寿锦的离体植株再生及组培产业化增殖

以寿锦(Haworthia retusa×cooperi cv.‘Variegata’)的幼嫩花蕾为外植体,对其进行了离体植株再生及组培产业化增殖研究。结果显示,外植体在MS+5.0 mg·L~(–1) 6-BA+0.5 mg·L~(–1) IBA培养基上诱导产生愈伤组织;不添加激素的MS基本培养基最适宜寿锦愈伤组织的分化;再生芽在MS+0.2 mg·L~(–1) 6-BA培养基上增殖时,不定芽增殖率及斑锦类型不定芽的诱导率最高,分别为16.7和79.9%。研究结果表明,通过愈伤组织途径能够诱导寿锦不定芽的再生,适当浓度的细胞分裂素有利于提高寿锦的诱导率。研究结果对于珍稀斑锦多肉植物种质资源的保护及其产业化应用具有重要的指导意义。     

胡杨WINDs基因克隆及功能初步分析*

目的: WIND(WOUND INDUCED DEDIFFERENTIATION),是属于ERF/AP2 (ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR/ APETALA 2)家族的一种重要转录因子,该类基因最早被发现在拟南芥中可以与乙烯响应元件GCC-BOX和脱水响应元件DRE结合,响应干旱信号和调节乙烯水平。最近的研究发现WIND基因在植物伤口信号回应、愈伤组织形成及不定芽的产生过程中也发挥了关键作用。已有的研究阐述了WIND基因在拟南芥中控制愈伤组织形成及不定芽再生的机制,但其在木本植物中的功能尚不明确,将探究WIND基因在胡杨中与伤口信号响应及不定芽再生相关的功能,同时为在分子水平上解决胡杨再生问题提供理论依据。方法: 采用基因克隆、qRT-PCR、转基因表型分析等方法研究WIND基因在胡杨外植体伤口响应和再生不定芽过程中的作用。结果: 克隆胡杨WIND家族中的基因PeWIND1和PeWIND2,发现其编码区序列长度分别为1 050 bp和1 032 bp,编码349个和343个氨基酸,亚细胞定位均在细胞核中。组织特异性分析显示PeWIND1和PeWIND2在胡杨根、茎、叶、愈伤组织中均有表达,且在愈伤组织中表达量最高。时间表达特异性显示,在经伤口刺激后的24 h内,PeWIND1和PeWIND2基因均呈现先升高后降低的表达趋势,且均在伤口刺激后1 h达到表达量峰值。转基因植株表型统计发现,过表达PeWIND1和PeWIND2基因后转基因植株不定芽再生能力增强。结论: 在胡杨叶片有伤口刺激后,PeWIND1和PeWIND2响应伤口信号,表达量先升高后降低,PeWIND1和PeWIND2能够促进杨树茎段再生不定芽。     

早花百子莲叶片器官发生和胚胎发生再生体系的建立

以早花百子莲(Agapanthus praecox)叶片为外植体, 建立了器官发生和胚胎发生离体再生体系, 并对移栽驯化基质进行了初步筛选。结果表明, 毒莠定(PIC)对叶片愈伤组织诱导效果良好, 最适培养基为MS+2.0 mg·L ^-1 PIC; 叶片组织分生能力决定愈伤组织诱导效果, 1-2片新叶基部愈伤组织诱导率可达85.71%, 叶片分生区0-0.5 cm愈伤组织诱导率为66.48%, 叶片横切面中部诱导效果优于边缘。不定芽诱导最适培养基为MS+1.5 mg·L ^-1 PIC+0.3 mg·L ^-1 6-BA, 诱导率达80.27%。体细胞胚诱导培养基为MS, 0.05 mg·L ^-1多效唑或1.0 mg·L ^-1 ABA均对体胚诱导具有显著促进作用。1.0 mg·L ^-1 6-BA对幼苗增殖有利, 器官发生和胚胎发生途径幼苗增殖系数分别为2.23和2.93。草炭:珍珠岩:蛭石=1:1:1 (v/v/v)为早花百子莲移栽驯化的最佳基质, 成活率达100%。该研究建立了早花百子莲叶片外植体再生体系, 丰富了百子莲快繁技术体系, 可为其它单子叶植物离体再生体系建立提供参考。     

High auxin stimulates callus through SDG8-mediated histone H3K36 methylation in Arabidopsis

Callus induction,which results in fate transition in plant cells,is considered as the first and key step for plant regeneration.This process can be stimulated in different tissues by a callus-inducing medium(CIM),which contains a high concentration of phytohormone auxin.Although a few key regulators for callus induction have been identified,the multiple aspects of the regulatory mechanism driven by high levels of auxin still need further investigation.Here,we find that high auxin induces callus ...     

欧洲百合愈伤组织诱导及植株再生体系的建立

以欧洲百合(Lilium martagon)无菌苗鳞片为外植体, 探讨不同植物激素组合及光暗培养条件对愈伤组织诱导、增殖和再生不定芽的影响, 进而建立欧洲百合高效再生体系。结果显示, 诱导愈伤组织的最佳培养基为MS+0.2 mg?L^-1 TDZ+0.5 mg?L^-1 NAA, 诱导率为77.14%。在添加TDZ和NAA组合的培养基中进行继代培养, 愈伤组织极易褐化, 胚性活性下降; 采用添加6-BA和NAA组合的培养基可改善愈伤组织的褐化现象, MS+0.5 mg?L^-1 6-BA+0.1 mg?L^-1 NAA是愈伤组织增殖的最佳培养基, 增殖指数为2.93, 表明6-BA在愈伤组织状态维持中起关键作用。暗培养条件下愈伤组织的诱导率、增殖指数和芽再生系数最高, 分别可达77.14%、2.93和5.43, 且愈伤组织生长状态较好, 不定芽生根正常。研究建立的欧洲百合高效再生体系对于百合种质资源保存、基因工程育种及在国内的推广应用具有重要意义。     

Activity of dehydroabietic acid derivatives against wood contaminant fungi

The antifungal activity of 10 dehydroabietic acid derivatives with different configuration in A and B rings (cis/trans A/B junction) and different substituents and/or functionalities was evaluated in bioassays in vitro and in situ (pine wood blocks).

The test compounds dissolved in acetone were assayed at several concentrations w/w (test compound/culture medium) against the fungi. The Relative Inhibition (RI) was determined by measuring the radial growth of colonies of the fungi treated with the test compounds by comparison with those of control cultures; the results are expressed as EC₅₀.

The results of bioassays in vitro have shown that hydroxyl and aldehyde functions are required for antifungal activity in this group of compounds and deisopropylation can increase the activity. Our assay of antifungal activity in situ (in pine wood blocks) provides a means to investigate the preservative activities of these antifungal compounds under actual conditions of use.

The dehydroabietic acid derivative cis-deisopropyldehydroabietanol (10) inhibited the growth of several of the fungi tested, in vitro and in situ.

The results obtained in situ with the test compound (10) at 6% and 8% were not significantly different from the reference products and a good level of protection of the wood against the organisms tested was achieved.

The results in wood bioassays present new possibilities in the search for natural new compounds in the wood protection, as an alternative to conventional fungicides.     

Direct and indirect organogenesis of Clivia miniata and assessment of DNA methylation changes in various regenerated plantlets

Clivia miniata is an important indoor ornamental plant and has been reported to have medicinal value. We developed an efficient in vitro micropropagation protocol from young leaves (indirect organogenesis), young petals (indirect organogenesis) and shoot tips (direct organogenesis) of this plant. Using young leaves and shoot tips as explants, the regeneration frequencies were much higher than those in previous investigation and the regeneration was dependent upon less nutrition. We speculated that the leaf-derived callus can generate amino acids necessary for protein synthesis by itself. We employed the methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) method to assess cytosine methylation variation in various regenerated plantlets and between organs. The MSAP profiles indicated that the frequency of somaclonal variation in the form of cytosine methylation was highest in petal-derived plantlets followed by secondary leaf-derived, primary leaf-derived and shoot tip-derived plantlets, but the methylation variation in petal-derived plantlets was lower than between petals and leaves of a single plant. The results indicated that the methylation variation in regenerated plantlets was related to the types of explants, regeneration pathways and number of regeneration generations. Two possible factors for the highest somaclonal variation rate in petal-derived plantlets are the callus phase and petal-specific set of epigenetic regulators. The property of meristem integrity can account for the lowest variation rate in shoot tip-derived plantlets. Moreover, the secondary plantlets underwent a longer total period of in vitro culture, which can explain why the methylation variation rate in the secondary plantlets is higher than in the primary ones. KEY MESSAGE: Methylation variation in regenerated plantlets of C. miniata was found to be related to the types of explants, regeneration pathways and number of regeneration generations.     

Characteristics of microbial fermentation and potential digestibility of fiber in the hindgut of dugongs (Dugong dugon)

The number of microorganisms in the hindgut of dugongs (Dugong dugon) were estimated and their in vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and degradation of eelgrass measured. Scanning electron microscopy showed that some rod bacteria attached to the surface of plant tissue degraded and eroded the cell walls. Number of starch-, lactate-, cellobiose-, pectin-, xylan- and cellulose-utilizing bacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria and methane-producing bacteria were estimated at 10⁹ ∼ 10¹⁰ colony forming units g^-1. Microorganisms degraded the cellulose and noncellulolytic components of the eelgrass, and about 47.3% of dry matter was degraded after 36 h in vitro incubation. The total VFA concentration was 10.5 mmol dL^-1 at 36 h incubation, which included 55.7 mol% acetate, 18.0 mol% n-butyrate and 15.1 mol% propionate. The gas composition of in vitro fermentation was 68.4% carbon dioxide, 22.2% methane and 9.4% hydrogen.     

Association of the 90-kDa heat shock protein does not affect the ligand-binding ability of androgen receptor

An N-terminal truncated androgen receptor with putative DNA- and ligand- binding domains (AR438) and that with a ligand-binding domain (AR612) were expressed under control of the T7 promoter in E. coli or translated in vitro with rabbit reticulocyte lysate, and their ligand-binding properties and the interaction with HSP90 were investigated. Bacterially expressed AR438 and AR612 bound a synthetic androgen, [³H]R1881, with apparent dissociation constant of 2.6 ± 0.2 and 3.1 ± 0.7 nM, respectively, values which are comparable to those of androgen receptor in target tissues. The recombinant androgen receptors sedimented at the 4–5 S region irrespective of the presence of 10 mM tungstate, indicating that the receptor exists free from HtpG, which is the bacterial homolog of eukaryotic HSP90. The apparent dissociation constant of truncated androgen receptors translated in vitro was 0.1 nM for AR438 and 0.2 nM for AR612. Sedimentation coefficients of in vitro translated molecules were converted from 7–8 S in the presence of tungstate to 3 S in the absence of tungstate. Both AR438 and AR612 translated in vitro were retained by anti-rat HSP90 antibody-protein A Sepharose. Exposure to 0.3 M NaCl in the presence of ligand caused dissociation of AR438 and AR612 from HSP90, and concomitantly, the DNA-cellulose binding ability of AR438 was enhanced. Thus, we conclude that the androgen receptor associates with HSP90 through the ligand-binding domain and that this association prevents the interaction of the androgen receptor with DNA. However, HSP90 seems to have little effect on the ligand-binding characteristics of the androgen receptor.     

珍稀濒危物种堇叶紫金牛高效快繁体系的建立

筛选堇叶紫金牛(Ardisia violacea)野生优株,以其当年新发带休眠腋芽茎段为外植体,通过启动培养、丛生芽诱导增殖、壮苗培养、生根培养和炼苗移栽等过程建立其组培快繁技术体系。研究结果表明,最佳启动培养基为MS+0.80 mg·L~(–1)KT+0.10 mg·L~(–1) NAA+0.10 mg·L~(–1) IBA,腋芽萌发率达92.60%;最佳丛生芽诱导增殖培养基为MS1+0.50 mg·L~(–1) TDZ+0.10mg·L~(–1) NAA,平均增殖系数达8.60;最佳壮苗培养基为MS+1.00 mg·L~(–1) KT+0.50 mg·L~(–1) NAA;最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+2.00 mg·L~(–1) IBA+1.00 mg·L~(–1) NAA+1.00 mg·L~(–1) AC,平均生根率达98.70%;采用松鳞和泥炭(2:1,v/v)作为炼苗基质,炼苗成活率可达85.30%。实验成功建立了堇叶紫金牛高效组培快繁技术体系,经验证该体系能够满足规模化生产的需求。     

Highly selective inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis by CGS 20267, a new non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor

CGS 20267 is a new non-steroidal compound which potently inhibits aromatase in vitro (IC₅₀ of 11.5 nM) and in vivo (ED₅₀ of 1–3 μg/kg p.o.). CGS 20267 maximally inhibits estradiol production in vitro in LH-stimulated hamster ovarian tissue at 0.1 μM with an IC₅₀ of 0.02 μM and does not significantly affect progesterone production up to 350 μM. In ACTH-stimulated rat adrenal tissue in vitro, aldosterone production was inhibited with an IC₅₀ of 210 μM (10,000 times higher than the IC₅₀ for estradiol production); no significant effect on corticosterone production was seen at 350 μM. In vivo, in ACTH-treated rats, CGS 20267 does not affect plasma levels of corticosterone or aldosterone at a dose of 4 mg/kg p.o. (1000 times higher than the ED₅₀ for aromatase inhibition in vivo). In adult female rats, a 14-day treatment with 1 mg/kg p.o. daily, completely interrupts ovarian cyclicity and suppresses uterine weight to that seen 14 days after ovariectomy. In adult female rats bearing estrogen-dependent DMBA-induced mammary tumors, 0.1 mg/kg p.o. given daily for 42 days caused almost complete regression of tumors present at the start of treatment. Thus compared to each other, CGS 16949A and CGS 20267 are both highly potent in inhibiting estrogen biosynthesis in vitro and in vivo. The striking difference between them is that unlike CGS 16949A, CGS 20267 does not affect adrenal steroidogenesis in vitro or in vivo, at concentrations and doses several orders of magnitude higher than those required to inhibit estrogen biosynthesis.     

Influence of 5′-azacitidine on promoting recovery of cell competence for shoot organogenesis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis</Emphasis>

In Arabidopsis, adventitious shoots are formed at a high frequency when the calli are induced from roots or hypocotyls cultured on callus induction medium (CIM) and then transferred to shoot induction medium (SIM). The prolonged duration of culture on CIM decreased the frequency of shoot regeneration. However, when 5′-azacitidine (AzaC), an inhibitor of DNA methylation, was added to CIM, the excess culturing on CIM did not decrease the frequency of shoot regeneration. The level of methyl cytosine was up-regulated when hypocotyl explants were cultured on CIM for 2 weeks. We examined the expression patterns of genes that are involved in the formation or regeneration of shoots. Prolonged duration of culture on CIM up-regulated the CUC1, CLV1, CLV3, ESR1, and WUS mRNA levels, and the addition of AzaC to CIM reduced their expression levels. Our results suggest that an increase in DNA methylation decreased the shoot-forming ability and that AzaC can partially recover this ability.     

芳香堆心菊离体再生体系的建立

芳香堆心菊(Helenium aromaticum)全株具芳香气味, 且头状花序仅含管状花, 是研究菊科植物花香和花型的良好材料, 但目前尚缺乏对其转基因技术体系的研究。为建立高效的芳香堆心菊离体再生体系, 以叶片、茎段和下胚轴为外植体, 进行25组不同激素及不同浓度配比的不定芽诱导研究。结果表明, 以芳香堆心菊叶片为外植体, 培养基为MS+ 0.2 mg·L^-1 NAA+1 mg·L^-1 6-BA+0.2 mg·L^-1 TDZ, 培养20天后愈伤组织诱导率高达100%, 丛生芽的诱导率为62.10%; 将不定芽接种于1/2MS培养基中进行生根培养, 16天即可生根, 且生根率为63.33%; 生根后继续培养14天现蕾, 开花率达93.33%。此外, 研究表明芳香堆心菊的再生受外植体来源、激素种类和浓度的影响。2,4-D不利于芳香堆心菊不定芽的诱导, 适宜浓度的6-BA和TDZ组合能有效促进芳香堆心菊不定芽的形成。研究初步建立了芳香堆心菊组织培养条件下的离体再生体系, 为建立其遗传转化体系奠定了坚实的基础。研究结果还可用于后续有关菊科植物花香和花型的研究。     

Specificity of the action of parathyroid hormone upon mitochondrial metabolism: Cyanogen bromide-derived parathyroid-hormone peptides

The mitochondrial response to cyanogen bromide-treated parathyroid hormone was studied as a means of testing further the relationship between the structure and the effects in vitro of this hormone. The treated hormone and appropriate control hormone were tested in a standard bioassay and in a mitochondrial assay system in vitro.

Reaction of more than 90 % of the methionine residues in the hormone resulted in total inactivation of the hormone both in vivo and in vitro. This result disagrees with previously published data.     

Peripheral oxytocin treatment modulates central dopamine transmission in the mouse limbic structures

The effects of subcutaneous (s.c.) oxytocin treatment have been investigated on various parameters of dopaminergic neurotransmission in basal forebrain structures (nucleus olfactorius posterior + nucleus accumbens + septum) of the mouse. Acute oxytocin treatment failed to influence dopamine utilization in the basal forebrain. Following chronic injections of oxytocin (0.2 mg/kg) for 8 8 days, the neuropeptide decreased dopamine utilization. Neither in vivo nor in vitro oxytocin treatment was capable of influencing the in vitro uptake of [³H]dopamine in basal forebrain slices. The spontaneous release of [³H]dopamine (in the presence of 4.2 mM K⁺) from basal forebrain tissue slices was not affected by in vitro or acute or chronic in vivo oxytocin treatment. The stimulated release of [³H]dopamine (in the presence of 30 mM K⁺) was significantly inhibited by chronic in vivo oxytocin administration. Chronic oxytocin treatment decreased the B_max value of [³H]spiroperidol binding in the basal forebrain. The dissociation constant (K_d) of [³H]spiroperidol binding was not influenced by oxytocin. The data indicate that peripheral oxytocin treatment is capable of modifying dopaminergic neurotransmission in mouse basal forebrain regions.