科尔沁沙质草地生物量积累过程对降水变化的响应模拟

科尔沁沙地是中国北方严重的沙漠化区域之一,理解其沙质草地生物量积累对降水变化的响应有利于该区域的生态恢复和后续经营管理。在植被-土壤水分耦合模型的基础上结合植被阈值-迟滞响应模式(T-D),在点尺度上模拟科尔沁沙质草地生长季植被生物量积累过程对降水变化的响应。结果表明(1)植被生物量积累对降水量变化表现出明显的非线性响应。降水量增加,促进植被生物量积累,反之则抑制生物量积累,但在同等程度的降水量变化下生物量积累对降水增加的响应远大于对降水量减少的响应。(2)生物量积累对降水频率变化的响应与单次有效降水量变化在干旱年和湿润年都显著正相关,但与累计有效降水量相关性微弱,而与有效降水间隔变化只在干旱年显著相关,表明在不同年份间降水频率变化实际上通过改变单次有效降水量和有效降水间隔来影响生物量的积累。(3)生物量积累过程对降水频率变化存在明显的响应阈值,但该阈值在不同的降水量和降水特征下并不相同。科尔沁沙质草地植被生物量积累过程对降水变化有明显的响应,植被-土壤水分耦合模拟与T-D模型的结合能有效地在日尺度上识别这种响应,这为探究植被和降水关系提供了新工具。     

Precipitation manipulation experiments--challenges and recommendations for the future

Climatic changes, including altered precipitation regimes, will affect key ecosystem processes, such as plant productivity and biodiversity for many terrestrial ecosystems. Past and ongoing precipitation experiments have been conducted to quantify these potential changes. An analysis of these experiments indicates that they have provided important information on how water regulates ecosystem processes. However, they do not adequately represent global biomes nor forecasted precipitation scenarios and their potential contribution to advance our understanding of ecosystem responses to precipitation changes is therefore limited, as is their potential value for the development and testing of ecosystem models. This highlights the need for new precipitation experiments in biomes and ambient climatic conditions hitherto poorly studied applying relevant complex scenarios including changes in precipitation frequency and amplitude, seasonality, extremity and interactions with other global change drivers. A systematic and holistic approach to investigate how soil and plant community characteristics change with altered precipitation regimes and the consequent effects on ecosystem processes and functioning within these experiments will greatly increase their value to the climate change and ecosystem research communities. Experiments should specifically test how changes in precipitation leading to exceedance of biological thresholds affect ecosystem resilience and acclimation.     

2000—2015年青藏高原草地归一化植被指数对降水变化的响应

降水变化是造成青藏高原草地植被生长年际变异的重要因素,降水量、分配方式及发生时间是降水变化的重要特征.利用2000—2015年青藏高原及附近区域145个气象站点的降水资料,以年降水量表征降水整体状况,以改进的降水集度(PCI)表征年内降水的分配状况,以定义的降水重心(PC)表征降水的集中时期,分析青藏高原降水变化的时空特征;并进一步以归一化植被指数最大值(NDVI_max)表征植被生长状况,探讨了青藏高原草地对降水年际变化的响应.结果表明: 青藏高原年降水量和PCI存在明显的梯度特征,PC在西藏南部形成中心.青藏高原灌丛草地NDVI_max年际变化对PCI变化响应敏感,降水越均匀越有利于NDVI_max的增加,但受到降水量的限制;高寒草甸对降水特征没有表现出显著的相关关系;草原植被NDVI_max的年际变化同时受PCI和PC的控制;高寒荒漠植被NDVI_max的年际变化主要受降水量的控制.在研究降水变化对青藏高原不同类型植被的影响时,除降水量之外,还需进一步考虑降水的分配格局等特征.     

The response of soil respiration to precipitation change is asymmetric and differs between grasslands and forests

Intensification of the Earth's hydrological cycle amplifies the interannual variability of precipitation, which will significantly impact the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle. However, it is still unknown whether previously observed relationship between soil respiration (R_s) and precipitation remains applicable under extreme precipitation change. By analyzing the observations from a much larger dataset of field experiments (248 published papers including 151 grassland studies and 97 forest studies) across a wider range of precipitation manipulation than previous studies, we found that the relationship of R_s response with precipitation change was highly nonlinear or asymmetric, and differed significantly between grasslands and forests, between moderate and extreme precipitation changes. Response of R_s to precipitation change was negatively asymmetric (concave‐down) in grasslands, and double‐asymmetric in forests with a positive asymmetry (concave‐up) under moderate precipitation changes and a negative asymmetry (concave‐down) under extreme precipitation changes. In grasslands, the negative asymmetry in R_s response was attributed to the higher sensitivities of soil moisture, microbial and root activities to decreased precipitation (DPPT) than to increased precipitation (IPPT). In forests, the positive asymmetry was predominantly driven by the significant increase in microbial respiration under moderate IPPT, while the negative asymmetry was caused by the reductions in root biomass and respiration under extreme DPPT. The different asymmetric responses of R_s between grasslands and forests will greatly improve our ability to forecast the C cycle consequences of increased precipitation variability. Specifically, the negative asymmetry of R_s response under extreme precipitation change suggests that the soil C efflux will decrease across grasslands and forests under future precipitation regime with more wet and dry extremes.     

模拟降水变化和土壤施氮对浙江古田山5个树种幼苗生长和生物量的影响

为了探讨古田山地区5个树种—秃瓣杜英(Elaeocarpus glabripetalus)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana)、木荷(Schima superba)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)幼苗的生长和生物量及其分配对添加氮肥和减少降水的响应, 在野外设置了双因素氮肥(对照和施氮)和降水(自然降水(对照)和减少降水)控制试验, 氮肥的施入量为10 g·m^-2·a^-1 NH₄NO₃, 分别于每年5月初和7月初各施5 g·m^-2·a^-1, 减少降水处理是减少自然降水的30%。经过3个生长季的处理发现: 1)施氮显著促进了秃瓣杜英、枫香和木荷的苗高和基径的生长, 并且对秃瓣杜英和枫香的促进作用经过1个生长季的处理就表现出来, 而木荷在经过2个生长季后才表现出来; 2)施氮显著促进了秃瓣杜英、枫香和木荷的全株生物量以及各部分生物量的增长, 而只增加了马尾松的侧枝和叶片生物量以及青冈的侧枝生物量; 3) 2个生长季的施氮处理提高了秃瓣杜英和木荷的叶重比以及枫香和青冈的枝重比, 3个生长季的施氮处理促进了秃瓣杜英、枫香和木荷的茎重比以及青冈和马尾松的枝重比, 地上干物质分配比例的增加以地下干物质分配比例减小为代价, 施氮后显著降低了秃瓣杜英、枫香、木荷和青冈的根重比和根冠比; 4) 降水减少30%对各树种的生长均无显著影响。     

Asymmetric responses of primary productivity to precipitation extremes: A synthesis of grassland precipitation manipulation experiments

Climatic changes are altering Earth's hydrological cycle, resulting in altered precipitation amounts, increased interannual variability of precipitation, and more frequent extreme precipitation events. These trends will likely continue into the future, having substantial impacts on net primary productivity (NPP) and associated ecosystem services such as food production and carbon sequestration. Frequently, experimental manipulations of precipitation have linked altered precipitation regimes to changes in NPP. Yet, findings have been diverse and substantial uncertainty still surrounds generalities describing patterns of ecosystem sensitivity to altered precipitation. Additionally, we do not know whether previously observed correlations between NPP and precipitation remain accurate when precipitation changes become extreme. We synthesized results from 83 case studies of experimental precipitation manipulations in grasslands worldwide. We used meta‐analytical techniques to search for generalities and asymmetries of aboveground NPP (ANPP) and belowground NPP (BNPP) responses to both the direction and magnitude of precipitation change. Sensitivity (i.e., productivity response standardized by the amount of precipitation change) of BNPP was similar under precipitation additions and reductions, but ANPP was more sensitive to precipitation additions than reductions; this was especially evident in drier ecosystems. Additionally, overall relationships between the magnitude of productivity responses and the magnitude of precipitation change were saturating in form. The saturating form of this relationship was likely driven by ANPP responses to very extreme precipitation increases, although there were limited studies imposing extreme precipitation change, and there was considerable variation among experiments. This highlights the importance of incorporating gradients of manipulations, ranging from extreme drought to extreme precipitation increases into future climate change experiments. Additionally, policy and land management decisions related to global change scenarios should consider how ANPP and BNPP responses may differ, and that ecosystem responses to extreme events might not be predicted from relationships found under moderate environmental changes.     

科尔沁沙地固定沙丘植被物种多样性对降水变化的响应

应用１９８６年到１９９２年固定沙丘样方调查数据和同期降水量资料,对科尔沁沙地物种多样性与年降水量的变化进行了分析。结果表明植物种丰富度以对降水量变化的反响比较强烈,一个干旱年份可减少固定沙丘植物种丰富度,而随后的恢复却需要３年友上的时间。物种多样性指数随降水量变化而变化,二者呈正相关。灰色关联分析表明,物种多样性指数Ｄ对降水量变化的反响来看,生长期降水量对物种多样性的影响大于年降水。在固定沙丘植被     

Responses of soil respiration and its sensitivities to temperature and precipitation: A meta-analysis

Global warming has caused changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, and the subsequent effects on the dynamics of soil respiration (Rs) have had a significant impact on the global carbon balance. Despite numerous studies, the interacting responses of Rs to multiple causes of global change are unknown. We combined studies of 178 temperature treatments and 134 precipitation treatments in a global meta-analysis to examine the response of Rs to temperature and precipitation treatments in terrestrial ecosystems. The results showed that the average warming and precipitation increased Rs by 13.1% and 33.1%, respectively. The effect sizes of Rs were positive for other global variables (mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), elevation and duration of experiment (DUR)). Moreover, the effect size of Rs decreased exponentially with increasing DUR warming and decreased parabolically with increasing precipitation change, indicating a strong dependence of Rs on global climate conditions. Moreover, the two-way and multi-dimensional interactions of global changing factors have created the positive effects of the individual effects. Rainfall is a key factor in the interaction experiments between precipitation and warming in farmland and urban grassland ecosystems, and other environmental factors interacted significantly with precipitation and temperature, indirectly altering Rs. As multiple global climate change factors often occur simultaneously, it is important to conduct long-term multifactorial experiments to assess the response of Rs to global changes.     

1956-2009年内蒙古苏尼特左旗荒漠草原的降水格局

弄清全球变化背景下不同地区降水格局的变化对科学理解气候变化及其影响具有重要意义。苏尼特左旗荒漠草原是温带干旱半干旱地区的典型荒漠草原,对气候变化,特别是降水变化非常敏感。利用1956-2009年的日降水资料探讨了苏尼特左旗荒漠草原降水格局的变化规律,以为揭示气候变化的影响机制提供依据。结果表明,该地区年均降水量为191.9 mm,年际变化剧烈,变异系数达26.63%;年均降水日数为63.8 d,变异系数16.9%。生长季降水占全年的85%,但各月变异系数均>50%;降水日数占全年的63%。年和生长季的各月降水以中等降水量、弱降水日数为主,中等强度以上降水事件较少。近50 a来,年和生长季的降水量、降水日数与各等级降水事件均呈下降趋势,年降水减少的原因在于中等降水事件的减少、生长季降水减少的原因在于弱降水事件的减少。年降水减少将影响草地的土壤水分与植物返青;而生长季降水减少将直接影响草地固碳。气候变化背景下年与生长季降水的减少将进一步加剧该地区干旱程度并影响植物的生长发育,从而直接威胁到草地畜牧业的发展。     

Spatial patterns of soil and ecosystem respiration regulated by biological and environmental variables along a precipitation gradient in semi-arid grasslands in China

Precipitation is a key environmental factor in determining ecosystem structure and function. Knowledge of how soil and ecosystem respiration responds to climate change (e.g., precipitation) and human activities (e.g., grazing or clipping) is crucial for assessing the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems and for improving model simulations and predictions of future global carbon (C) cycling in response to human activities. In this study, we examined the spatial patterns of soil and ecosystem respiration along a precipitation gradient from 167.7 to 398.1 mm in a semi-arid grassland. Our results showed that soil and ecosystem respiration increased linearly with increasing mean annual precipitation. The trends were similar to those of shoot biomass, litter and soil total C content along the precipitation gradient. Our results indicated that precipitation was the primary controlling factor in determining the spatial pattern of soil and ecosystem respiration in semi-arid grasslands in China. The linear/nonlinear relationships in this study describing the variations of the ecosystem carbon process with precipitation can be useful for model development, parameterization and validation at the regional scale to improve predictions of how carbon processes in grasslands respond to climate change, land use and grassland management.     

Community structure and composition in response to climate change in a temperate steppe

Climate change would have profound influences on community structure and composition, and subsequently has impacts on ecosystem functioning and feedback to climate change. A field experiment with increased temperature and precipitation was conducted to examine effects of experimental warming, increased precipitation and their interactions on community structure and composition in a temperate steppe in northern China since April 2005. Increased precipitation significantly stimulated species richness and coverage of plant community. In contrast, experimental warming markedly reduced species richness of grasses and community coverage. Species richness was positively dependent upon soil moisture (SM) across all treatments and years. Redundancy analysis (RDA) illustrated that SM dominated the response of community composition to climate change at the individual level, suggesting indirect effects of climate change on plant community composition via altering water availability. In addition, species interaction also mediated the responses of functional group coverage to increased precipitation and temperature. Our observations revealed that both abiotic (soil water availability) and biotic (interspecific interactions) factors play important roles in regulating plant community structure and composition in response to climate change in the semiarid steppe. Therefore these factors should be incorporated in model predicting terrestrial vegetation dynamics under climate change.     

我国极端降水变化趋势及其对城市排水压力的影响

全球气候变化对水循环具有重要影响,其中极端降水的变化,对城市排水系统产生巨大冲击,造成城市内涝、交通瘫痪及生命财产损失等问题。为了揭示我国极端降水变化的趋势和区域特征,及其对城市排水系统的压力程度,使用中国气象数据中心1951—2014年全国917个站点的逐日降水量,计算得到我国极端降水及其变化趋势的空间分布特征。并以我国289个主要地级城市为研究对象,构建了气候变化情景下的城市排水压力评估方法,预测并展望了不同时段和不同代表性浓度路径(RCPs)情景下,未来城市的排水压力情况。结果表明,我国极端降水整体上正随着全球气候变化而增加,全国年最大降水量变化速度的平均值为0.06mm/a,但并不是所有区域都具有一致性,具体表现为南部极端降水增加而北部缓解的规律。我国排水压力大的城市主要分布在南部和东北地区,城市排水基础设施完善的东部和极端降水量比较小的西部地区城市排水压力比较低,华北地区极端降水的随机性大,历史上出现的最大降水显著高于该地区常见大雨,也属于内涝风险比较大的区域。随着气候变化的影响,我国未来城市排水压力整体上升,城市未来短期排水压力相对于现有水平总体上升2.9%,具体75个城市的排水压力有所增加明显。且低应对的RCP8.5情景显著高于高应对的RCP2.6情景,这说明减缓气候变化的工作对降低我国城市内涝风险有比较大的积极意义。我国城市排水压力的变化也具有区域性,华北地区极端降水呈现减少的趋势,南部地区极端降水呈现增加趋势,加重了该地区原本就很高的城市内涝风险,需要政府采取积极措施提出有针对性的方案和考虑了气候变化的前瞻性城市排水规划,以降低城市排水压力,尽量减少城市内涝造成的经济损失。     

Effects of experimentally-enhanced precipitation and nitrogen on resistance,recovery and resilience of a semi-arid grassland after drought

Resistance, recovery and resilience are three important properties of ecological stability, but they have rarely been studied in semi-arid grasslands under global change. We analyzed data from a field experiment conducted in a native grassland in northern China to explore the effects of experimentally enhanced precipitation and N deposition on both absolute and relative measures of community resistance, recovery and resilience—calculated in terms of community cover—after a natural drought. For both absolute and relative measures, communities with precipitation enhancement showed higher resistance and lower recovery, but no change in resilience compared to communities with ambient precipitation in the semi-arid grassland. The manipulated increase in N deposition had little effect on these community stability metrics except for decreased community resistance. The response patterns of these stability metrics to alterations in precipitation and N are generally consistent at community, functional group and species levels. Contrary to our expectations, structural equation modeling revealed that water-driven community resistance and recovery result mainly from changes in community species asynchrony rather than species diversity in the semi-arid grassland. These findings suggest that changes in precipitation regimes may have significant impacts on the response of water-limited ecosystems to drought stress under global change scenarios.     

草原生态系统生产力对降水格局响应的研究进展

全球变化背景下降水格局发生了显著改变,主要表现在年降水量、降水季节分配以及降水事件特征(单次降水事件雨量大小、两次降水之间的间隔时长和一年中降水事件的次数等)等几个方面,降水格局的改变将显著影响陆地生态系统功能,尤其是对生产力的影响.草原生态系统是对降水格局改变最敏感的生态系统之一,因此有必要了解草原生态系统生产力对降水格局响应的研究现状及存在的问题.本文首先综述了草原生态系统生产力对降水格局各个特征响应的国内外研究进展,进而从长期观测、控制试验、模型模拟3方面综述了目前降水格局对生产力影响的研究方法,最后从理论研究、研究方法两个方面提出了目前研究存在的问题以及未来的研究方向.本文将为预测草原生态系统如何响应未来气候变化以及在气候变化情景下进行草原生态系统管理提供重要科学依据.     

Co-limitation by nitrogen and water constrains allocation response to drought in deciduous and evergreen shrubs in a semi-arid ecosystem

Plant Ecology - Semi-arid regions worldwide are expected to experience reduced precipitation with future climate change, in addition to increased intensity of precipitation events, heightening the...     

赣南九曲水流域基流变化特征及其对降水的响应

基流是水资源重要组成部分,探究流域基流变化特征及其对降水的响应,对优化流域水资源配置具有重要意义。本研究基于赣南九曲水流域1982—2019年逐日降水、径流观测资料,运用数字滤波法、交叉小波变换及累积量斜率变化率比较法等,分析了基流变化特征,探讨了基流对降水的时滞效应,并计算了降水对基流变化的贡献率。结果表明: 研究期间,九曲水流域年基流深和年基流指数变化趋势均不显著,年均值分别为384.21 mm和0.44;春、夏季基流深大于秋、冬季,基流指数则与之相反。年降水量控制着年基流深的动态变化,春、夏季降水对基流深的作用强于秋、冬季;年及春、夏、秋、冬季基流滞后降水的时长分别为3.5～10.3、1.5～8.5、2～10、2～13和5～20.5 d,年均滞后时长依次为6.4、4.9、5.3、6.8和10.8 d。年基流深在1992年发生突变,降水对基流变化的贡献率为68.2%,其他因素对基流变化的贡献率为31.8%。本研究成果可为南方红壤区评价流域的森林水文效应、保障河流的水生态安全提供科学依据。     

Spatial differences in the heavy precipitation risk intensity in South Korea

Damage from climate change has increased gradually and globally; similarly, climate change risk is considered a critical issue in South Korea. Recent trends indicate that heavy precipitation is more likely to increase in terms of frequency and intensity, and it will also be more widely spread than previously recorded. In this study, we investigated the severity of the risk of heavy precipitation in South Korea because of climate change. Climate change risk indices were developed and divided into the “Hazard,” “Vulnerability,” and “Exposure” categories and visualized to present heavy precipitation risk that was identified by hot spot analysis with various spatial characteristics. Using a heavy precipitation risk index, we suggested how risk intensity differs between urban and rural areas. We found that spatial characteristics must be considered when assessing heavy precipitation risk and preparing climate change adaptation strategies. This study will be of use to local and national policy-makers and stakeholders associated with climate change in Korea. The results can further contribute to the study analyzing which factors potentially affect the heavy precipitation risk using various econometric analyses.     

Precipitation regulates plant gas exchange and its long-term response to climate change in a temperate grassland

Aims Climate change largely impacts ecosystem carbon and water cycles by changing plant gas exchange, which may further cause positive or negative feedback to global climate change. However, long-term global change manipulative experiments are seldom conducted to reveal plant ecophysiological responses to climatic warming and altered precipitation regimes.Methods An 8-year field experiment with both warming and increased precipitation was conducted in a temperate grassland in northern China. We measured leaf gas exchange rates (including plant photosynthesis, transpiration and instantaneous water use efficiency [WUE]) of two dominant plant species (Stipa sareptana var. krylovii and Agropyron cristatum) from 2005 to 2012 (except 2006 and 2010) and those of other six species from 2011 to 2012.Important findings Increased precipitation significantly stimulated plant photosynthetic rates (A) by 29.5% and 19.9% and transpiration rates (E) by 42.2% and 51.2% for both dominant species S. sareptana var. krylovii and A. cristatum, respectively, across the 8 years. Similarly, A and E of the six plant functional types were all stimulated by increased precipitation in 2011 and 2012. As the balance of A and E, the instantaneous WUEs of different plant species had species-specific responses to increased precipitation. In contrast, neither warming nor its interaction with increased precipitation significantly affected plant leaf gas exchange rates. Furthermore, A and E of the two dominant species and their response magnitudes to water treatments positively correlated with rainfall amount in July across years. We did not find any significant difference between the short-term versus long-term responses of plant photosynthesis, suggesting the flexibility of leaf gas exchange under climate change. The results suggest that changing precipitation rather than global warming plays a prominent role in determining production of this grassland in the context of climate change.     

降水控制对荒漠植物群落物种多样性和生物量的影响

在全球气候变化背景下,干旱和极端降水事件将对荒漠区植物群落物种多样性和生产力产生深远影响,研究植物群落应对降水变化的响应机制对于荒漠生态系统的科学管理具有重要意义。通过人工增减雨措施利用遮雨棚和滴灌技术对研究区的降水量进行人为调控,探究极端干旱、干旱和降水增加等条件对荒漠植物群落物种多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明:经过一年的降水控制处理,发现灌木和草本层片物种多样性指数在极端干旱、干旱和降水增加等试验处理中差异不显著;灌木的生物量对不同降水控制条件的响应也不显著,而草本层片地上生物量对降水变化的响应最为明显,并随着降水量的增加呈线性增长趋势,极端干旱处理(D1)条件下草本生物量为(10.54±2.36)g/m~2,当降水增加50%(W1)后,草本生物量可达到(105.69±28.60)g/m~2;草本地上生物量与土壤浅表层(40cm)的含水量之间显著相关(P0.05),草本层片生物量与短期(一年)降水波动显著相关。通过定位控制试验进一步探究长时间序列降水变化如何作用于荒漠植物群落特征,研究结果对全球气候变化背景下荒漠生态系统响应机制方面的研究提供数据和理论支撑。     

Regional analysis of the impacts of climate change on cheatgrass invasion shows potential risk and opportunity

Interactions between climate change and non-native invasive species may combine to increase invasion risk to native ecosystems. Changing climate creates risk as new terrain becomes climatically suitable for invasion. However, climate change may also create opportunities for ecosystem restoration on invaded lands that become climatically unsuitable for invasive species. Here, I develop a bioclimatic envelope model for cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum ), a non-native invasive grass in the western US, based on its invaded distribution. The bioclimatic envelope model is based on the Mahalanobis distance using the climate variables that best constrain the species' distribution. Of the precipitation and temperature variables measured, the best predictors of cheatgrass are summer, annual, and spring precipitation, followed by winter temperature. I perform a sensitivity analysis on potential cheatgrass distributions using the projections of 10 commonly used atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) for 2100. The AOGCM projections for precipitation vary considerably, increasing uncertainty in the assessment of invasion risk. Decreased precipitation, particularly in the summer, causes an expansion of suitable land area by up to 45%, elevating invasion risk in parts of Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. Conversely, increased precipitation reduces habitat by as much as 70%, decreasing invasion risk. The strong influence of precipitation conditions on this species' distribution suggests that relying on temperature change alone to project future change in plant distributions may be inadequate. A sensitivity analysis provides a framework for identifying key climate variables that may limit invasion, and for assessing invasion risk and restoration opportunities with climate change.