自然和人工生境被子植物枝木质部结构与功能差异

水是植物生存与生长的基础条件, 水分有效性影响植物木质部解剖结构、水力功能, 使之形成特定的适应特征。因此, 对比自然与人工生境中同一植物的水力功能与解剖结构差异, 有助于理解植物对水分环境的适应机理。该研究以湿润区三角槭(Acer buergerianum)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)和女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)为研究材料, 对比分析了自然和人工生境中各物种的栓塞抗性(导水率损失50%时的水势(P₅₀))、输水效率(比导率(K_s))和解剖结构(导管直径(D)、导管壁厚(T)、导管密度(N)、木质部密度(WD)、厚度跨度比(t/b)²)特征, 探究了同生境种内与跨生境、跨物种水平的效率-安全权衡关系, 量化分析了水力功能与解剖结构的关系。结果发现: 1) 3种被子植物在自然生境中K_s更大, P₅₀更小, 与其更大的D、更小的(t/b)²有关。2)同生境种内K_s与P₅₀不存在权衡。3)功能性状和解剖结构相关分析表明: 同生境种内D与P₅₀不存在显著的相关关系; 除自然生境女贞外, T、(t/b)²均与P₅₀正相关。相对于人工生境, 在水分有效性低或无额外浇灌的自然生境中, 植物通过增大导管直径显著提高其输水效率, 从而避免水势下降、降低潜在栓塞风险。     

棉铃虫在变温环境中发育起点温度的研究

本文提出一个估计在变温环境中昆虫发育起点温度的新方法.该法能充分利用生物学资料中的信息.它通过运用优选法来减少搜索过程中发育起点温度T₀的变化次数, 而它的目标函数是方差.该法还通过引入如下一个当T₀变化时累计日度的变换方法来减少计算工作量.(1)当T_s≥T_max时, K_s=0;(2)当T_s≤T_min时, K_s=K₀-(T_s-T₀)·N;(3)当T_minsmax时, K_s=[K₀-(T_min-T₀)·N)(1-N·Q), 其中Q=0.00669024+1.70477P-0.701654P², P=(T_s-Tmin)/(T_max-T_min).这里T_s和K_s是变换后相应的发育起点温度和累计日度, T_max和T_min是最高和最低温度, N是发育阶段的平均历期. 我们用该法估计了棉铃虫的发育起点温度.结果表明卵期的发育起点温度是9.42674℃幼虫期是12.2702℃, 蛹期为14.2365℃.相应的累计积温是31.5416, 200.782和129.61日度.     

基于双作物系数法估算不同水分条件下温室番茄蒸发蒸腾量

2015—2016年在中国农业科学院新乡综合试验基地,以华北地区典型日光温室滴灌番茄为研究对象,分析2种灌溉水平[参考20 cm标准蒸发皿的累积蒸发量(E_p),设置2种灌溉水平(高水: 0.9E_p;低水:0.5E_p)]下番茄不同生育期土壤蒸发(E)、作物蒸腾(T)、蒸发蒸腾(ET)和土壤蒸发占蒸发蒸腾比值(E/ET)的变化,探讨水分亏缺对作物系数(K_c)的影响以及水分胁迫系数(K_s)在全生育期的动态变化.采用双作物系数法分别估算E、T和ET,并与实测结果进行对比分析.结果表明: 2015和2016年全生育期高水处理的E分别比低水处理高21.5%和20.4%, 占总蒸发蒸腾量的24.0%和25.0%,E/ET在生育初期最大、中期最小;高水处理的K_c值在生育初期、发育期、生育中期和生育后期分别为0.45、0.89、1.06和0.93,低水处理下分别为0.45、0.89、0.87和0.41;低水处理的K_s值在0.32～1.0,生育初期、发育期、生育中期和生育后期分别为0.98、0.93、0.78和0.39.双作物系数法可较精确地估算不同水分处理的ET,其平均绝对误差(MAE)为0.36～0.48 mm·d^-1,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.44～0.65 mm·d^-1;该方法也可精确地估算E和T,其MAE分别为0.15～0.19和0.26～0.56 mm·d^-1,RMSE分别为0.20～0.24和0.33～0.72 mm·d^-1.     

毛白杨叶片膨压变化规律及其对环境因子的响应

明确毛白杨叶片膨压变化规律及其对环境因子的响应, 可以为以叶片膨压作为水分亏缺指标指导灌溉提供理论依据。该研究以滴灌条件下的二年生毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)人工林为研究对象, 对充分灌溉(FI)和控水灌溉(CK)的叶片磁力探针压力输出值(P_p)进行了连续监测, 并同步监测了土壤温度(T_s)、土壤水势(Ψ_s)、液流速率(V_SF)和气象因子, 探讨了不同水分处理下毛白杨叶片膨压变化规律及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 1)不同天气条件下的P_p均呈明显的“昼高夜低”变化规律, 且晴天的峰值宽度最大; 2)标准化相对叶片膨压(ΔP_p)与V_SF在不同天气条件下均呈正相关关系, 都可用二项式函数描述, 决定系数(R ²)从大到小依次是: 晴天(R ² = 0.87) >阴天(R ² = 0.72) >雨天(R ² = 0.31); 3)影响P_p变化的环境因子主要是光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度(T_a)、空气相对湿度(RH)以及饱和水汽压差(VPD), 其中PAR与P_p协同变化最一致; 4) ΔP_p对不同环境因子均存在时滞效应, 且不同水分处理的时滞圈大小不同; 5)不同水分处理的P_p曲线形状有明显差异。综上所述, 毛白杨叶片膨压变化规律与环境因子关系密切, 且与晴天液流速率存在高度的协同变化, 有作为水分亏缺诊断指标的潜力。     

Patterns of variations in leaf turgor pressure and responses to environmental factors in Populus tomentosa

明确毛白杨叶片膨压变化规律及其对环境因子的响应, 可以为以叶片膨压作为水分亏缺指标指导灌溉提供理论依据。该研究以滴灌条件下的二年生毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)人工林为研究对象, 对充分灌溉(FI)和控水灌溉(CK)的叶片磁力探针压力输出值(P_p)进行了连续监测, 并同步监测了土壤温度(T_s)、土壤水势(Ψ_s)、液流速率(V_SF)和气象因子, 探讨了不同水分处理下毛白杨叶片膨压变化规律及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 1)不同天气条件下的P_p均呈明显的“昼高夜低”变化规律, 且晴天的峰值宽度最大; 2)标准化相对叶片膨压(ΔP_p)与V_SF在不同天气条件下均呈正相关关系, 都可用二项式函数描述, 决定系数(R ²)从大到小依次是: 晴天(R ² = 0.87) >阴天(R ² = 0.72) >雨天(R ² = 0.31); 3)影响P_p变化的环境因子主要是光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度(T_a)、空气相对湿度(RH)以及饱和水汽压差(VPD), 其中PAR与P_p协同变化最一致; 4) ΔP_p对不同环境因子均存在时滞效应, 且不同水分处理的时滞圈大小不同; 5)不同水分处理的P_p曲线形状有明显差异。综上所述, 毛白杨叶片膨压变化规律与环境因子关系密切, 且与晴天液流速率存在高度的协同变化, 有作为水分亏缺诊断指标的潜力。     

八个树种叶水力性状对水分条件的响应及其驱动因素

树木叶片的水力效率和安全性会对水分条件的改变做出一定的响应, 进而影响树木的生长和分布, 然而叶导水率(K_leaf)和叶水力脆弱性(P₅₀)对不同水分条件的响应模式及其影响因素尚不清楚。该研究选取了晋西北关帝山和黑茶山两种水分条件下的8种树种, 测量其水力性状、叶片导管和形态性状, 比较两地不同树种的K_leaf和P₅₀的变化, 分析叶片水力效率和安全性之间的权衡关系, 并探讨叶片水力性状在不同树种及水分条件下的响应模式及其驱动因素。结果表明: 对同一树种而言, 湿润的关帝山叶最大导水率(K_max)和P₅₀均高于干旱的黑茶山; 对同一地区而言, 从在高水分条件下生长的树种到在易干旱环境生长的树种, K_max和P₅₀均逐渐下降。K_max、P₅₀、膨压丧失点水势(TLP)之间均存在显著相关关系。两地叶片P₅₀与导管密度、导管塌陷预测值((t/b)³)、叶片厚度、比叶质量显著正相关, 与导管直径、叶面积显著负相关, 不同树种的K_leaf和P₅₀与叶导管性状的关系大于叶形态性状。同一树种的关帝山到黑茶山P₅₀变化量(δP₅₀)与比叶质量和叶干物质含量在两地的变化量显著正相关, 同一树种δP₅₀与叶形态性状变化量的关系大于与叶导管性状的。以上结果表明: 随着水分条件变差, 叶片水力效率降低, 水力安全性提高, 不同树种叶片水力效率与安全性之间存在一定的权衡关系, 不同树种叶水力性状的差别受叶导管性状影响的程度大于受叶形态性状的影响, 同一树种叶水力安全性对水分条件变化的响应主要依靠叶形态性状的驱动, 树木在提高自身叶水力安全的同时增加了叶构建的碳投资。     

极端干旱区多枝柽柳叶片气孔导度的环境响应模拟

气孔通过调节植物体水分散失和CO₂吸收在植物适应环境变化和环境胁迫中发挥重要作用。该文在对极端干旱区多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissma)叶片气体交换参数观测的基础上, 引入诊断函数f(H)对BWB模型和BBL模型提出的气孔导度(g_s)模型中的空气湿度(h_s或D_s)进行了评价, 并将评价结果引入叶子飘和于强推导出的g_s机理模型。结果表明: (1) BWB和BBL模型对h_s (或D_s)的模拟效果存在很大差异: BWB模型拟合效果较好(R² = 0.5354), BBL模型的结果显著但效果较差(R² = 0.1103)。试验结果显示: 随h_s(或D_s)的增大, g_s呈先增大后减小的趋势, 可用Gauss模型进行拟合, R²分别为0.593和0.258, 说明g_s与h_s的关系要比D_s更密切; (2)叶子飘和于强给出的简化模型(Simple模型)和该文给出的指数模型(Gauss-h模型)均具有较好的模拟效果(R²分别为0.8707和0.8286), η值分别为0.1245和0.0171, 其值均介于0-1之间; (3)模型验证中Gauss-h模型较Simple模型明显低估了观测值, 当观测条件无限趋近于Simple模型的假设时, Simple模型的拟合效果可得到显著提高(R² = 0.9606)。     

水蚀风蚀交错区不同土地利用方式的土壤水气传输特性

研究水蚀风蚀交错区土地利用方式转变对土壤水气传输的影响,可为黄土高原生态恢复过程中有限水土资源的高效利用提供参考.为了分析不同土地利用方式下的土壤水气传输特性,探究饱和导水率(K_s)、导气率(K_a)和相对气体扩散率(D_P/D₀)间的关系,对柠条地、撂荒地、苜蓿地、农地和裸地样地0~5 cm深度土层原状土,采用定水头法测定K_s,气室法测定D_P/D₀,土壤导气率测定仪测定田间持水量(FC)下的K_a.结果表明: 土壤0~5 cm容重(ρ_b)的大小顺序为苜蓿地>裸地>撂荒地>柠条地>农地,撂荒地、裸地和苜蓿地ρ_b与农地差异显著.土壤总孔隙度(Φ)的大小顺序为农地>柠条地>撂荒地>裸地>苜蓿地,相比农地,苜蓿地、裸地和撂荒地土壤Φ分别低7.5%、4.7%和3.1%.充气孔隙度(ε₁₀₀)的大小顺序为农地>撂荒地>柠条地>裸地>苜蓿地,苜蓿地、裸地、柠条地和撂荒地ε₁₀₀分别较农地低38.3%、33.6%、12.8%和10.1%.土壤K_s的大小顺序为撂荒地>柠条地>苜蓿地>裸地>农地,其中,撂荒地K_s显著高于其他4种土地利用方式;土壤K_a的大小顺序为撂荒地>苜蓿地>柠条地>裸地>农地,撂荒地与农地之间差异显著;土壤D_P/D₀的大小顺序为撂荒地>柠条地>苜蓿地>农地>裸地,其中,柠条地和撂荒地土壤D_P/D₀显著大于农地,分别较农地高36.8%和61.6%.土壤K_s和FC条件下的K_a、D_P/D₀之间呈显著相关.土地利用方式转变显著改变了土壤的通透性,耕地撂荒或者种植柠条及苜蓿改善了表层土壤导水和导气性能,农地和裸地土壤水气传输能力较差.     

九种维管植物水力性状的演化趋势

维管植物从蕨类植物、裸子植物到被子植物的演化过程中, 生理结构和功能都被认为更趋向于适应干旱的环境。但是关于3类植物是否提升了水分传导和水分利用效率的研究目前多基于叶脉和气孔的形态结构推断, 而对水分传导速率的直接测量则集中于被子植物内部。因此, 同时测定3类植物叶片和枝条尺度的水力性状, 可以研究维管植物水力性状的演化趋势和协同演化关系。该研究测定了中国科学院华南植物园内的蕨类植物(芒萁(Dicranopteris pedata)、华南毛蕨(Cyclosorus parasiticus)、乌毛蕨(Blechnum orientale)), 裸子植物(罗汉松(Podocarpus macrophyllus)、竹柏(Podocarpus nagi)、落羽杉(Taxodium distichum))和被子植物(海南木莲(Manglietia fordiana var. hainanensis)、东京油楠(Sindora tonkinensis)、羊蹄甲(Bauhinia purpurea))共9种植物的水力结构与功能的相关性状。发现9种植物从原始到更演化物种的枝条比导水率(K_S)、叶片比导水率(K_L)和叶片水力导度(K_leaf)依次升高; 叶片蒸腾速率(E)和潜在水分利用效率(WUE_i)升高趋势不显著; 气孔面积指数(SPI)和木材密度(WD)在3个类群间无明显变化趋势。水力功能性状在枝条(K_S)和叶片(K_L、K_leaf和E)尺度显著相关, 但和两个结构性状并无显著相关性。对显著相关的性状进行系统发育独立差分析发现相关性依然存在, 表明枝条导水和叶片导水、叶片失水的协同性独立于系统发育而存在。该文以9种维管植物为例, 发现演化过程中水分传导相关的功能性状有显著提升, 且导水和失水的性状存在着协同演化关系。上述维管植物水力性状演化趋势的结论需要对更多物种、更精细的水力结构性状的进行测定验证。     

Changes in hydraulic traits of nine vascular plants from different evolutionary lineages

维管植物从蕨类植物、裸子植物到被子植物的演化过程中, 生理结构和功能都被认为更趋向于适应干旱的环境。但是关于3类植物是否提升了水分传导和水分利用效率的研究目前多基于叶脉和气孔的形态结构推断, 而对水分传导速率的直接测量则集中于被子植物内部。因此, 同时测定3类植物叶片和枝条尺度的水力性状, 可以研究维管植物水力性状的演化趋势和协同演化关系。该研究测定了中国科学院华南植物园内的蕨类植物(芒萁(Dicranopteris pedata)、华南毛蕨(Cyclosorus parasiticus)、乌毛蕨(Blechnum orientale)), 裸子植物(罗汉松(Podocarpus macrophyllus)、竹柏(Podocarpus nagi)、落羽杉(Taxodium distichum))和被子植物(海南木莲(Manglietia fordiana var. hainanensis)、东京油楠(Sindora tonkinensis)、羊蹄甲(Bauhinia purpurea))共9种植物的水力结构与功能的相关性状。发现9种植物从原始到更演化物种的枝条比导水率(K_S)、叶片比导水率(K_L)和叶片水力导度(K_leaf)依次升高; 叶片蒸腾速率(E)和潜在水分利用效率(WUE_i)升高趋势不显著; 气孔面积指数(SPI)和木材密度(WD)在3个类群间无明显变化趋势。水力功能性状在枝条(K_S)和叶片(K_L、K_leaf和E)尺度显著相关, 但和两个结构性状并无显著相关性。对显著相关的性状进行系统发育独立差分析发现相关性依然存在, 表明枝条导水和叶片导水、叶片失水的协同性独立于系统发育而存在。该文以9种维管植物为例, 发现演化过程中水分传导相关的功能性状有显著提升, 且导水和失水的性状存在着协同演化关系。上述维管植物水力性状演化趋势的结论需要对更多物种、更精细的水力结构性状的进行测定验证。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

姜黄色素及其提制方法

来源于姜科姜黄属植物姜黄根茎的姜黄是国内外食品行业允许使用的重要天然色素之一,具有重要的开发利用价值。姜黄素的主要提取方法可分为有机溶剂提取法和水提取法;精制方法主要包括专一性溶剂法、酸碱法、酶水解法和柱层析法等。文中对各种方法进行了简要介绍和评述。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Biotic interactions and macroevolution: extensions and mismatches across scales and levels

Clade dynamics in the fossil record broadly fit expectations from the operation of competition, predation, and mutualism, but data from both modern and ancient systems suggest mismatches across scales and levels. Indirect effects, as when antagonistic or mutualistic interactions restrict geographic range and thereby elevate extinction risk, are probably widespread and may flow in both directions, as when species- or organismic-level factors increase extinction risk or speciation probabilities. Apparent contradictions across scales and levels have been neglected, including (1) the individualistic geographic shifts of species on centennial and millennial timescales versus evidence for fine-tuned coevolutionary relationships; (2) the extensive and dynamic networks of interactions faced by most species versus the evolution of costly enemy-specific defenses and finely attuned mutualisms; and (3) the macroevolutionary lags often seen between the origin and the diversification of a clade or an evolutionary novelty versus the rapid microevolution of advantageous phenotypes and the invasibility of most communities. Resolution of these and other cross-level tensions presumably hinges on how organismic interactions impinge on genetic population structures, geographic ranges, and the persistence of incipient species, but generalizations are not yet possible. Paleontological and neontological data are both incomplete and so the most powerful response to these problems will require novel integrative approaches. Promising research areas include more realistic approaches to modeling and empirical analysis of large-scale diversity dynamics of ostensibly competing clades; spatial and phylogenetic dissections of clades involved in escalatory dynamics (where prey respond evolutionarily to a broad and shifting array of enemies); analyses of the short- versus long-term consequences of mutualistic symbioses; and fuller use of abundant natural experiments on the evolutionary impacts of ecosystem engineers.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。