不同物候时期华西雨屏区四个树种新鲜凋落物可提取腐殖质碳动态

凋落物的可提取腐殖质碳可随着植物生长节律及物候时期的变化而变化,并进而影响物质循环的过程,为深入了解以凋落物为载体的生态系统物质循环特征,该研究以华西雨屏区麻栎(Quercus acutissima)、楠木(Phoebe zhennan)、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortune)和喜树(Camptotheca acuminate)为对象,通过定点动态收集萌芽期、展叶期、盛叶期和落叶期的不同类型凋落物,分析其可提取腐殖质碳(extractable humus carbon,HC)、胡敏酸碳(humic acid carbon,HAC)、富里酸碳(fulvic acid carbon,FAC)以及胡敏酸碳/富里酸碳(humic acid carbon/fulvic acid carbon,HAC/FAC)的差异。结果表明:相对于其他凋落器官,在同一物候时期凋落叶中的HC和HAC含量都最高,大致都表现为凋落叶>凋落枝>凋落果,且在落叶树种中更为显著;相对于其他时期,展叶期四个树种凋落叶均表现出较高的FAC含量,但不同物候期凋落枝和凋落果的HAC含量以及FAC含量受物种的影响较大。尽管HAC/FAC在各器官间差异并不显著,但落叶树种相同器官的HAC/FAC低于常绿树种,表明落叶树种凋落物富里酸相对含量较高,形成速度相对较快,难降解程度也相对较大。统计分析表明关键时期、物种类型、器官类型及其相互作用对凋落物中HC、HAC、FAC含量和HAC/FAC均具有不同程度的影响,这为进一步深入认识区域生态系统以凋落物为载体的物质循环过程提供了理论依据及新的思路。     

三种不同类型亚高山森林凋落物输入对土壤腐殖化的影响

森林凋落物既是土壤腐殖质的主要来源,也可以通过新鲜凋落物中易降解组分的输入激发土壤原有腐殖质的降解,导致其相互关系并不明确。以王朗国家级自然保护区内的典型亚高山针叶林、针阔混交林以及阔叶林为研究对象,开展土壤原位培养试验,设置允许凋落物正常输入和去除凋落物两种处理,分析2017年-2019年期间不同凋落物处理下森林土壤可提取腐殖物质的光密度特征,研究土壤腐殖化程度与凋落物的关系。结果表明,在2年的试验过程中,3种森林土壤的腐殖化程度整体表现为针叶林>混交林>阔叶林,均展现出在冬季降低,生长季增加的动态规律;凋落物对3个森林的土壤腐殖化程度均无显著影响,但凋落物输入明显改变了土壤腐殖化程度的季节性变化趋势,且在冬季的阔叶林和混交林中表现更为突出。冬季凋落物的输入使得阔叶林和混交林土壤的腐殖化程度明显降低,而生长季凋落物输入对3种森林土壤腐殖化程度无显著影响。这些结果表明气候变暖情景下冬季温度的上升可能导致土壤的腐殖化程度增加,但凋落物的存在可以减缓增加的趋势。这些结果对于具有明显季节性冻融且对气候变化敏感的亚高山森林土壤肥力管理及可持续经营具有一定的科学意义。     

雪被斑块对川西亚高山森林6种凋落叶冬季腐殖化的影响

亚高山森林凋落叶腐殖化是联系植物与土壤碳库和养分库的重要通道, 在冬季可能受到雪被斑块的影响。该文采用凋落物网袋法, 于2012年11月-2013年4月研究了川西亚高山森林不同厚度雪被斑块(厚雪被、中雪被、薄雪被和无雪被)下优势树种岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)、方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)、四川红杉(Larix mastersiana)、红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)、康定柳(Salix paraplesia)和高山杜鹃(Rhododendron lapponicum)凋落叶在不同雪被关键期(雪被形成期、雪被覆盖期和雪被融化期)的腐殖化特征。结果表明: 亚高山森林冬季不同厚度雪被斑块下6种凋落叶均保持一定程度的腐殖化, 其中红桦凋落叶腐殖化度最大, 达4.45%-5.67%; 岷江冷杉、高山杜鹃、康定柳、四川红杉和方枝柏凋落叶腐殖化度分别为1.91%-2.15%、1.14%-2.03%、1.06%-1.97%、0.01%-1.25%和0.39%-1.21%。凋落叶腐殖质在雪被形成期、融化期和整个冬季累积, 且累积量随雪被厚度减小而增加, 但在雪被覆盖期降解, 且降解量随雪被厚度减小而增大。相关分析结果表明, 亚高山森林凋落叶前期腐殖化主要受凋落叶质量影响, 且与氮和酸不溶性组分呈极显著正相关, 而与碳、磷、水溶性和有机溶性组分呈极显著负相关。表明冬季变暖情景下雪被厚度的减小可能促进亚高山森林凋落叶腐殖化, 但凋落叶腐殖化在不同雪被关键期受雪被斑块和凋落叶质量的调控。     

Effects of snowpack on early foliar litter humification during winter in a subalpine forest of western Sichuan

亚高山森林凋落叶腐殖化是联系植物与土壤碳库和养分库的重要通道, 在冬季可能受到雪被斑块的影响。该文采用凋落物网袋法, 于2012年11月-2013年4月研究了川西亚高山森林不同厚度雪被斑块(厚雪被、中雪被、薄雪被和无雪被)下优势树种岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)、方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)、四川红杉(Larix mastersiana)、红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)、康定柳(Salix paraplesia)和高山杜鹃(Rhododendron lapponicum)凋落叶在不同雪被关键期(雪被形成期、雪被覆盖期和雪被融化期)的腐殖化特征。结果表明: 亚高山森林冬季不同厚度雪被斑块下6种凋落叶均保持一定程度的腐殖化, 其中红桦凋落叶腐殖化度最大, 达4.45%-5.67%; 岷江冷杉、高山杜鹃、康定柳、四川红杉和方枝柏凋落叶腐殖化度分别为1.91%-2.15%、1.14%-2.03%、1.06%-1.97%、0.01%-1.25%和0.39%-1.21%。凋落叶腐殖质在雪被形成期、融化期和整个冬季累积, 且累积量随雪被厚度减小而增加, 但在雪被覆盖期降解, 且降解量随雪被厚度减小而增大。相关分析结果表明, 亚高山森林凋落叶前期腐殖化主要受凋落叶质量影响, 且与氮和酸不溶性组分呈极显著正相关, 而与碳、磷、水溶性和有机溶性组分呈极显著负相关。表明冬季变暖情景下雪被厚度的减小可能促进亚高山森林凋落叶腐殖化, 但凋落叶腐殖化在不同雪被关键期受雪被斑块和凋落叶质量的调控。     

漓江水陆交错带典型灌木群落根系分布与土壤养分的关系

在漓江流域水陆交错带选取一叶萩、细叶水团花、枫杨3种典型灌木群落,对不同土层深度的根长密度,以及根长密度与土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷的相关关系进行了研究,旨在为漓江流域生态修复过程中灌木植被恢复、主要灌木植被配置、快速绿化材料选取等提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)漓江水陆交错带典型灌木群落各土层根长密度差异性显著,分布规律均为:枫杨细叶水团花一叶萩。0—10 cm到40—60 cm土层,各灌木群落根长密度均减小,但不同灌木群落根长密度的差异程度逐渐缩小,表明地形、地表植物类型及生长状况对根长密度分布的影响也随土层深度的增加而逐渐减小。(2)枫杨(25.10g/kg)灌木群落底层腐殖质层厚,有机质含量最高,分别是细叶水团花、一叶萩的1.24、1.87倍。各灌木群落全氮含量从大到小依次是枫杨、细叶水团花、一叶萩,其值分别为:3.23、2.41、1.46 g/kg。土壤有效磷分布规律为一叶萩(11.56 mg/kg)细叶水团花(5.37 mg/kg)枫杨(3.99 mg/kg);一叶萩灌木群落有效磷含量远远大于枫杨和细叶水团花,原因是漓江水长期受人为洗漱影响,导致受江水干扰大的一叶萩灌木群落有效磷含量高。(3)根长密度与有机质、全氮含量呈正相关,与有效磷含量呈负相关,说明适量增加土壤有机质、全氮含量,减少土壤有效磷,有利于土壤根系的生长。根长密度与0L≤1 mm径级的根系所占比例呈极显著正相关,与1L≤2 mm径级的根系所占比例呈显著正相关,表明根系细根越多,根长密度越大。     

不同厚度雪被对高山森林6种凋落物分解过程中酸溶性和酸不溶性组分的影响

高山森林冬季不同厚度雪被格局可能通过影响凋落物的分解过程中酸溶性和酸不溶性组分特征,改变凋落物分解过程,但缺乏必要关注。采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了高山森林林窗中央至林下形成的天然雪被厚度梯度(厚型雪被、中型雪被、薄型雪被和无雪被)覆盖下,6种典型物种岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)、红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)、四川红杉(Larix mastersiana)、方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)、康定柳(Salix paraplesia)和高山杜鹃(Rhododendron lapponicum)凋落物在不同关键时期(雪被形成期、雪被覆盖期和雪被融化期)的酸溶性组分和酸不溶性组分变化特征。经历一个冬季的分解后,6种凋落物酸溶性组分绝对含量呈降低趋势,除红桦外5种凋落物酸不溶性组分绝对含量呈增加趋势。不同厚度雪被显著影响雪被覆盖期和融化期凋落物酸不溶性和酸溶性组分绝对变化量;其中方枝柏、红桦和康定柳凋落物酸不溶性组分增加量在厚型雪被下显著高于其它雪被覆盖;而相对于阔叶凋落物酸溶性组分变化量在薄型雪被和无雪被梯度达到最大值,针叶凋落物酸溶性组分在厚型雪被下具有最大的变化量。一个冬季分解结束后,表征6种凋落物酸溶性和酸不溶性组分含量相对比例的LCI指数(Lignocellulose index)总体升高,雪被对LCI指数的影响主要表现在雪被覆盖期和融化期,且方枝柏、岷江冷杉和康定柳凋落物LCI在冬季分解后均在厚型雪被达到最高值。同时统计分析结果表明,物种极显著影响冬季不同阶段凋落物酸溶性和酸不溶性组分的变化。这些结果意味着气候变暖情景下,高山森林冬季雪被和冻融格局的改变将显著影响凋落物分解过程中酸溶性、酸不溶性组分以及LCI指数代表的抵抗性组分结构的变化,且影响趋势受到凋落物质量的调控。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区纯林土壤腐殖质异化特征及与其他性质的关系

纯林长期生长或多代连栽必然会导致土壤腐殖质含量和构成发生异化,探究这种异化特征及其与土壤其他性质的关系可以为纯林管理或混交改造提供科学依据。通过对半干旱黄土丘陵区南泥湾林场8种典型纯林土壤腐殖质及其他性质进行系统检测,结果表明:(1)侧柏林土壤腐殖质含量最高(34.61 g/kg),腐殖化程度和稳定性一般;白榆和白桦林土壤的腐殖质含量中等(19.69—23.58 g/kg)、腐殖化程度和稳定性最佳;茶条槭和小叶杨林土壤的腐殖质含量(20.59—22.53 g/kg)和构成均为中等水平;油松、沙棘和刺槐林土壤的腐殖质质量较低(11.77—13.81 g/kg),且腐殖化程度较低,稳定性相对最差;(2)与胡敏酸含量存在显著相互促进作用(P0.05)的土壤性质为CEC、N、微生物量和蛋白酶活性(相关系数0.769—0.926,下同),存在显著相互抑制作用的为有效Cu(-0.793);与富啡酸存在显著相互促进作用的为N、CEC、微生物量、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性(0.836—0.955),存在显著相互抑制作用的为有效Cu(-0.822);与胡敏素存在显著相互促进作用的为N、CEC、微生物量、磷酸酶活性和有效Zn(0.766—0.951),存在显著相互抑制作用的为脱氢酶活性(-0.784)。(3)腐殖质构成与其他性质的相关性均不显著(P0.05),其中相对有利于提高胡敏酸/腐殖酸含量之比的土壤性质为蛋白酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,而不利的是脱氢酶活性;相对有利于提高胡敏酸/富啡酸含量之比的为速效K、CEC和脲酶活性,而不利的是脱氢酶活性。(4)总体而言土壤腐殖质含量较之腐殖质构成与其他性质之间具有更大的相关性;向土壤增施N肥可以促进腐殖质的形成,增加K肥则有利于腐殖质构成的改善,而通过混交改造或增加林下植被是促进纯林土壤腐殖质化过程和解决土壤退化的根本措施。     

The effect of forty years of continuous corn cropping on soil organic matter characteristics

Changes in humus and some of the major extractable components of soil organic matter were examined, following forty years of conventionally tilled continuous corn cropping compared with those of an adjacent untilled native grassland soil. Results indicate that long-term continuous cropping caused a significant reduction in the content of alkali extractable and water soluble carbon, as well as in the phenolic and chloroform extractable compounds, while no differences in volatile acids and n-hexane extractable substances were found. On the basis of organic C, corn cropping led to a relative enrichement of phenolic compounds, volatile acids and substances extractable by Na₄P₂O₇, but it did not affect the substances extractable by water. Except for the humification ratio (HR), the humification parameters, such as humification degree (HD), the extracted humic and fulvic acids, the C_HA/C_FA ratio and the humification index (HI) revealed a higher degree of humification of the organic matter in native grassland than in the continuous corn cropping system. IR spectra of n-hexane, chloroform, alkaline and water extracts failed to show significant differences between sites under native grassland and sites under continuous corn.     

Influence of leaf litter type on the chemical evolution of a soil parent material (sandstone)

The influence of leaves of Quercus suber L. and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and needles of Pinus pinaster Ait. on a sandstone substrate was assessed through lysimetric studies during a ten-year period at a site in Central Portugal. The decomposition rate of Q. suber leaf litter was similar to that of E. globulus and higher than that of P. pinaster needle litter. The proportion of nitrogen released from the Q. suber leaf litter was higher than that lost from the other organic species. Such a release was proportional to the initial nitrogen content in the substrates. The concentrations of both NH₄-N and NO₃-N were much higher in leachates collected under Q. suber leaf litter than in those collected under the other organic substrates. A similar trend was found in the leachates collected under the mineral substrate influenced by the studied organic substrates. The leachate concentrations of mineral N (especially NO₃-N) were higher from the mineral substrate under Q. suber leaf litter than from this organic substrate itself. The mineral substrate under leaf litter of E. globulus or needle litter of P. pinaster showed an increase in exchangeable base cations and pH values, and a decrease in extractable Al. Conversely, in the substrate with Q. suber leaf litter there was only a slight increase in exchangeable base cations and pH values, and a decrease in extractable Al. These results combined with those obtained in soils under E. globulus plantations indicate that changes found in these soils are due to soil and forest management practices rather than to the decomposition process of the respective of leaf litter.     

Nutrients and mass in litter and top soil of ten tropical tree plantations

The importance of litter to nutrient and organic matter storage and the possible influence of species selection on soil fertility in ten stands each consisting of a separate tree species were examined in this study. The plantations had been grown under similar conditions in an arboretum in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. The species involved were: Anthocephalus chinensis, Eucalyptus × patentinervis, E. saligna, Hernandia sonora, Hibiscus elatus, Khaya nyasica, Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, P. elliottii var. densa, Swietenia macrophylla, and Terminalia ivorensis. After 26 yr, litter mass ranged from 5 mg ha^-1 in the H. sonora stand to 27.2 Mg ha^-1 in the P. caribaea stand. Nutrients in the litter (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) also varied widely, but stands were ranked in different order when ranked by nutrients in the litter than then ranked according to accumulation of mass. Only E. saligna and A. chinensis stands were ranked similarly in accumulation of both nutrients and mass, and the stand of H. elatus was ranked higher with respect to nutrient accumulation than to accumulation of mass. The nutrient concentration in standing leaf litter generally increased in the order of recently fallen <old intact< fragmented. Nutrient concentration of standing leaf litter appears to increase with age and depth in the litter layer. The amount of nutrients stored in the litter compartment of these plantations was in the same order of magnitude as the quantity of available nutrients in the top 10-cm of mineral soil. Total litter mass was negatively correlated with the mass-weighted concentration of N, K, and Mg. The same relationship was found for Ca in the leaf litter and N in the fine wood litter compartments. In some stands (notably P. caribaea, P. elliottii, and E. saligna), leaf litter derived from species other than the species planted in that particular stand had higher nutrient concentration than leaf litter from the planted species. Soils of the 10 stands were classified in the same soil series and had similar texture (clay soils). However, significantly different chemical characteristics were found. Results obtained by analysis of covariance and by limiting comparisons to adjacent stands with similar soil texture, indicate that different species have had different influences on the concentration of available nutrients in soil.     

Forest plantation diversification with Leguminosae tree species: Consequences on litter decomposition and nutrient recycling

Mixed tree plantations provide greater ecosystem services than monocultures. Leguminosae tree species can be appropriate complements to achieve a sustainable soil management target. A key aspect of species trait complementarity is the litter mixture effects in the litter decomposition process. We evaluated how the mixture of poplar litter (Populus deltoides Marsh.) with Leguminosae tree species modulated the litter decomposition process and C, N and P recycling, through changes driven by the Leguminosae litter chemical traits. Under field conditions, we compared poplar litter alone (monoculture) with its 50:50 mixture with Enterolobuim contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong., or Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.). Compared to poplar litter, its mixture with E. contortisiliquum had a 25% lower C:N ratio and a similar N:P ratio, whereas mixture with P. dubium had a 9% lower C:N and a 29% lower N:P ratios. The mixture with E. contortisiliquum showed a 64% faster decomposition rate, and 55% and 203% faster C and N release rates, respectively, compared to poplar. In contrast, in the mixture with P. dubium, there was no difference in the litter, C and N decay rates with poplar litter alone. The mixture with P. dubium had a 37% lower P retention compared to poplar, whereas P was released rather than retained in the mixture with E. contortisiliquum. The mixture with E. contortisiliquum showed a net antagonistic effect in the litter decomposition rate. However, in the mixture, poplar litter decomposed 33% faster and the E. contotrtisiliquum litter decomposed 35% slower than species alone. The C:N and N:P ratios in the litter mixture were relevant traits shaping the magnitude and direction of litter decomposition and nutrient recycling processes. The incorporation of both Leguminosae to monospecific poplar plantations could contribute to counteract P limitation in this system and to improve soil fertility and functioning.     

Studies on the food and feeding habits of soil oribatei in a black pine plantation

Summary Food preferences and feeding behaviour of abundant species of oribatid mites in a black pine plantation have been studied by soil sectioning technique. It is suggested that Microtritia minima, Rhysotritia duplicata and Phthiracarus sp. play an important role in the mechanical breakdown of decaying litter and, by contributing to the humification process, help in the accumulation of plant nutrients. Due to poor mobility their contribution to fungal spore dissemination is insignificant. Chamobates incisus was determined to be a fungivorous species while no exact information could be obtained about the precise food of Tectocepheus velatus. Rest of the species seemed to consume large quantities of decaying litter but in view of their low populations throughout, presumably they do not contribute appreciably in the humification process.The speed of decomposition of faecal pellets seemed to be governed by the type of food ingested. The role of oribatid fauna in the litter and soil ecosystems is discussed.     

The ectomycorrhizal flora of primary and secondary stands of Pinus sylvestris in relation to soil conditions and ectomycorrhizal succession

Abstract. Ectomycorrhizal species composition and sporocarp abundance in two 15–20-yr old primary stands of Pinus sylvestris in the central part of the Netherlands was compared with those in two 16- and 27-yr old secondary stands of P. sylvestris in the Northeast of the country. The trees of the primary stands were spontaneously seeded in a drifting sand area. Only thin litter and humus layers were present. The trees of the 16-yr old secondary stand were planted on podzolic sandy soil and those of the 27-yr old stand on non-podzolic sandy soil. In both secondary stands thick litter and humus layers had developed. The litter and humus partly originated from former stands at the same sites and partly from the present stands. In the secondary stands the thick litter and humus layers and herb vegetation were removed (‘sod-cutting’) in order to simulate the thin litter and humus layers in the primary stands. Control treatments were present. Surveys in 1991, 1992 and 1993 showed that sod-cutting enhanced both abundance and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, species richness and diversity were higher in the primary stands than in the secondary ones, also even in the sod-cut plots. High species richness and diversity were associated with low concentrations of nitrogen and relatively high pH in the litter and humus layers, and in the mineral soil.     

Changes in the ratio of twig to foliage in litterfall with species composition, and consequences for decomposition across a long term chronosequence

In the past two centuries, anthropogenic fire suppression has affected many biomes, including boreal forests. Absence of fire in the boreal zone is often linked to declining soil fertility and increased carbon sequestration in the humus through changes in NPP and litter decomposition. We studied tree litterfall and litter decomposition for thirty lake islands in the boreal forested zone of Sweden, which differ naturally in fire regime: larger islands have burned far more frequently than smaller ones because they are intercepted more often by lightning. We used litter trays to show that the ratio of twig to foliar litterfall for Picea abies with prolonged absence of fire is largely responsible for the concomitant increased twig proportion in the total litterfall. We hypothesised that the increased twig proportion in the litterfall with time since fire would affect overall decomposition by reducing net litter quality and through impairing decomposition of associated foliar litters. We established a litter decomposition mesocosm experiment based on litter from the three main tree species found on the islands. From each of the thirty islands, we prepared a set of litterbags comprising three mixtures (all foliar litters combined, all twig litters combined, and all twig and foliar litters combined), plus monotypes (i.e. each of the separate foliage and twig litters for each species). Unlike most studies, we used the natural litterfall proportions in the mixtures. We found a (negative) effect of time since wildfire on decomposition rate for only the foliage‐twig mixtures, although twig litter did not inhibit the decomposition of foliar litter within these mixtures. The reduced decomposition rate in the foliage‐twig mixture from the small islands was therefore due to the increased proportion of twigs in the mixtures from these islands. Our results suggest that, with prolonged absence of fire, the increase of twig proportion in the foliage‐twig litterfall for P. abies combined with the shift to canopy dominance by P. abies may be important in contributing to reduced decomposition rates in boreal forest soils.     

草原及开垦后土壤有机质性质研究

从土壤有机无机复合状况、腐殖质结合形态和腐殖质组成等方面,研究了供试土壤(草原淡黑钙土、草原风沙土和已开垦的风沙土)有机质的性质．结果表明,不同土壤类型及利用方式对土壤有机质性质的影响有很大的差异．与风沙土相比,淡黑钙土的全土碳、生物量碳、重组碳、可提取腐殖物质(HE)、松结态腐殖质的含量和全土腐殖化度较高．风沙土种向日葵后其全土碳、生物量碳、重组碳和HE含量及各种结合形态腐殖质含量均下降,但腐殖化程度相差不大．     

How to manage degraded monoculture plantations in South China: a perspective from reciprocal litter transplant experiment

Litter decomposition, an important component of nutrient cycling, is often one of the limiting factors for the development of monoculture tree plantations for restoration, and how to improve the litter decomposition rate remains as a major challenge. To help resolve this issue, we developed a mixed-litter transplantation approach to improve the litter decomposition and nutrient cycling in Schima superba, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Eucalyptus urophylla, and Acacia mangium monoculture plantations in China. The monospecific leaf litters of the four species were collected and their possible two-, three- and four-species combinations were transplanted between plantations. We examined the influences of home/away field, litter species richness, and litter composition on litter decomposition during 24 months treatment. A significant effect of litter composition on litter decomposition (Duration?×?Composition effect) was detected in E. urophylla plantation. The influence of litter richness on litter decomposition was significant in A. mangium plantation (Duration?×?Richness effect). The litter of C. lanceolata and A. mangium had a distinct home-field advantage, while the litter of S. superba had a distinct away-field advantage in decomposition. We observed a positive relationship between richness and litter decomposition in C. lanceolate plantation. The effect of Duration?×?Species Interaction on litter decomposition, was significant in E. urophylla plantation, indicating a non-additive effect. Litter decomposition in E. urophylla plantation could be explained by idiosyncratic model, and the rivet model may be appropriate to illustrate the litter decomposition in A. mangium plantation. Finally, since the litter decomposition in degraded A. mangium plantations had a distinct home-field advantage and was significantly affected by litter richness, transplanting mixed litters of neighboring plantations may be beneficial to improve its litter decomposition rate. Transplanting of S. superba litters due to the distinct home-field advantage to neighboring plantations such as E. urophylla plantation whose litter decomposition is significantly affected by litter composition, may be an effective management method for improving litters decomposition.

     

Carbon and nitrogen status of litterfall, litter decomposition and soil in even-aged larch, red pine and rigitaeda pine plantations

The carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) status in forest ecosystems can change upon establishment of plantations because different tree species have different nutrient cycling mechanisms. This study was carried out to evaluate C and N status of litterfall, litter decomposition and soil in three adjacent plantations consisting of one deciduous (larch: Larix leptolepis) and two evergreen (red pine: Pinus densiflora; rigitaeda pine: P. rigida × P. taeda) species planted in the same year (1963). Both the pine plantations showed comparatively higher C input from needle litter but significantly lower N concentration and input than the larch plantation (P < 0.05). During the decomposition process, the deciduous larch needle litter showed low C concentration and C remaining in soil, but high N concentration and N remaining in soil compared to the two evergreen pine needle litters. However, the soil C and N concentration and their content at a soil depth of 0–10 cm were not affected significantly (P > 0.05) by the plantation type. These results demonstrate the existence of considerable variation in C and N status resulting from needle litter input and litter decomposition in these three plantations grown at sites with similar environmental conditions.     

四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落叶多酚类物质在不同降雨期间的降解特征

植物多酚类物质是森林凋落物中的重要组分,其含量的多寡在一定程度上决定了凋落物的分解速率。然而,凋落物分解过程中多酚类物质的降解动态仍不十分清楚。因此,以四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林最具代表性的3个针叶树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)和3个阔叶树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、红椿(Toona ciliata)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)凋落叶为对象,采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了6种凋落叶多酚类物质在第一年不同降雨期间的降解特征。结果表明:自微量降雨期起至雨季前期止,6种凋落叶多酚类物质具有一致的降解动态,降解率均表现为随着降水量的增加而增加;自雨季后期之后,多酚类物质含量均处于稳定状态。第一个分解年,6种凋落叶多酚类物质降解率大小顺序依次为:红椿(100%)柳杉(97.81%)杉木(94.45%)麻栎(93.67%)马尾松(93.06%)香樟(91.64%)。分解初期旱季两时期(微量降雨期和春季少雨期),6种凋落叶多酚类物质均有较大的降解量,其降解率占全年降解率的42.16%—71.20%。并且,除香樟以外的5种凋落叶多酚类物质大量降解释放发生在雨季前期,占全年降解率的44.46%—55.72%。此外,凋落叶多酚类物质初始含量与其降解率呈显著的二次函数关系。可见,降雨是湿润亚热带常绿阔叶林区凋落物多酚类物质降解的关键驱动因子之一,树种组成是影响凋落物多酚类物质降解的内部因素。     

中亚热带森林转换对土壤可溶性有机质数量与光谱学特征的影响

选取中亚热带福建三明格氏栲天然林及其转换而成的木荷、锥栗及福建柏等3种人工林表层土壤(0—10 cm)可溶性有机质(DOM)为对象,对其数量和光谱学特征进行了研究,以探讨森林转换对土壤DOM的影响。结果表明,天然林转换成上述3种人工林后,0—5 cm土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度显著降低(P0.05),降低程度分别为66.1%,69.9%及29.4%,可溶性有机氮(DON)浓度也有所下降;除福建柏外,其余两种人工林5—10 cm土壤DOC及DON浓度均低于天然林。各林分0—5 cm土壤DOC及DON浓度均高于5—10 cm土层。两个土层中,天然林土壤DOM的芳香化及腐殖化程度均显著高于人工林(P0.05),但荧光效率值低于人工林;荧光光谱图显示,天然林土壤DOM在芳香性脂肪族及木质素类复杂结构荧光基团处的吸收大于人工林;各林分土壤DOM傅里叶红外光谱出现吸收谱带的位置相似,其中吸收强度最大的为形成氢键的—OH的伸缩振动,此外还有芳香性CC伸缩振动、有机羧酸盐COO-反对称伸缩振动、碳水化合物中烷氧基C—O的振动等,人工林土壤DOM中碳水化合物的比例增加是其结构简单的主要原因。土壤DOM中结构复杂、分子量大的组分不易向下迁移;天然林与人工林间土壤DOM数量及光谱学特征的差异主要与凋落物输入及营林措施的干扰有关;本研究所涉及的3种人工林中,福建柏更有利于土壤养分的累积。