小麦赤霉病生物防治研究进展

小麦赤霉病是由镰孢菌属(Fusarium)病原真菌引起的小麦病害,世界各地小麦产区均有发生,我国主要发生在长江中下游麦区和淮河流域麦区,并有向北蔓延的趋势.小麦赤霉病不仅造成小麦减产,而且其主要病原菌禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)能产生单端孢霉烯族化合物和玉米赤霉烯酮等多种真菌毒素,给人和动物的...     

优质早熟抗赤霉病小麦品种的创新

优质、早熟和抗赤霉病是中国黄河以南广大小麦种植区域小麦育种的重要育种目标,小麦新品种郑州9023在优质、早熟和抗赤霉病的结合上获得了成功。本对郑州9023的创新目标、育种措施、特性表现及利用策略进行了阐述和探讨。     

小麦对赤霉病抗性不同品种的SOD活性

本研究对9个赤霉病抗性不同小麦品种采用赤霉病菌分生孢子悬浮液以单花针注法进行了田间和温室抗病性鉴定;测定了各品种的胚性愈伤组织和盛花期麦穗分别经赤霉病菌毒素和分生孢子接种前后SOD活性的变化。结果表明,各品种SOD活性与其对赤霉病抗性呈极显著的正相关。接种后寄主的SOD活性均有提高,抗病品种比感病品种提高幅度大,且有新的同工酶带出现。抗病品种望水白比感病品种Alondra“S”多出两条SOD同工酶谱带。SOD在小麦抗赤霉病上可能起积极作用,其活性有可能作为鉴定小麦抗赤霉病的一种生理生化指标。     

低聚糖提高小麦的抗病性及其应用于防治小麦赤霉病的研究

霉菌丝细胞壁和小麦细胞壁低聚糖片断在小麦黄化苗中能有效地诱导小麦抗毒素积累,经诱导产生的小麦抗毒素对小麦霉菌有明显的抑菌作用。采用同样的低聚糖片断处理大田小麦,能明显提高感病小麦品种绵阳１１号和宁麦６号对小麦赤霉病的抗病能力。用不同浓度的低聚糖片断处理麦穗,２ｕｇ／ｍｌ赤霉菌壁低聚糖是适宜的浓度,能使宁麦６号的病穗率减少４４．９％,使绵阳１１号减少２６．９％。２０ｕｇ／ｍｌ小麦细胞壁低聚糖喷洒宁麦     

通过组织培养筛选小麦抗赤霉病突变体的研究

选用中抗赤霉病的春小麦品种和品系的花药进行离体培养,以小麦赤霉病29号菌株产生的致病培养滤液为选择剂,结合物理诱变处理,进行抗病鉴定,用赤霉病菌分生孢子直接接种在愈伤组织和再生植株筛选抗病突变体。在83块愈伤中有53块抗病。在11株的再生植株中有9株均比未经培养滤液处理的对照提高了抗病性,从中选出4株抗病性接近或超过“苏麦3号”品种。     

小麦对赤霉病抗性不同品种的SOD活性

本研究对９个赤霉病抗性不同小麦品种采用赤霉病菌分生孢子悬浮液以单花针注法进行了田间和温室抗病性鉴定,测定了各品种的胚性愈伤组织和盛花期麦穗分别经赤霉病菌毒素和分生孢子接种前后ＳＯＤ活性的变化。结果表明,各品种ＳＯＤ活性与其对赤霉病抗性呈极显著的正相关,接种后寄主的ＳＯＤ活性均有提高,抗病品种比感病品咱提高幅度大且有新的同工酶带出现。抗病品种望水白比感病品种Ａｌｏｎｄｒａ＂Ｓ＂多出两条ＳＯＤ同工酶谱     

低聚糖提高小麦的抗病性及其应用于防治小麦赤霉病的研究

赤霉菌丝细胞壁和小麦细胞壁低聚糖片断在小麦黄化苗中能有效地诱导小麦抗毒素积累,经诱导产生的小麦抗毒素对小麦霉菌有明显的抑菌作用。采用同样的低聚糖片断处理大田小麦,能明显提高感病小麦品种绵阳１１号和宁麦６号对小麦赤霉病的抗病能力。用不同浓度的低聚糖片断处理麦穗,２０ｕｇ／ｍｌ赤霉菌壁低聚糖是适宜的浓度,能使宁麦６号的病穗率减少４４．９％,使绵阳１１号减少２６．９％。２０ｕｇ／ｍｌ,小麦细胞壁低聚糖喷洒宁麦六号,杨麦１５８和川育１２号,能有效地提高这些品种抗小麦赤霉病的能力,防效分别达到９０．０％、８１·１％和８８．９％。     

小麦赤霉病流行动态的控制论模型

对小麦赤霉病流行资料进行分析,给出了流行状态微分方程的预测方法．根据不同的状态微分方程,以极大值原理建立小麦赤霉病流行动态的控制论模型,得到流行动态的最优控制轨线．结果表明,气象条件有利,品种感病,药剂防效低,则防治时间应提早．要求消灭病害彻底,防治时间也应提前．药剂防效高,小麦产量高,品种感病,则防治后的净收益就大．以小偃6号为例,给出了Malthus增长型下的病害最优控制轨线和最大净收益．     

普通小麦抗、感赤霉病品种(系)的RAPD标记分析

采用RAPD技术,用524个随机引物对3个抗病品种和4个感病品种的基因组DNA进行扩增,发现3个引物能在抗、感品种间检测到稳定的多态性。这3个引物及它们产生的多态片段是S347 1220bp、S372 872bp和S375 1360bp,其中S347 1220bp和S372 875bp在感病品种上呈显性扩增,在抗病品种上无扩增,相反S375 1360bp在感病品种上无扩增,在抗病品种上呈显性扩增。初步判断这3个特异带与小麦赤霉病抗性有关。     

小麦赤霉病菌细胞壁提取物（HCW）的生物活性

从小麦赤霉病菌一禾 镰孢Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ ｇｒａｍｉｎｅａｒｕｍ Ｓｃｈｗ．强致病力（Ｆ１５）和弱致病力（Ｈ２８）菌株的菌丝细胞壁制备获得提取物（ＨＣＷ）,分别在抗病和感染病小麦品种上对其生物活性进行了测定。结果表明,ＨＣＷ可显著提高小麦黄化芽卧鞘、愈伤组织和穗组织等的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）和黄化芽鞘组织的脂氧合酶（ＬＯＸ）的活力,但不影响小麦黄化芽鞘垢生长。强、弱致病力菌株的ＨＣＷ的生物活性无     

Resistance against Fusarium Head Blight in Transgenic Wheat Plants Expressing the ScNPR1 gene

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a severe global wheat disease that may cause severe yield losses, especially during epidemic years. Transforming the regulatory genes in the metabolic pathways of disease resistance into wheat via transgenic methods is one way to improve resistance to FHB. ScNPR1 (Secale cereale‐NPR1), a regulatory gene for systemic acquired resistance (SAR), was isolated from S. cereale cv Jingzhouheimai and transformed into the moderately FHB‐susceptible wheat variety Ningmai 13. RT‐PCR analysis indicated that the ScNPR1 gene was stably expressed in transgenic plants. An evaluation of the resistance to FHB revealed that six ScNPR1 transgenic lines (NP1, NP2, NP3, NP4, NP5 and NP6) exhibited significantly higher FHB resistance than the wild‐type wheat Ningmai 13 and the null‐segregated plants. The expression of pathogenesis‐related (PR) genes after Fusarium graminearum inoculation was earlier or higher than those in the wild‐type variety Ningmai 13. The high expression in the early stages of PR genes should account for the enhanced FHB resistance in the transgenic lines. Our results suggest that overexpression of ScNPR1 could be used to improve FHB resistance in wheat.     

3B染色体短臂小麦赤霉病抗性主效QTL的分析

采用区间作图和复合区间作图方法对重组自交系群体宁894037／Alondram、望水白／Alondra和苏麦3号／A1ondra进行了抗赤霉病QTL分析,结果表明,用在田间和温室的赤霉病抗性鉴定资料,在3个赤霉病抗源宁894037、望水白和苏麦3号的3B染色体短臂上均检测到主效QTL的存在。宁894037主效QTL位于标记BARCl33与Xgwm493之间的5．0cM的区间内,最高可解释42．8％的赤霉病抗性;望水白的主效QTL位于标记BARCl47与Xgwm493之间11．5cM的区间内,最高可解释15．1％的赤霉病抗性;苏麦3号的主效QTL位于Xgwm533a与Xgwm493之间13．0cM的区间内,最高可解释10．6％的赤霉病抗性。与赤霉病抗性主效QTL紧密连锁的标记均为SSR标记,可直接用于分子辅助育种。     

小麦PAL基因的克隆及赤霉菌诱导下的表达分析

利用苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL,phenylalanine ammonia-lyase)基因保守区域从小麦抗赤霉病材料苏麦3号中克隆获得4个PAL基因,分别命名为Ta PAL1、Ta PAL2、Ta PAL3、Ta PAL4。4个基因的开放阅读框(ORF,open reading frame)长度分别为2142 bp、2016 bp、2118 bp和2139 bp,分别编码714个、672个、706个和713个氨基酸。基因序列比对发现其相似性达到88.35%,所编码的氨基酸相似性为91.92%,氨基酸序列分析表明4个基因都包含HAL-PAL结构域及PAL结构域。通过接种禾谷镰刀菌,利用荧光定量PCR对PAL基因进行表达分析发现,4个PAL基因全部为上调表达,其中Ta PAL2、Ta PAL3和Ta PAL4最为明显。PAL基因的上调表达,说明PAL基因在小麦抵抗赤霉病菌侵染的机制中可能起着重要作用。     

植物细胞工程在小麦抗赤霉病育种中的应用

小麦赤霉病是全球性小麦病害,严重影响小麦产量和品质,赤霉菌产生的毒素进一步威胁人畜安全,培育抗病品种是控制小麦赤霉病危害的根本途径。植物细胞工程技术可创造新的遗传变异、加快育种进程,已经广泛应用于小麦抗赤霉病育种。概述了体细胞无性系变异诱导、花药培养、小麦与玉米杂交培育加倍单倍体以及幼胚培养一年多代快速成苗等植物细胞工程技术研究进展,着重介绍了其在抗小麦赤霉病育种中的应用。最后对未来发展趋势做了展望,植物细胞工程结合分子育种技术将在小麦抗赤霉病品种培育中发挥更重要的作用。     

小麦响应禾谷镰刀菌侵染的转录组学研究进展

由禾谷镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病直接为害作物穗部,不仅严重影响小麦产量,还可因为毒素污染问题威胁人畜健康。近年来对小麦与禾谷镰刀菌互作的转录组学研究带来了很多新见解,概述了小麦响应禾谷镰刀菌侵染的转录组学研究进展,主要比较了不同抗性品种、不同器官、不同籽粒发育时期的小麦穗部在禾谷镰刀菌侵染时的基因表达特征,总结了赤霉病感染时小麦的激素响应、信号传导、转录调控和防卫相关基因的表达规律,以期促进研究者对小麦响应禾谷镰刀菌侵染规律的理解。     

小麦赤霉病新抗源的发掘与抗性位点的检测分析

小麦赤霉病是由禾谷镰刀菌引起的世界性重要病害,发掘优异的抗性种质资源、培育抗病品种是持续防治赤霉病最经济且环境友好的措施。为发掘新的赤霉病抗源,本研究于2017—2021年在弥雾保湿大棚中,采用单花滴注法对642份小麦种质资源的赤霉病抗扩展性进行鉴定,同时利用已知抗赤霉病基因/位点Fhb1~Fhb7的分子标记对筛选出的抗性种质基因型进行分析。结果表明,不同年份间赤霉病病小穗率的相关性均达到极显著水平。筛选到3年及以上赤霉病抗性优于扬麦158的种质81份,主要来自长江中下游麦区,其中33份种质连续4年抗性优于扬麦158;筛选到3年及以上抗性与苏麦3号相当的种质9份,分别为望水白、Grandin、浩麦1号、剑子麦、魁小麦、农林26、软秆洋麦、苏麦2号和武农6号,其中剑子麦、软秆洋麦、苏麦2号和Grandin连续4年抗性与苏麦3号相当。对抗性种质携带的抗赤霉病基因/位点进行分析发现,浩麦1号、冀师7225-28、南农13Y110、石优17和武农6号不携带任何已知抗赤霉病基因/QTL,为小麦抗赤霉病研究和品种培育提供了新的种质资源和理论依据。     

Evaluation of Barley and Wheat Germplasm for Resistance to Head Blight and Mycotoxin Production by Fusarium asiaticum and F. graminearum

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most serious diseases in barley and wheat, as it is usually accompanied by the production of harmful mycotoxins in the grains. To identify FHB-resistant breeding resources, we evaluated 60 elite germplasm accessions of barley (24) and wheat (36) for FHB and mycotoxin accumulation. Assessments were performed in a greenhouse and five heads per accession were inoculated with both Fusarium asiaticum (Fa73, nivalenol producer) and F. graminearum (Fg39, deoxynivalenol producer) strains. While the accessions varied in disease severity and mycotoxin production, four wheat and one barley showed <20% FHB severity repeatedly by both strains. Mycotoxin levels in these accessions ranged up to 3.9 mg/kg. FHB severity was generally higher in barley than in wheat, and Fa73 was more aggressive in both crops than Fg39. Fg39 itself, however, was more aggressive toward wheat and produced more mycotoxin in wheat than in barley. FHB severity by Fa73 and Fg39 were moderately correlated in both crops (r = 0.57/0.60 in barley and 0.42/0.58 in wheat). FHB severity and toxin production were also correlated in both crops, with a stronger correlation for Fa73 (r = 0.42/0.82 in barley, 0.70 in wheat) than for Fg39.     

浅议小麦赤霉病抗性类型与鉴定方法的对应性

由镰孢菌引起的赤霉病是小麦的重要病害,其抗性比较复杂。准确可靠的鉴定和评价方法是抗性改良成功的前提。评述了小麦赤霉病抗性类型及其不同赤霉病抗性鉴定和评价方法的优缺点,重点讨论了抗性类型与抗性鉴定方法的对应性。希望对赤霉病表型鉴定、不同抗性类型的理解和评价以及抗性改良有借鉴意义。     

小麦抗赤霉病利器——他山之石

赤霉病是我国乃至世界小麦(Triticum aestivum)产区的重要病害, 给农业生产和人畜健康造成重大威胁。分离鉴定优质抗病基因、培育抗病品种, 是控制我国麦区赤霉病的重要手段。最近, 山东农业大学孔令让团队完成了二倍体长穗偃麦草(Thinopyrum elongatum)基因组的组装, 并在此基础上通过精细定位和图位克隆分离得到来自长穗偃麦草的抗赤霉病基因Fhb7。他们发现Fhb7编码1个谷胱甘肽转移酶, 对禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)分泌的包括呕吐毒素等在内的多种毒素具有解毒作用, 是1个广谱持久抗病基因。他们还发现Fhb7很可能最初源于内生真菌, 经过基因水平转移进入到偃麦草基因组中。此外, Fhb7不影响其它农艺性状, 且其抗性不受小麦遗传背景影响。这一系列工作揭示了作物抗病演化中的全新机制, 对小麦抗赤霉病育种以及更好地利用长穗偃麦草的丰富基因资源都具有重要意义。     

Fusarium Head Blight of Common Polish Winter Wheat Cultivars – Comparison of Effects of Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium culmorum on Yield Components

The effects of Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium culmorum on the reduction in yield components, after independent inoculation of 14 winter wheat cultivars, were investigated. Single isolates of F. avenaceum and F. culmorum were independently used in inoculations of winter wheat heads. Reductions in the following yield traits: 1000‐kernel weight (TKW), the weight (WKH) and number (NKH) of kernels per head after inoculation were analysed statistically. The results indicate differences between both pathogens in their effects on yield traits. The statistical calculations were performed using analysis of variance (a three‐factor experiment) for particular yield trait reductions and multivariate analysis of variance for the yield trait reductions jointly. Almost all of the univariate and multivariate hypotheses concerning no differences between pathogens (F. culmorum, F. avenaceum), climatic conditions (years) and cultivars as well as hypotheses concerning no interactions between factors (pathogens, years, cultivars) were rejected at least at P= 0.05 significance level. The reduction of yield traits indicated individual reactions of the tested winter wheat cultivars to different pathogens. Among the tested traits the highest influence on the rejection of the hypothesis concerning the equivalence of F. avenaceum and F. culmorum was observed for TKW and WKH. The effect of the pathogen on yield reduction was greater for F. avenaceum than for F. culmorum during 1996 and 1997. A comparison of the cultivars indicated that the Begra cultivar showed the highest tolerance to inoculation with both Fusarium pathogens. Moreover, this genotype as well as several others showed lower tolerance to F. avenaceum rather than to F. culmorum, whereas Elena was the only cultivar with the opposite tendency.