GIS 支持下北京市海淀区生境服务制图研究

定量化识别生境服务的空间分布是城市生物多样性保护的前提。论文从生境斑块质量和生境格局两方面构建了生境服务的量化指标及其方法框架, 并基于遥感影像解译和实地调研数据利用GIS 工具对北京市海淀区进行了生境服务制图研究。结果显示,生境服务供给能力最高值主要分布于海淀区西部山区和中部圆明园、颐和园一带以及北部翠湖湿地附近的零星区域, 占全区总面积的16.54%。海淀区北部农村地区的绿色基础设施区域生境服务供给能力次之, 分散分布于西部山前地带及北部农村村庄外围的人工林地和园地区域, 占全区总面积的32.44%。海淀区南部城区及中部城乡交错区的生境服务供给能力最低, 占全区总面积的24.68%。海淀区大部分农村居民点所提供的生境服务也较弱, 占全区总面积的26.34%。生境服务制图结果可以为城市生物多样性保护决策制定提供一个定量化且直观形象的参考依据。     

基于核密度估计的动物生境适宜度制图方法

生境适宜度制图能提供动物适宜生境的空间分布信息,对野生动物种群管理、保护地规划等非常重要。生境适宜度制图的关键是构建生境适宜度模型(habitat suitability model, HSM),只基于动物出现位置数据构建HSM的方法在实践中得到了非常广泛的应用。然而现有的只基于动物出现位置数据构建HSM的方法还不能很好地直接表达动物生境适宜度和环境因子之间具有生态学意义的数量关系,因此也就不能很好地体现环境因子对动物生境利用的生态学作用。 本文提出了一种基于核密度估计构建HSM的方法,在地理信息系统技术支持下,通过运用核密度估计从代表性的动物出现位置数据中估计出动物出现对各个环境因子的概率密度函数来直接表达生境适宜度与各个环境因子之间的数量关系,以体现环境因子对动物生境利用的生态学作用,在此基础上对生境适宜度与各个环境因子之间的数量关系进行综合构建了具有明确生态学意义的HSM用于动物生境适宜度制图。以美国Voyageures国家公园的白尾鹿(Odocoileus virginianus)生境适宜度制图为例,基于365个出现位置点位数据并结合积雪深度、地表覆被类型、森林边界长度和坡度等环境因子数据,开展了该方法的案例研究。通过交叉验证计算连续Boyce指数对制图结果进行评价,结果表明：基于核密度估计方法构建的HSM预测能力强,所得出的生境适宜度图经10次交叉验证,连续Boyce指数平均值为0.75,标准差为0.11,达到了较高精度。此外,由于基于核密度估计的方法能以“生境适宜度和环境因子之间具有生态学意义的数量关系”的形式来直接体现环境因子对动物生境利用的生态学作用,就模型的可解释性而言,该方法要优于现有的其他构建HSM的方法。     

海洋生态修复:概念、类型与实施路径选择

生态修复是我国生态文明建设的重要内容。在对生态修复相关概念梳理的基础上,从公共物品治理视角对海洋生态修复主体、修复标准、修复路径及修复措施保障等关键环节进行论述,研究表明：污染和破坏者作为赔偿型海洋生态修复的主体,可通过自行修复和委托修复等方式,将受损海洋生态修复到破坏前的基线水平;国家作为补偿型海洋生态修复的主体,依据边际成本收益分析法确定最优修复规模,通过政府市场采购和创建市场等经济激励型路径实施生态修复以增加公众福利。未来我国海洋生态修复应重点关注修复的资金保障、监督制度以及生态修复的技术研发和修复完成后的成本收益评估等。     

不同生境具有抗肿瘤活性的海洋真菌筛选

目的:为了测定海口沿海海域不同生境的海洋真菌抗肿瘤状况。方法:我们从海口西海岸沿线、南渡江入海口处以及演丰红树林三个不同生境分离到162株海洋真菌,通过MTT比色法测定海洋真菌代谢产物对黑色素瘤B16的抑制活性。结果:其中75.93%的海洋真菌代谢产物对B16细胞增殖有不同的抑制作用,来自西海岸沿线生境的真菌有77.36%具有抑制B16生长作用,来自入海口生境的真菌为77.27%,来自红树林的真菌为70.58%,并且不同生境的真菌代谢物的细胞毒性强弱也有明显的区别。结论:不同生境的真菌具有不同的抗肿瘤作用,筛选具有某种活性海洋真菌菌株时,可以选择容易产某种活性成分的目的生境。     

海洋生态资本概念与属性界定

海洋生态资源是人类社会经济发展的基础,对其进行资本化界定是对其进行价值评估和资本化管理的前提。基于自然资本和生态系统服务两大理论,结合国内外学者对"自然资本"、"生态资本"等概念的界定和认识,考虑海洋生态系统的特性,提出了海洋生态资本的概念,认为海洋生态资本是能够直接或间接作用于人类社会经济生产、提供有用的产品流或服务流的海洋生态资源。海洋生态资本的价值是指海洋生态资本的存量价值及其产生的收益流价值,包括各类海洋生态资源的现存量价值及其组成海洋生态系统整体而产生的生态系统服务价值。比较了海洋生态资本与海洋生态系统服务、生态资产、自然资本、海洋资源等概念的异同,进而探讨了海洋生态资本的一般属性及其特殊属性。     

海洋单胞菌的研究进展

简要综述了近年国、内外对海洋单胞菌的一些研究进展,包括分类地位、生态分布、功能基因和活性分子等,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望.     

基于生境质量和生态安全格局的阿勒泰地区生态保护关键区域识别

随着生态文明建设上升为国家战略,生态安全与保护修复格局的识别成为国土空间规划战略中关于生态空间保护的重要内容。为了促进区域生态系统的保护修复及有效管理,从空间尺度上对区域生态安全和修复区域的识别必不可少。利用InVEST模型的Habitat Quality模块分析了阿勒泰地区1995年、2005年和2018年的生境质量变化状况,从生态环境保护的角度出发构建区域生态安全格局,结果发现：（1）1995-2018年阿勒泰地区生境质量处于中等水平,总体呈下降趋势,说明当地生态系统有不断退化趋势;（2）以生态结构系统性和生态过程完整性为目标,通过MSPA分析结合景观连通性识别出15块生态源地,处于阿勒泰北部的山间林地和乌伦古湖区域;利用ArcGIS软件的Cost Distance工具识别出阿勒泰地区有效生态廊道38条,长约2466km,总面积约80.08km²,其中草地和林地是生态廊道穿越的重点区域;识别出最小阻力路径与生态廊道交叉处的生态节点52个,主要分布在草地和林地区域;（3）通过生境质量与最小累积阻力值识别出三类生态保护关键区域,分别为生态涵养区、生态维护区和生态保育区,结合各类生态保护关键区域的存在的生态问题提出不同的生态保护方向。研究结果为阿勒泰地区生态保护修复按照三类生态保护分区分别提出了不同的保护方向,可为阿勒泰地区国土空间生态保护修复关键区域识别和为保障区域生态系统整体保护及可持续发展政策制定提供参考。     

海洋生境修复和生物资源养护原理与技术研究进展及展望

由于人类活动导致的海洋生境、生态系统以及生物资源的衰退已经引起了全球的高度重视。以生态修复的原理为基础,综述了海洋生境修复和生物资源养护的关键设施、关键技术、监测与效果评价以及综合管理的国内外研究进展,并对海洋生境修复与生物资源养护的研究热点和重点进行了展望,以期为我国海洋生境修复和生物资源养护提供参考。     

基于文献计量的海洋空间规划应用生态系统服务研究进展

运用文献计量平台和知识图谱可视化手段,基于2000—2019年间Web of Science数据库中496篇文献样本,梳理国际海洋空间规划应用生态系统服务的整体概貌,把握热点主题和演化路径。结果表明,近20年,国际学界在该交叉领域聚焦于保护状况、海洋保护区、海洋空间规划、社会-生态系统、生态系统服务价值评估、生态系统服务权衡和近海渔业等7个热点主题。生态系统服务在海洋空间规划领域经历了由作为保护目标到技术工具再到治理路径的研究递进。相应地,国际学者应用生态系统服务的目的从追求技术上的最优解,拓展至对合理空间治理方案的探索。其中,以生态系统服务为核心的人海耦合机制及科学知识的实践转化是有待解决的难点,需要从多学科视角、宏微观分析和研究方法创新上加以突破。面向我国国土空间规划体系改革,应超越规划工具理性,走出应用海洋生态系统服务价值评估的局限。国内学者可从引导规划理念认知、增强空间治理精细化、提升规划公平与效率等现实需求入手,探索生态系统服务应用于我国海洋空间规划的可行路径,以此推动规划理论方法的完善,同时为提升人民海洋福祉提供切实保障。     

集约用海对海洋生态环境影响的评价方法

集中集约用海是一种相对高效、生态和科学的用海方式,但也不可避免会干扰海洋生态系统,甚至带来海洋环境污染和生态破坏。因此,将集约用海工程对海洋生态环境的影响降到最低,进行集约用海对海洋生态环境影响的科学评价是十分重要的。通过分析集约用海工程对海洋生态系统的影响,提出了集约用海工程对海洋生态环境影响评价的主要内容、思路和流程,从海洋生态系统的非生物因子和生物因子两个方面构建了基于"生境质量"和"生态响应"的集约用海对海洋生态环境影响的评价指标体系。"生境质量"指标反映了集约用海工程影响海域的海洋生物栖息环境质量状况的变化,主要包括水环境、沉积环境和典型物种的生物质量指标,"生态响应"指标反映了集约用海工程影响的海域不同营养级的生物对变化环境的生态响应,它主要包括生物群落结构指标和生态敏感区结构、功能指标。在此基础上,结合我国海洋生态环境监测和评估现状,研究并确定了生态环境影响的各评价因子的权重、标准及评价等级,建立了集约用海对海洋生态环境影响的综合指数法评价模型,通过集约用海工程建设前后生态环境综合指数的变化量ΔE来定量地衡量其对海洋生态环境影响的程度。以期为适宜的集约用海工程规模和科学选址提供技术支撑。     

Integrating scientific guidance into marine spatial planning

Marine spatial planning (MSP), whereby areas of the ocean are zoned for different uses, has great potential to reduce or eliminate conflicts between competing management goals, but only if strategically applied. The recent literature overwhelmingly agrees that including stakeholders in these planning processes is critical to success; but, given the countless alternative ways even simple spatial regulations can be configured, how likely is it that a stakeholder-driven process will generate plans that deliver on the promise of MSP? Here, we use a spatially explicit, dynamic bioeconomic model to show that stakeholder-generated plans are doomed to fail in the absence of strong scientific guidance. While strategically placed spatial regulations can improve outcomes remarkably, the vast majority of possible plans fail to achieve this potential. Surprisingly, existing scientific rules of thumb do little to improve outcomes. Here, we develop an alternative approach in which models are used to identify efficient plans, which are then modified by stakeholders. Even if stakeholders alter these initial proposals considerably, results hugely outperform plans guided by scientific rules of thumb. Our results underscore the importance of spatially explicit dynamic models for the management of marine resources and illustrate how such models can be harmoniously integrated into a stakeholder-driven MSP process.     

Exploring methods for rapid assessment of woody vegetation in the Batemi Valley, North-central Tanzania

Conservation of local biological resources in remote areas requires efficient data and collection methods. This paper describes part of a local conservation initiative in Northern Tanzania in which an indigenous conservation group enlisted the support of outside scientists to explore means of preparing baseline ecological reports. Two factors are seen as important: one is local use of ecological resources and the other is local availability. This paper focuses on the second of these and considers woody species. A variety of ecological field methods, statistical analysis and remote sensing and mapping techniques are used to generate baseline ecological inventories. The fieldwork identified 101 woody species, representing 54 genera and 37 families in the Batemi area. There are three main vegetation types: Vangueria apiculata-Ficus sycomorus-Trichilia emetica type; Croton dictygamous-Euphorbia tirucalli-Grewia bicolor type; and Acacia tortilis-Balanites aegyptica-Euphorbia candelabrum type. The Landsat TM map identified four main land-cover classes: (1) bushland and woodland thicket, (2) woodland (3) wooded grassland, and (4) grassland with scattered trees, which includes agricultural areas and villages. The combination of these data and methods can be useful for conservation planning and long-term monitoring, but it is clear that ground-level local assessment is necessary to detect subtleties of human-environment interaction that are required for conservation planning.     

The first months at sea: marine migration and habitat use of sea trout Salmo trutta post‐smolts

The early migration and habitat use of brown trout Salmo trutta post‐smolts tagged with acoustic transmitters (n = 50) were investigated in a fjord system in central Norway from 30 April to 26 November 2014. The main aims were to investigate return rate, marine residence time and spatial use of the fjord system. Median seaward migration and return to fresh water dates were 22 May and 4 July, respectively. Of the 40 seaward migrating smolts, 26 returned to fresh water, giving a minimum return rate to fresh water of 65%. Entrance to the fjord from the river occurred mainly at night (80% of the S. trutta), however, no such diurnal pattern was observed during the return migration. Mean marine residence time was 38 days, but with large individual variation (22–99 days). The innermost parts of the study area were more utilized than the outer part of the fjord system during the sea residency, and with more use of the near shore habitat than the open, pelagic areas. Many post‐smolts also utilized the outer part of the fjord system, however, and 94% of the post‐smolts were recorded at least 14 km from the home river mouth. Marine survival and distribution in the fjord were size dependent with the largest individuals utilizing outer fjord areas and having higher return rates to fresh water. As far as is known, this is the first published study on temporal and spatial behaviour in the marine environment of first‐time S. trutta migrants during the full course of their first trip to sea.     

A low-cost procedure for automatic seafloor mapping, with particular reference to coral reef conservation in developing nations

Loss of marine biodiversity through benthic habitat destruction has created urgent needs for low-cost, high-performance seafloor survey methods. However, accurate seafloor mapping and classification is usually an expensive undertaking requiring sophisticated equipment, which excludes important low-budget user groups in developing nations. In this paper, we introduce a low-cost procedure for seafloor mapping based on free-of-charge data acquisition software that can be downloaded from the Internet. Using a Malaysian coral-reef case-study, we show how comprehensive bathymetric mapping can be implemented with such software using inexpensive eccosounder and GPS, and describe principles for integration of environmental data, either by connecting additional instruments to the computer (up to 32 instruments with up to eight channels each can be handled simultaneously), or by using simple synchronisation techniques with equipment that records to separate media, such as video cameras. We mapped a Malaysian coral-reef area of 114 hectares in 6 hours of video mapping, achieving reef mapping rates that matches rates currently achieved only with air-borne imaging devices. However, the present methodology results in completely ground-truthed data that can be classified according to many schemes by direct observation of the habitat, and provides detailed bathymetric data that satellite imagery or air-borne spectrographic sensors do not provide. The method can be used as a stand-alone reef mapping and classification tool on the scale of tens to hundreds of square kilometres. On larger scales (thousands of square kilometres), airborne survey methods are likely to remain more cost-effective than boat-based methods, yet also in such settings this simple method offer unprecedented capacity for ground truthing and thereby increased capacity for habitat classification.     

Fauna habitat modelling and mapping: A review and case study in the Lower Hunter Central Coast region of NSW

Abstract Habitat models are now broadly used in conservation planning on public lands. If implemented correctly, habitat modelling is a transparent and repeatable technique for describing and mapping biodiversity values, and its application in peri‐urban and agricultural landscape planning is likely to expand rapidly. Conservation planning in such landscapes must be robust to the scrutiny that arises when biodiversity constraints are placed on developers and private landholders. A standardized modelling and model evaluation method based on widely accepted techniques will improve the robustness of conservation plans. We review current habitat modelling and model evaluation methods and provide a habitat modelling case study in the New South Wales central coast region that we hope will serve as a methodological template for conservation planners. We make recommendations on modelling methods that are appropriate when presence‐absence and presence‐only survey data are available and provide methodological details and a website with data and training material for modellers. Our aim is to provide practical guidelines that preserve methodological rigour and result in defendable habitat models and maps. The case study was undertaken in a rapidly developing area with substantial biodiversity values under urbanization pressure. Habitat maps for seven priority fauna species were developed using logistic regression models of species‐habitat relationships and a bootstrapping methodology was used to evaluate model predictions. The modelled species were the koala, tiger quoll, squirrel glider, yellow‐bellied glider, masked owl, powerful owl and sooty owl. Models ranked sites adequately in terms of habitat suitability and provided predictions of sufficient reliability for the purpose of identifying preliminary conservation priority areas. However, they are subject to multiple uncertainties and should not be viewed as a completely accurate representation of the distribution of species habitat. We recommend the use of model prediction in an adaptive framework whereby models are iteratively updated and refined as new data become available.     

Lemur habitat and dental senescence in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar

Not only can teeth provide clues about diet, but they also can be indicators of habitat quality. Conspecific groups living in different habitats with different kinds of foods may exhibit different rates of dental attrition because their teeth are less well adapted to some foods than to others. Ecological disequilibrium describes the situation in which animals live in habitats to which they are relatively poorly adapted. We test whether dental senescence, the wear-related decrease in dental functionality that is associated with decreased survival of infants born to older Propithecus edwardsi females, can be explained by ecological disequilibrium. Specifically, we compare the rates of dental wear in sifaka groups living in nearby habitats that differ in the degree of anthropogenically induced disturbance. We hypothesize that sifakas living in disturbed areas have an unusual rate of tooth wear compared to those living in a more pristine area, and that dental senescence is a consequence of an atypically high wear rate in a degraded habitat. To test whether habitat quality affects tooth wear more generally, we compare rates of use-wear in two subsets of Microcebus rufus living in either relatively undisturbed or disturbed habitats. Contrary to our predictions, we did not detect different rates of tooth wear in disturbed versus undisturbed habitats for either species and consider that reproductively detrimental dental senescence in P. edwardsi females is unlikely to be a pathological consequence of ecological disequilibrium.     

基于生境质量的唐县生态安全格局构建

生态安全格局作为景观生态学的重点及热点,其识别与构建对维持区域生态安全及实现区域可持续发展具有重要作用.本研究以河北省唐县为研究区,基于2016年土地利用现状数据,利用InVEST模型评估生境质量,确定生态源地;然后选取土地利用类型、生境质量指数、植被覆盖度、距水域距离、距居民点距离、距道路距离等阻力因子构建阻力表面,并采用阻力阈值法进行生态安全分区;最后运用最小累积阻力模型(MCR)判定生态廊道,从而综合构建唐县生态安全格局.结果表明: 唐县生态源地占总面积的3.3%,主要分布在斑块面积较大的林地和水域中,河北省四大水库之一的西大洋水库也位于生态源地范围内;根据耗费阻力突变点,将研究区划分为禁止开发区、限制开发区、优化开发区和重点开发区,各区占地百分比分别为18.9%、43.6%、27.6%和9.9%;唐县潜在生态廊道总长度为333.52 km,优化后生态廊道总长度为263.91 km,有助于各种生态交流.研究结果对唐县土地资源的合理可持续利用具有重要指导意义,可为唐县土地规划布局决策提供理论和技术支撑.