南岭森林哺乳动物多样性的红外相机监测

从2012 年11 月至2015 年1 月, 利用红外相机对广东南岭国家级自然保护区野生动物进行连续监测。经鉴定, 红外相机拍摄的哺乳动物有23 种, 隶属4 目 13 科20 属。红外相机监测结果准确反映了南岭保护区哺乳动物多样性和区系的基本特征, 并能记录到珍稀哺乳动物的代表种类。这表明红外相机技术可以作为哺乳动物多样性监测的主要方法。建议建立红外相机监测标准或规范, 开展哺乳动物多样性长期监测。     

自然保护区生物标本资源共享子平台红外相机数据库建设进展

红外相机技术在野生动物调查研究中得到广泛应用, 其发展和普及为中国自然保护地生物多样性保护带来了诸多机会。为进一步推广该技术在我国自然保护地野生动物监测中的应用, 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所在自然保护区生物标本资源共享子平台增设野生动物红外相机数据库专栏, 并通过门户网站“中国自然保护区生物标本资源共享平台” (http://www.papc.cn/)对外发布, 向公众开放, 可以随时查阅、下载信息。本文重点介绍了该平台的野生动物红外相机数据库建设进展, 包括所监测的自然保护区、监测方案、数据规范存储、标准化分析、成果介绍、工作计划等内容。2010-2019年间, 该平台使用红外相机调查技术在全国13个不同类型的保护地开展兽类和鸟类资源调查, 累计27.25万个有效工作日, 共拍摄到8.41万张独立图像, 经鉴定有80种野生兽类和200种野生鸟类, 并利用这些数据对野生动物行为、稀有物种探测、人为干扰, 以及气候变化影响等方面进行研究, 取得了重要的阶段性成果。下一步, 子平台牵头单位将筹建自然保护地红外相机数据共享平台, 制定红外相机调查设计、监测技术、数据格式等统一标准化方案, 逐步完善我国自然保护地野生动物红外相机监测网络。     

基于红外相机技术对甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区哺乳动物多样性的初步调查

2017年8月至2018年8月,在甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区内布设3个监测样区60台红外相机,累计14 999个相机日,获得野生动物独立有效照片1619张,鉴定19种哺乳动物隶属于5目9科,还记录到3种家畜.国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物3种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物5种.中国特有种2种.被IUCN红色名录评估为"濒危(EN)"的1...     

四川雪宝顶国家级自然保护区野生鸟兽的红外相机初步监测

物种编目评估是生物多样性研究和保护的基础,开展野生动物多样性监测对更新本底物种编目资料至关重要.2016年4月—2018年12月,利用红外相机技术对四川雪宝顶国家级自然保护区内的兽类和鸟类多样性开展监测研究.研究期间共布设169个相机监测位点,覆盖109个公里网格,共计31148个相机日,共获得照片27402张,视频1...     

四川老君山国家级自然保护区林下鸟兽多样性及动态变化数据集

物种编目是生物多样性研究和保护的基础,开展野生动物多样性监测对更新本底物种编目至关重要。目前红外相机的应用十分普通,已成为陆生大中型兽类和林下鸟类监测的最有效方法之一。老君山国家级自然保护区位于四川省屏山县,面积35 km²,是我国第一个以四川山鹧鸪(Arborophila rufipectus)等珍稀濒危雉科鸟类以及常绿阔叶林生态系统为主要保护对象的保护区。本文整理了保护区2013年4月至2020年9月的红外相机监测数据并进行了详细的物种鉴定,提供了按照年度统计的红外相机监测数据集。本数据集展示了不同监测年度下的相机位点坐标和相机工作日、每个相机位点拍摄的兽类和鸟类物种数、独立有效记录数、整体鸟兽物种名录(包括分布海拔、分布区域以及不同年度下的网格占有率与相对多度指数等)、代表性物种的红外相机照片等。该数据集是保护区开展红外相机监测工作以来首次全面的成果汇总,可为保护区制定针对性保护与管理决策提供重要科学依据。     

红外相机技术与其他几种森林鸟类多样性调查方法的比较

为了探讨红外相机技术、网捕法、固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法对森林鸟类多样性调查的有效性和实用性, 我们于2011-2016年, 用这几种方法调查了广东南岭国家级自然保护区和车八岭国家级自然保护区的鸟类多样性。在南岭, 固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录鸟类222种, 网捕鸟类43种, 红外相机拍到鸟类47种; 其中1种鸟仅网捕到, 6种鸟仅被红外相机拍到, 164种鸟仅被固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录到。在车八岭, 固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录鸟类109种, 网捕鸟类42种, 红外相机拍到鸟类27种, 其中9种鸟仅网捕到, 3种鸟仅被红外相机拍到, 97种鸟仅被固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录到。随着鸟类的体重、体长、翅长和跗蹠增加, 网捕到的鸟类个体数量减少, 鸟类身体大小与网捕到的鸟类数量呈显著负相关; 而红外相机拍到的鸟类数量随鸟类的身体大小增大而增加, 并且呈显著的正相关。本文的结果显示, 网捕法和红外相机技术针对不同类群的鸟类调查效力不同, 但都是固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法的有效补充。建议今后开展森林鸟类多样性调查与监测时, 尽量采用多种研究方法相结合, 以求达到最优的效果。     

基于红外相机技术调查神农架旅游公路对兽类活动的影响

2010年8—9月和2011年3—9月,利用36台红外相机监测湖北神农架国家级自然保护区旅游公路对兽类活动的影响。红外相机共拍摄到有效独立照片432张,鉴定为20个兽类物种,隶属5目12科。在距离旅游公路0~300和300~600 m两区间,红外相机拍摄率发生显著性变化,拍摄率由17.52%增加到26.89%,表明兽类对公路具有一定的回避效应;旅游公路对4种有蹄类动物的昼夜活动分布影响不同,对斑羚和毛冠鹿的昼夜活动分布影响较大,而对梅花鹿和野猪的昼夜活动分布无明显影响。建议神农架保护区应该全面调查旅游公路对野生动物的影响。     

海南尖峰岭国家级自然保护区森林动态监测样地鸟类和兽类多样性

2016年8月至2019年2月,我们利用红外相机对海南尖峰岭60 ha森林动态监测样地的鸟类和兽类进行了调查.共在79个位点上布设了红外相机,累积27,848个相机日,获得可鉴定到物种的独立有效照片15,320张.经鉴定,共拍摄到46种野生动物,包括16种兽类(隶属于6目11科)和30种鸟类(隶属于8目16科).其中,...     

利用红外相机技术监测道路对野生动物丰富度的影响——以观音山国家级自然保护区道路为例

2014年7月至2018年10月,利用20台红外相机监测陕西观音山国家级自然保护区一条内部道路对兽类和鸟类活动的影响.监测期间获得照片16168张,共鉴定到13种兽类和14种鸟类,包括4种国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物和7种国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物.结果 显示,距道路的距离越远,出现的物种种类越多.有2种兽类只活动于距离道路...     

江西官山国家级自然保护区白鹇活动节律及时间分配研究

2015年1月—2016年8月,利用红外相机技术对江西官山国家级自然保护区白鹇Lophura nycthemera的活动节律和时间分配进行了研究.28台红外相机累计工作5843 d,布设海拔为300～1200 m,共获得白鹇独立有效照片1316张,合计1801只次,成体及亚成体雌雄比例为1.34:1.结果显示,白鹇活动...     

Échinodermes de l'Ordovicien supérieur (Ashgill) de Sardaigne et d'Algérie

Research on the influence of sea level variations on the benthic faunas have been carried out in the Upper Ordovician of Sardinia. Study of the depositional facies and sequence analysis of the upper part (Lower Ashgill) of the Portixeddu Formation led to the identification of the sedimentary environments. Cystoids and crinoids are associated to bryozoans and brachiopods in most levels. The numerical analysis of associations and megaguilds shows that crinoids and cystoids have a higher frequency in the proximal and median facies of the upper offshore. The columnal association characterized by Conspectocrinus celticus and the coronoid Mespilocystites tregarvanicus has been discovered in the upper part of the formation. This material and complementary samples from Upper Ordovician of Sardinia and Kabylia (Algeria) bring additional data on the systematic and show the wide distribution of this fauna outside of the Ibero-armorican domain. The distribution of this echinoderm association supports a palaeogeographical position of the Ibero-armorican domain and Sardinia within the north gondwanan margin during the Lower Palaeozoic.     

Foliar sclereids in the Magnoliaceae

The foliar sclereids in 136 species representing 11 of the 12 genera of Magnoliaceae were studied and compared. Sclereids occur in four different cell assemblages within the leaf: diffuse idioblasts, mesophyll, dermal system, and the vein sheath including terminal elements. Tropical members tend to have the most highly sclerified leaves. In species of Manglietia the leaves have sclerified spongy mesophyll and either sclerified epidermis or hypodermis. In Talauma , sclerification affects the vein sheath and terminal cells of veinlets, with a specialized thick marginal vein in the Asian taxa but not in the American ones. Liriodendron and the magnolias native to the north temperate zone have only minimal sclerification, which usually is confined to the vein sheath of the midrib and the main lateral veins, and as idioblastic sclereids in the petiole and the midrib near the base of the blade. The two largest genera Magnolia and Michelia are heterogeneous and include species which vary as to their combinations of sclerified elements among the four possible types.     

A Simple Device to Rapidly Prepare Whole Mounts of the Mouse Intestine

Preparing whole mounts of the mouse small intestine and colon for subsequent analysis or quantification can be time consuming and difficult. We describe the use of a simple device to cut and ‘roll’ mouse intestines to rapidly prepare whole mount preparations of superior and uniform quality to that which can be achieved by hand. The device comprises a base that holds 4 stainless steel rods and a top, which acts a cutting guide. The rods are inserted into the lumen of the small intestine [divided into thirds] and the colon. The rods and samples are then placed over a piece of filter paper or card into the holding slots in the base of the device. The top of the device is then positioned and serves as a cutting guide. The two angled sections in the center of the top piece are used to guide a knife or scalpel and cut the intestines longitudinally on the top of the rods. Once the intestinal sections have been cut, the top is removed and the card, tissue and rods gently removed from the device and placed on the bench. The rods are then gently rolled sideways to flatten and stick the intestinal segments onto the underlying piece of filter paper or card. The final preparation can then be examined or fixed and stored for later analysis. The preparations are invaluable for the study of intestinal changes in normal or genetically modified mouse models. The preparations have been used for the study and quantification of the effects of inflammation (colitis), damage, pre-cancerous lesions (aberrant crypt foci (ACFs) and mucin depleted foci (MDFs)) and polyps or tumors.     

Effects of the administration of corticosterone,parathyroid hormone,or both,and of their withdrawal,on rat bone and cartilage histomorphometric parameters,and on osteoprotegerin and RANKL mRNA expression and proteins

We have studied the effects of the treatment with corticosterone (CORT), parathyroid hormone (PTH), or both (CORT + PTH), and of their withdrawal (CORT-rec and CORT + PTH-rec), on the osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) localization and expression and on histomorphometric parameters in primary and secondary spongiosa of rat femur and tibia metaphyses. In the secondary spongiosa of the CORT group, the bone remodeling and the OPG/RANKL mRNA ratio decreased. In the PTH group, the bone turnover and the structural and connectivity indices increased, and the OPG/RANKL mRNA ratio fell; this ratio rose, however, in the primary spongiosa. In the CORT + PTH group, remodeling values intermediate between those of the CORT and PTH groups, were detected in the secondary spongiosa, where OPG and RANKL mRNA rose. Return towards control values was found in the recovery groups. The Cartilage Growth Plate Width was reduced in the CORT and CORT + PTH groups and returned to normal values in the recovery groups, while it was not affected by PTH. Independently of treatments, both OPG and RANKL mRNA and proteins were co-localized in the same cartilage and bone cells and in several bone marrow cells. In conclusion, the catabolic effects induced by CORT treatment occur together with an OPG fall and a RANKL rise. In the PTH group in which the bone turnover increase, the OPG and RANKL mRNA expressions differ in the primary and secondary spongiosa, confirming that the bone tissue in these sites can have different metabolic trends.     

Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry to Determine As,Cd, Cr,Cu, Hg,and Pb in Soils and Sediments: A Review and Perspectives

Environmental pollution from trace elements has been increasing in recent decades and has become an important concern for environmental agencies. The trace elements arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, and lead are among the elements that cause the greatest environmental impact and carry the highest risk to human health. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) has long been employed in trace element determination. In the last few years the main constraints of spectroscopy absorption methods have been overcome. These advances have increased the possibilities and the utility of ETAAS for trace element determination at μg L^?1 levels in difficult matrices such as soils and sediments, giving greater accuracy and precision, lower economic cost, and easier sample pretreatment than other methods. The main advances come from sample manipulation for matrix destruction and preconcentration, the use of new lab-on-valve FIA systems, the solid sampling, the use of new, more efficient modifiers and in situ trapping methods for analyte stabilization and pre-concentration, and the progress in the capacity to control the atomization temperature and to correct background spectral interferences. All of them have permitted an improvement in the sensitivity, decreasing the detection limits and manipulation process, and increasing the accuracy and precision of the analyses.

Moreover, the new technology in the optic and detector systems have given rise to high-resolution continuum source ETAAS (HR-CS ETAAS) spectrometers that solve most of the constraints presented by the more conventional line source ETAAS (LS ETAAS) spectrometers. HR-CS ETAAS enables a rapid detection of several elements at once, facilitates direct determination from solid sampling, and reduces the matrix interferences and background noise. Here we give an overview of the recent advances and the different possibilities of using ETAAS, drawing on studies from the last decade on methods to analyze As, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb in soils and sediments.     

种子蛋白质与蛋白质组的研究

综述了种子蛋白质与蛋白质组的研究,主要介绍了种子发育与形成、种子休眠与萌发、种子保存与活力以及种子与环境相互作用的蛋白质与蛋白质组的研究.同时阐述了当今蛋白质组学在种子研究中的应用以及所取得的成果,并展望了种子蛋白质组学的发展方向,种子生物学的研究将从基因水平走向整体水平,因此环境因子与种子蛋白质的相互作用是研究的重点.运用蛋白质组学将能揭示蛋白质的功能并明晰种子的生命机制.     

周期性气候变化与人类适应

从古至今,气候变化特别是周期性气候变化,一直深刻影响着人类社会的变革和发展,从旧石器时代人类起源迁移、新石器时代文化文明演变、历史时期王朝兴衰更替,到工业化以来社会经济发展动荡等,无不留下周期性气候变化影响的烙印。本文依据近年来古气候、古人类、环境考古等研究的新证据、新进展,从周期性气候变化的角度审视人类社会各个发展阶段、关键节点的气候特征;通过典型案例,介绍和分析旧石器、新石器、历史时期不同时空尺度周期性气候变化和人类活动之间复杂的相互作用关系,讨论自然科学和人文社会科学对气候变化与人类活动关系认识的异同,阐述在学科交叉背景下研究气候与人类活动关系的新范式。     

Germination and development of Mimosa pilulifera in petroleum-contaminated soil and bioremediated soil

In 2000 there was an oil spill at the Getúlio Vargas Refinery (REPAR/PETROBRÁS) in Paraná, Brazil. Nearly five years after contamination and the use of bioremediation, a study was carried out to identify the effects of the contaminated soil and the bioremediated soil on the germination and initial growth of Mimosa pilulifera seedlings. The experiment consisted of three treatments: petroleum-contaminated soil, bioremediated soil and uncontaminated soil, with five repetitions each. The following measurements were taken after 30, 60 and 90 days of planting: the percentage of germination, biomass and leaf area of the eophylls, biomass and length of the shoot and the roots in addition to the shoot/root ratio. The percentage of germination and the root biomass were not affected by the contaminated soil or by the bioremediated soil. On both the contaminated soil and the bioremediated soil biomass and leaf area of the eophyll were reduced. Plant length and shoot biomass were lower in the contaminated soil. Furthermore, the effect of the contaminated soil and the bioremediated soil was greater in the shoot than in the root system, since the bioremediation reduced the toxicity of the petroleum-contaminated soil.     

Recent advances and prospects in Prunus virology

The stone fruit genus Prunus, within the family Rosaceae, comprises more than 230 species, some of which have great importance or value as ornamental or fruit crops. Prunus are affected by numerous viruses and viroids linked to the vegetative propagation practices in many of the cultivated species. To date, 44 viruses and three viroids have been described in the 9 main cultivated Prunus species. Seven of these viruses and one viroid have been identified in Prunus hosts within the last 5 years. This work addresses recent advances and prospects in the study of viruses and viroids affecting Prunus species, mostly concerning the detection and characterisation of the agents involved, pathogenesis analysis and the search for new control tools. New sequencing technologies are quickly reshaping the way we can identify and characterise new plant viruses and isolates. Specific efforts aimed at virus identification or data mining of high‐throughput sequencing data generated for plant genomics‐oriented purposes can efficiently reveal the presence of known or novel viruses. These technologies have also been used to gain a deeper knowledge of the pathogenesis mechanisms at the gene and miRNA expression level that underlie the interactions between Prunus spp. and their main viruses and viroids. New biotechnological control tools include the transfer of resistance by grafting, the use of new sources of resistance and the development of gene silencing strategies using genetic transformation. In addition, the application of next generation sequencing and genome editing techniques will contribute to improving our knowledge of virus–host interactions and the mechanisms of resistance. This should be of great interest in the search to obtain new Prunus cultivars capable of dealing both with known viruses and viroids and with those that are yet to be discovered in the uncertain scenario of climate change.     

Histoire plio-pléistocène des écosystèmes végétaux de Méditerranée sud-occidentale : apport de l’analyse pollinique de deux sondages en mer d’Alboran

The pollen analysis of sediments of two boreholes located in the northeastern Morocco (Nador 1) and in the southeastern Spain (Andalucia G1) has allowed shedding a new light on the vegetation and climate of the North African littoral plains, the Rif Massif and the Betic Range during the Pliocene. The vegetation around the Alboran Sea was open and xeric during the Zanclean, dominated by herbs including subdesertic elements as Calligonum, Lygeum, Nitraria and Neurada. This type of vegetation indicates a dry and hot climate. The southwestern Mediterranean steppes have therefore a climatic character; they existed before the presence and the heavy pressure of Man on the environment. From the Piacenzian, the development, at Andalucia as well as at Nador, of Artemisia and the appearance of some altitude trees such as Cedrus and Cathaya indicate a vegetation change linked to a climatic change. Modifications in the vegetation observed during the same period in northwestern Mediterranean seem to indicate that the vegetation changes observed at Andalucia and Nador are controlled by the appearance of the first arctic glacial-interglacial cycles. The cedar tree appears at Nador only at the end of the Piacenzian, at time of the first cooling, while it has been found punctually in Messinian and early Pliocene sediments of Habibas in Algeria and in Messinian sediments of the Bou Regreg section at Salé in Morocco. The regular presence of Cedar at Bou Regreg during the Messinian, allows supposing that it was present in the Middle Atlas Mountains and that its development was favoured by colder conditions.