片和树皮硫、重金属铅和镉、电导率等特征值基本呈现P1>P2>P0的大小规律,在显著度为0.05时差异显著;而pH值基本呈现P1相似文献   

Mefluidide-chlorsulfuron-2,4-D surfactant combinations for roadside vegetation management

Using a combination of a primary growth retardant, mefluidide, a synergistic additive, chlorsulfuron, a detergent to enhance penetration (X-77), and a herbicide, 2,4-D, to provide for control of broadleaf weeds, full-season management of bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)—tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) mixtures along roadsides has been achieved. A single spray application is made in the spring, and no additional herbicide applications or mechanical mowing are needed. The treatment is effective with greater than 90% control of fescue seed heads. Those few seed heads that do form remain short. It is economical. The costs of materials and application are equal to or less than the cost of a single mowing cycle. The treatment is environmentally safe when applied in early spring before most agricultural crops have been planted. The effectiveness and low cost of the combination derive from laboratory and greenhouse observations that various materials, herein referred to as additives, often only weakly effective as growth retardants themselves, will interact synergistically with mefluidide to provide overall treatment effectiveness at application rates that are economical. Using this principle, a combination suitable for roadside vegetation management was devised, field-tested for 2 years under actual use conditions, and found to be effective for full-season vegetation management of mixed bluegrass—tall fescue turf to permit considerable cost savings when compared to three-cycle mechanical mowing.     

Mefluidide-chlorsulfuron-2,4-D surfactant combinations for roadside vegetation management

Using a combination of a primary growth retardant, mefluidide, a synergistic additive, chlorsulfuron, a detergent to enhance penetration (X-77), and a herbicide, 2,4-D, to provide for control of broadleaf weeds, full-season management of bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)—tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) mixtures along roadsides has been achieved. A single spray application is made in the spring, and no additional herbicide applications or mechanical mowing are needed. The treatment is effective with greater than 90% control of fescue seed heads. Those few seed heads that do form remain short. It is economical. The costs of materials and application are equal to or less than the cost of a single mowing cycle. The treatment is environmentally safe when applied in early spring before most agricultural crops have been planted. The effectiveness and low cost of the combination derive from laboratory and greenhouse observations that various materials, herein referred to as additives, often only weakly effective as growth retardants themselves, will interact synergistically with mefluidide to provide overall treatment effectiveness at application rates that are economical. Using this principle, a combination suitable for roadside vegetation management was devised, field-tested for 2 years under actual use conditions, and found to be effective for full-season vegetation management of mixed bluegrass—tall fescue turf to permit considerable cost savings when compared to three-cycle mechanical mowing.