四川省老河沟自然保护区兽类多样性红外相机调查

自然保护区的生物物种编目是区域性和全国性生物多样性研究与监测的基础,而红外相机调查技术已成为兽类物种编目的重要手段之一。老河沟自然保护区位于四川省岷山北部,位于大熊猫岷山种群分布核心地区,是2012年新建保护区。从2011-2014年,我们把保护区划分为1km×1km的方格,采用红外相机技术,对区内的兽类多样性进行了系统全面的调查。经过9,188个相机日的调查,共记录到分属7目18科的兽类。其中,有81,709份记录可以鉴定出具体物种,包括野生兽类24种,家畜1种（家狗）,分属5目14科,独立探测数总计1,766次。其余未能鉴定出具体物种的兽类记录为小型翼手目、食虫目和啮齿目动物。在24种野生兽类中,食肉目物种数最多,共4科9种;其次为偶蹄目（4科7种）与啮齿目（3科6种）。就独立探测数而言,偶蹄目兽类是记录到次数最多的类群（占总探测数43.97%）,其次是啮齿目（25.61%）和食肉目（22.44%）。被IUCN红色名录评估为“濒危EN”、“易危VU”和“近危NT”级别的物种各3种,被列为国家I级和II级重点保护野生动物的分别为4种和5种。本次调查对老河沟自然保护区内的大中型兽类进行了首次系统性编目,了解了区内兽类群落的物种组成、空间分布与相对多度,为后续的科研项目和保护管理提供了本底数据和基础信息。     

探讨我国森林野生动物红外相机监测规范

野生动物多样性是生物多样性监测与保护管理评价的关键指标, 因此对野生动物进行长期监测是中国森林生物多样性监测网络(CForBio)等大尺度生物多样性监测研究计划的一个重要组成部分。2011年以来, CForBio网络陆续在多个森林动态监测样地开展以红外相机来监测野生动物多样性。随着我国野生动物红外相机监测网络的初步形成, 亟待建立和执行基于红外相机技术的统一监测规范。基于3年来在我国森林动态监测样地红外相机监测的进展情况, 以及热带生态评价与监测网络针对陆生脊椎动物(兽类和鸟类)所提出的红外相机监测规范, 本文从监测规范和监测注意事项等方面探讨了我国森林野生动物红外相机监测的现状和未来。     

大熊猫国家公园的地栖大中型鸟兽多样性现状: 基于红外相机数据的分析

生物多样性监测是国家公园保护的核心基础。大熊猫国家公园是我国首批5个国家公园之一, 系统的保护规划与有效的管理行动均有赖于对区内生物多样性本底、现状与动态的深入了解。为了解大熊猫国家公园范围内兽类与鸟类多样性本底与现状, 本研究系统检索了该区域内2005-2020年基于红外相机调查技术的野生动物研究论文、项目报告以及新闻报道, 并对区内原有保护地的红外相机监测历史与结果进行了问卷调查。结果表明, 2005-2020年期间, 在大熊猫国家公园范围内51个保护地的红外相机调查与监测中, 共记录到分属6目22科55属的71种野生兽类与分属13目45科132属的232种野生鸟类。在国家公园所覆盖的秦岭、岷山、邛崃山、相岭4大山系中, 邛崃和岷山记录到的大中型地栖鸟兽物种多样性最高(均为兽类40种, 鸟类12种), 相岭最低(兽类25种, 鸟类7种)。单个保护地中记录到的大中型地栖鸟兽物种数量与保护地面积、红外相机有效工作日及相机位点的海拔跨度均呈正相关, 国家级保护地中记录到的物种数(28 ± 8.3, mean ± SD)显著高于省级保护地(19 ± 8.9)。在大熊猫国家公园内共记录到猫科与犬科的4种大型食肉动物, 即豹(Panthera pardus)、雪豹(P. uncia)、狼(Canis lupus)和豺(Cuon alpinus), 主要来自于秦岭山系和邛崃山系, 而国家公园内的岷山山系则没有记录到大型食肉动物, 相岭山系中仅有1次狼的记录。本研究结果显示, 大熊猫国家公园内前期已经建立起的自然保护地网络与红外相机监测体系已积累大量区内野生兽类与鸟类的基础数据, 为国家公园的试点与建设提供了生物多样性编目与监测方面的可靠本底。在这些前期工作的基础上, 大熊猫国家公园应进一步规划、建设标准化的野生动物监测体系, 为今后国家公园的管理决策、成效评估提供坚实的科学支撑。     

基于红外相机技术调查长青国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类多样性

野生动物多样性的有效保护与管理,需要大范围、长时间的系统监测网络的支持。红外相机调查技术近年来已成为自然保护区鸟兽调查的最有效工具之一,为了解和掌握区域性乃至全国性的生物多样性现状,提供了最直接和最基础的数据。长青国家级自然保护区位于秦岭南坡,地处秦岭自然保护区群的核心地带。自2008年至2011年,使用被动式红外触发相机调查技术在长青保护区内调查了大中型兽类与鸟类的本底资源。共完成有效调查位点435个,相机工作日15767d。获得兽类有效拍摄3 282次,记录到分属5目12科的21种野生兽类和1种家畜,其中国家一级和二级重点保护野生动物各有5种,被IUCN物种红色名录评估为濒危（EN）、易危（VU）、近危（NT）的物种分别有2、3、4种。食肉目和偶蹄目是本次调查兽类记录中物种数量（分别有9种和7种）和有效拍摄数（分别占兽类有效拍摄数的13.5%和84.0%）最高的两个类群,食肉目中相对多度指数最高的物种是大熊猫（Ailuropoda melanoleuca, 12.30）,偶蹄目中最高的物种是羚牛（Budorcas taxicolor, 114.04）。保护区内大型兽类（食肉目和偶蹄目）物种多样性沿海拔梯度,大体呈现中部高、两侧低的单峰模式,海拔1600-2200 m的中等海拔段是大型兽类多样性最高的区域。鸟类有效拍摄191次,记录到分属4目8科的17种鸟类,其中国家二级重点保护野生动物物种8种。鸡形目雉科鸟类是有效拍摄数最高的类群,占全部鸟类拍摄数的79.8%。调查中记录到的林猬（Mesechinus hughi）和鹰雕（Spizaetus nipalensis）为长青自然保护区的新记录种。调查结果提供了较为全面的区内大中型兽类和鸟类群落的本底信息,为后续的保护管理规划和长期监测提供了数据支持和指导。     

红外相机技术在我国野生动物监测中的应用: 问题与限制

红外相机(camera traps)作为对野生动物进行“非损伤”性采样的技术, 已成为研究动物多样性、种群生态学及行为学的常用手段之一。其发展和普及为中国野生动物多样性和物种保育研究带来了诸多机会。如今, 国内大多数自然保护区都在运用红外相机技术开展物种监测工作。本文结合20年来已发表的相关研究, 从内容、实验设计以及发展趋势方面, 总结了目前红外相机技术在应用过程中出现的共性问题; 并就相机对动物的干扰性、影像识别、研究的适用范围及安全保障四个方面, 对该项技术在实践中存在的限制进行了探讨。最后结合红外相机技术未来的发展方向, 提出了建立技术规范、数据集成和共享、影像数据版权维护、提高监测效率等问题。     

利用红外相机技术调查云南布龙州级保护区野生动物

物种编目是自然保护区的生物多样性监测与研究的基础,为制定、实施保护计划及开展科学研究、环境教育等提供数据支持。2014年3月至2015年3月,按公里网格法,在布龙州级保护区内设置了137个位点,总监测日为10 675d,拍摄照片19 757张。获得独立有效照片数为984张,其中70.8 %为兽类,27.6%为鸟类,1.6%为人。经鉴定,可以识别兽类5目10科17种,鸟类4目9科14种,其中国家Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级保护物种各有3种和10种。被IUCN物种红色名录评估为濒危（EN）、易危（VU）、近危(NT)的物种分别有2、4、1种。本次调查兽类记录物种数较多的是食肉目和偶蹄目,分别为4和5种,相对丰富度指数以野猪和赤麂较高;鸟类记录物种数最多的是雉类（4种）,白鹇和原鸡的相对丰富度指数较高。本次调查进一步完善了布龙州级自然保护区中大、中型兽类和地栖性鸟类的物种资源编目,为后续的科研、监测和保护管理提供了本底资源。     

利用红外相机公里网格调查钱江源国家公园的兽类及鸟类多样性

2014年5月至2019年4月, 作者采用红外相机技术调查了浙江省钱江源国家公园的兽类及鸟类多样性。将整个国家公园划分为267个1 km × 1 km的调查网格, 每个网格内设置3个固定调查位点, 使用1台红外相机定期在同一网格内的位点之间进行轮换。其中, 古田山片区在5年内共完成14轮次调查, 古田山以外的区域自2018年7月纳入调查范围, 何田、长虹片区完成2次轮换, 齐溪片区完成1次轮换。在253个网格内的741个有效位点上共获得140,413个相机工作日的数据, 采集兽类和鸟类的照片和视频268,833份, 有效探测数74,368次, 鉴定出21种野生兽类, 72种野生鸟类, 5种家畜及家禽。包括国家一级重点保护野生动物2种, 即黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)、白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti); 国家二级重点保护野生动物17种, 合计占野生物种总数的20.4%。被IUCN物种红色名录评估为易危(VU)的5种, 近危(NT)的4种, 合计占物种总数的9.7%。被中国脊椎动物红色名录评估为濒危(EN)的1种, 易危(VU)的9种, 近危(NT)的10种, 合计占物种总数的21.5%。相对多度指数最高的大中型兽类为小麂(Muntiacus reevesi), 鸟类为白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)。本次调查获得了国家公园内兽类和鸟类的多样性组成、空间分布和相对多度, 为长期科研监测和科学管理提供了基础数据。     

中国野生动物红外相机监测与研究: 现状及未来

智能传感器、人工智能、信息技术等现代科学技术的创新应用极大地提升了人类在全球生物多样性保护和恢复方面的潜力。结合国内外相关研究案例, 本文的主要内容包括: (1)对过去30年间(1991-2021年)中国野生动物红外相机监测研究相关文献资料进行总结分析; (2)结合国内2011年以来的典型案例, 对技术方法、物种发现与编目、形态与行为研究、生态学研究和保护管理等主题领域的进展进行总结分析; (3)结合国外近期的典型案例, 对红外相机监测与研究的重点领域进行评估分析; (4)对中国野生动物红外相机监测研究的未来发展提出相关建议。通过回顾, 本文旨在明晰国内外红外相机技术在野生动物监测研究中的创新应用和发展趋势, 为中国在该领域的未来发展提供参考依据, 以便更好地服务于中国生物多样性监测与研究网络建设和以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设, 为推进国家生态文明建设、保障生态安全和生物安全提供决策支持和科学依据。     

中国的野生动物红外相机监测需要统一的标准

采用及时、可靠的方法对物种开展有效监测是生物多样性保护的基础。红外相机技术可以获得兽类物种的影像、元数据和分布信息, 是监测生物多样性的有效途径。这项技术在野外便于部署, 规程易于标准化, 可提供野生动物凭证标本(影像)以及物种拍摄位置、拍摄日期与时间、拍摄细节(相机型号等)等附属信息。这些特性使得我们可以积累数以百万计的影像资料和野生动物监测数据。在中国, 红外相机技术已得到广泛应用, 众多机构正在使用红外相机采集并存储野生动物影像以及相关联的元数据。目前, 亟需对红外相机元数据结构进行标准化, 以促进不同机构之间以及与外部保护团体之间的数据共享。迄今全球已建立有数个国际数据共享平台, 例如Wildlife Insights, 但他们离不开与中国的合作, 以有效追踪全球可持续发展的进程。达成这样的合作需要3个基础: 共同的数据标准、数据共享协议和数据禁用政策。我们倡议, 中国保护领域的政府主管部门、机构团体一起合作, 共同制定在国内单位之间以及与国际机构之间共享监测数据的政策、机制与途径。     

四川白河国家级自然保护区鸟兽红外相机监测

为了调查四川白河国家级自然保护区及其周边区域兽类及鸟类多样性,2018年11月至2019年9月,我们利用GIS将调查区域划分成1 km×1km的网格,并布设了 110台红外相机,每3-6个月回收一次数据.累计获得19,748个相机工作日,采集可辨别鸟兽照片和视频55,858份,独立有效探测6,856次,共记录到野生兽类...     

四姑娘山国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性初步调查

物种的分布与多度对我们理解生态过程、实施保护管理以及评估全球变化的影响都非常重要。2017年5-12月, 我们按照公里网格在四川省四姑娘山国家级自然保护区共布设60台固定位点红外相机, 调查了保护区内主要沟系的兽类和鸟类多样性。本次调查累计11,013个相机工作日, 共拍摄到31种兽类和鸟类, 隶属7目18科, 包括5种国家一级和10种国家二级重点保护野生动物, 被IUCN红色名录评估为濒危(EN)、易危(VU)和近危(NT)的野生动物分别有2种、5种和3种。其中, 相对多度指数居于兽类前五位的是毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)、水鹿(Rusa unicolor)、喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)、野猪(Sus scrofa)、猪獾(Arctonyx collaris); 相对多度指数居于鸟类前五位的则是血雉(Ithaginis cruentus)、白马鸡(Crossoptilon crossoptilon)、大噪鹛(Garrulax maximus)、雉鹑(Tetraophasis obscurus)和灰头鸫(Turdus rubrocanus)。由于局域性气候、植被类型和地形结构的不同, 使四姑娘山国家级自然保护区与毗邻的卧龙国家级自然保护区存在动物群落结构的差异。本调查初步掌握了四姑娘山保护区内大中型兽类和林下活动鸟类的种类组成和相对多度。     

四川岷山小麂的种群性比、社会结构和活动节律

小麂(Muntiacus reevesi)主要分布在东亚长江以南的地区,是我国分布范围最广的麂属物种.本研究基于四川省岷山山脉6个自然保护区2011-2020年的红外相机调查数据,共布设有效调查位点726个,完成75320个相机日的有效调查工作量;在其中133个相机位点上拍摄到小麂照片和视频20236份,独立探测190...     

福建省发现加藤斑潜蝇（双翅目：潜蝇科Diptera：Agromyzidae）

1995年在调查潜叶蝇种类时，在菊花上发现加藤斑潜蝇，属中国大陆首次报道，本文对其形态特征进行描述。     

The Mossflora of Mt. Jiuwan,Guangxi and Its Significance in Dividing the Boundary Line Between Tropical and Subtropical Regions in China (To be continued)

The Jiuwan Mountains,situated in the middle of northern Guangxi,South China(25°10’～25°25’N,108°27'E),is a transitional region between the Holarctic flora and Paleotropical flora．Its main vegetation is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests consisting of the Lauraceae,Teaceae,Fagaceae and Magnoliaceae．The highest peak of the mountains is 1693 m above sea level,and its bottom is only 170 m． In 1931,H．Reimers first reported the mossflora of Guangxi titled“Beitraege Zur Mossflora China I”．Four years later,Edwin B．Bartram published“Additions to the mossflora of China”．Hu Sun-si(1981)reported twenty-five species of mosses in Guangxi in “Preliminary observation on bryophytes in the evergreen broad-leaved forest of Huaping Forest Region in Guangxi”．Up to then reported were about 25 families,43 genera and 62 species of mosses in Guangxi． In 1989,Li Zhen-yu,Long Guang-ri and Zhang Can-ming made the first botanical expedition to the mountains and about 500 packages of bryophytes were collected there．One year later,Wang Mei-zhi,He Xiao-lan and the first author of this paper made bryophytic survey in the mountains,and about 1350 packages of bryophtes were collected there．From a11 the above specimens,35 families,101 genera and 189 species of Mosses are identified． According to “The areal-types of Chinese genera of seed plants” by Wu Zheng-yi,ten type of the mossflora of the Jiuwan Mountains are recognized: Cosmopolitans ( 8 families and 9 genera ), Pantropical elements( 7 families and 8 genera ), Paleotropical elements (4 families and 4 genera), Tropical Asian to African elements (4 families and 5 genera), Tropical Asian elements (19 families and 33 genera), North Temperate elements (9 families and 17 genera), East Asian ＆ North American disjunctive elements (6 families and 6 genera), Temperate Asian elements (4 families and 4 genera), East Asian elements (71 species), Endemic to China (5 species). Totally, the East Asian elements are the most important ones (39.33%), then the tropical and subtropical elements (38. 20%) are also abundant, and the temperate elements (18.54%) are the third one. For considering the relationships between the mossflora of the Jiuwan Mountains and those of the neighbouring regions, the authors selected five regions around the Mountains. The similarity coefficient of moss genera between the Jiuwan Mountains and the Jinfu Mountains, east Sichuan, is 60. 68% ,and that of moss species is 36.87% . The similarity coefficient of moss genera and species between the Jiuwan Mountains and the Wuyi Mountains are 69. 86% and 39. 57% respectively, higher than those of the other mountain regions. Comparing the mossfloras of the Jiuwan Mountains and the Jianfeng Mountains, there are fourty species commonly, among them thirty-two species are tropical elements which clearly show the close affinity to the tropical mossflora. The similarity coefficient of moss genera and species of the above two mountain are 57.29% and 29.63% rsepectively. Due to the influence of the Himalayas, the tropical elements of Xishuangbanna are different from the Jiuwan Mountains and the Jianfeng Mountains. Floristically, Shennongjia is situated in the transitional region between West and East China, and the similarity coefficient of moss genera and species between the Jiuwan Mountains and Shennongjia are 57.29% and 33.13%. East-Asiatic endemic genera of the bryophytes are regarded as “Tertiary fossil plants” which enjoy a warm and moist environment. They are mainly limited to temperate and subtropical region. Though there are some species of East-Asiatic element in Xishuangbanna,East-Asiatic endemic genera so far have not been found. There are two genera of East-Asiatic endemic genera of the bryophytes in Jianfengling belonging to tropical region. Nine of East-Asiatic endemic genera of the bryophytes have been recorded in Mt. Jinfu, and show the characteristic of overlapping distribution between Eastern and Western. Topographically, the Jiuwan Mountains is located at the Southeast of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, the edge of second step of China, so far four East Asiatic endemic genera, Taiwanobryum, Pilotriopsis, Meteoriella and Neobarbella have been found. Among them the former two genera are distributed in Japan and the Philippines, however, Meteoriella is found in Nepal and Japan, as well, it was widely recorded in South of Yangtze River and at 2000 meters above the sea level of the evergreen forest in Southeastern Xizang(Tibet), China. Neobarbella occurs in Sikkim, India, the Philippines, Indonesia and Japan, and China is recognized as the distribution centre of this genus. Generally, the above data show that the East Asiatic endemic genera of mosses are evidently influented by the Himalayas. In the Jiuwan Mountains, it is worth to notice that there are about 7% of the tropical species of mosses, such as Syrrhopodon flamme-nervis, Hookeriopsis geminidens, Pterobryopsis crassicaulis and Garovaglia plicata , which clearly indicate the close relationships of the mossflora of Mt. Jiuwan with the tropical elements. However, some tropical mosses, such as Pyrrhogonium spiniforme and Chrysocladium retrorsum, which are found at about 1000 meters above the sea level, also distribute to the South of Yangtze River. The geological data showed that the formation of the South China Sea was the very important event happened in South China in Tertiary. Hainan Island, as one of the migration route with South Asia and South Hemisphere, connected with the Asia continent until the late tertiary. Before that period of time, the Jiuwan Mountains was under the control of the tropical and subtropical climate with Xishuangbanna and Taiwan. Owing to the submergence of Qiongzhou Strait, Hainan Island became an isolated island, then the South Sea gradually formed. A series tropical species occuring in the Jiuwan Mountains might be the evidence of the migration between Laurasia and Gondwana ancient continent. Several moss genera, Garovaglia , Oedicladium , Pterobryopsis , Leucoloma , Dicranoloma and Callicostella, occuring both in North and South Heimephere, are found in the Jiuwan Mountains now. They might show the bryoflora relationships between the Jiuwan Mountains of South China and Africa, Central and South America. In fact, South America connected with Africa before Jurassic, and the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean were not so broad as right now. The ordination method was used for calculating the figure of two dimensional arrangement, the mossflora of the Jiuwan Mountains is very close to that of the Wuyi Mountains. 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Genomic,molecular evolution,and expression analysis of NOX genes in soybean (Glycine max)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are versatile signaling molecules in sensing stresses and play critical roles in signaling and development. Plasma membrane NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are key producers of ROS, and play important roles in the regulation of plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the NOX gene family in the soybean genome (Glycine max) and 17 NOX (GmNOX) genes were identified. Structural analysis revealed that the GmNOX proteins in soybean were as conserved as those in other plants. 8 duplicated gene pairs were formed by a Glycine-specific whole-genome duplication (WGD) event approximately 13 million years ago (Mya). The Ka/Ks ratios of GmNOX genes ranged from 0.04 to 0.28, suggesting that the GmNOX family had undergone purifying selection in soybean. Gene expression patterns showed different expression of these duplicate genes, suggesting that the GmNOXs were retained by substantial subfunctionalization during the soybean evolutionary processes. Subsequently, the expression of GmNOXs in response to drought and phytohormones were characterized via qPCR. Importantly, four GmNOXs showed strong expression in nodules, pointing to their probable involvement in nodulation. Thus, our results shed light on the evolutionary history of this family in soybean and contribute to the functional characterization of GmNOX genes in soybean.