青藏高原高寒草地生态系统服务功能的互作机制

青藏高原高寒草地是我国重要的畜牧业生产基地和生态安全屏障.高寒草地退化不仅影响了当地畜牧业生产和牧民生活,而且严重地威胁着我国和东亚地区的生态安全.从高寒草地生态系统的生态、生产和生活功能角度出发,分析了青藏高原高寒草地生态系统在人口、放牧压力与资源环境承载力的相互作用关系,及其生态、生产和生活功能比例结构变化对高寒草地生态系统服务功能的影响,阐明了高寒草地生态系统服务功能的多元耦合、多维连锁和多重反馈的相互作用机制.并以藏北那曲地区为例,把2008年农牧民脱贫线和小康线作为生活功能标准,通过生态服务功能当量,确定了维持高寒草地生态系统可持续发展的生态、生产和生活功能比例结构.据此,估测了牧民的生活功能达到脱贫线和小康线标准时允许的人口承载量.结果表明,高寒草地退化使草地生态系统的人口承载量下降了60％.以那曲地区2008年的实际的牧业人口量与允许的人口承载量相比,高寒草地退化后,实际牧业人口占脱贫标准的36％,但小康标准超载了118.9％.因此,调控人口承载量是实现青藏高原高寒草地生态系统的生态、生产和生活功能协调发展的关键.     

垂叶榕榕小蜂群落及种间互作网络季节动态

群落中的物种相互作用构成了复杂的生态网络。有关物种的数量和组成的季节性动态变化已有较多的研究, 但是对于生态网络的动态变化知之甚少。揭示生态网络的动态变化对于理解群落的稳定性以及群落的动态变化过程和机理具有重要意义。本研究以垂叶榕(Ficus benjamina)榕小蜂群落为研究对象, 分别在西双版纳的干季和雨季采集了榕小蜂的种类和数量信息。比较了两个季节榕小蜂群落的动态变化以及共存网络的参数(例如网路直径、连接数、嵌套性和群落矩阵温度)变化。结果显示: 雨季榕果内传粉榕小蜂Eupristina koningsbergeri所占比例高于干季, 传粉榕小蜂的种群数量也高于干季, 而在干季非传粉榕小蜂的种类增加(干季15种小蜂, 雨季14种)。从榕树-传粉榕小蜂互利共生系统的适合度来看, 干季非传粉小蜂的增加对传粉榕小蜂和榕树的适合度是不利的。在干季, 共存网络物种间的连接数(干季0.95, 雨季0.47)多于雨季, 群落矩阵温度(干季23.24, 雨季2.64)也显著高于雨季。表明干季榕小蜂群落组成及种间关系较雨季更为复杂而多样, 高的矩阵温度暗示群落受到的干扰更大。     

种间互作对雷州湾海域鱼类群落结构的影响

从鱼类种间互作及其生态网络特征视角研究鱼类群落结构特征,对解析多鱼种共存机制和基于群落水平的多鱼种资源管理均具有重要意义。为分析鱼类资源利用的竞争互作对群落结构稳定性的影响,根据2016-2018年8个航次的雷州湾海域底拖网调查的鱼类数据,将空间生态位重叠理论和生态网络建模相结合,从种间互作的角度应用加权聚类系数C、加权平均路径长度A、关联度Co等指标分析鱼类的群落结构。结果表明：①鱼类生态位重叠所形成的种间互作网络季节变动较大,而年度变动则相对较小,共包含鱼类58-122种,种间互作的关系数量1318-7103。②雷州湾海域鱼类群落内种间互作密集,聚合程度高（C介于0.84-0.98）且能量传递效率高（A介于0.02-0.09）,呈现互作弱化之趋势（Co介于0.32-0.48）,群落结构总体较稳定。③小尺度范围（20°40''-21°00''N,110°30''-110°45''E）内,鱼类群落内种间互作特征是维持多种鱼类共存的重要内因。该特征表现为季节和年度的变化总体上相似,种间直接关联程度与种间互作强度呈正相关（P<0.01）,而局部聚合程度与种间直接关联、互作强度均呈负相关（P<0.01）。本研究可为鱼类群落结构稳定性的量化评价和资源养护的管理规划提供参考依据。     

人类蛋白质结构互作网络——结构域对网络拓扑与蛋白质功能的影响

高通量的蛋白质互作数据与结构域互作数据的出现,使得在蛋白质组学领域内研究人类蛋白质结构互作网络,进一步揭示蛋白质结构与功能间的潜在关系成为可能.蛋白质上广泛分布的结构域被认为是蛋白质结构、功能以及进化的基本功能单元.然而,结合蛋白质的结构信息(例如蛋白质结构域数目、长度和覆盖率等)来研究这些表象后的内部机制仍然面临着挑战.将蛋白质分为单结构域蛋白质与多结构域蛋白质,并进一步结合蛋白质互作信息与结构域互作信息构建了人类蛋白质结构互作网络;通过与人类蛋白质互作网络进行比较,研究了人类蛋白质结构互作网络的特殊结构特征;对于单结构域蛋白质与多结构域蛋白质,分别进行了功能富集分析、功能离散度分析以及功能一致性分析等.结果发现,将结构域互作信息综合考虑进来后,人类蛋白质结构互作网络可以提供更多的单纯的蛋白质互作网络无法提供的细节信息,揭示蛋白质互作网络的复杂性.     

小麦/蚕豆间作作物生长曲线的模拟及种间互作分析

物种间的相互作用与间作产量优势的形成密切相关,但很少有人注意到种间互作动态.本研究通过2年田间定位试验,运用Logistic分析模拟了不同种植模式(小麦单作、蚕豆单作和小麦/蚕豆间作)和不同磷水平下[P₀,施磷量(P₂O₅)为0 kg·hm^-2(对照);P₁,施磷量(P₂O₅)为45 kg·hm^-2;P₂,施磷量(P₂O₅)为90 kg·hm^-2]单间作小麦、蚕豆的生长模型,分析了作物种间互作的动态变化.结果表明: 小麦/蚕豆间作使小麦产量提高了10.5%~18.6%,蚕豆产量却降低了4.8%~12.3%,但间作系统仍具有产量优势,土地当量比(LER)和相对拥挤系数(K)分别为1.01~1.15 和1.12~3.20.小麦和蚕豆的产量及关键生长参数均受磷水平调控,但LER和K并不受磷水平影响.与单作相比,间作小麦的最大生长速率(R_max)和最初生长速率(r)分别提高21.8%~38.7%和20.7%~38.9%,但间作对蚕豆的关键生长参数无影响.在小麦、蚕豆的生长初期,不同磷水平下,单间作作物的生长曲线无差异;间作群体以种间竞争为主,无间作生物量优势(LER<1,K<1).当蚕豆达到最大生长速率(T_max)后,间作显著提高了小麦的生长速率,降低了小麦的种内竞争压力,表现出间作生物量和产量优势(LER>1,K>1).总之,在不同的生长发育阶段,小麦、蚕豆的相互作用不同,间作提高了中后期小麦的生长速率,为间作优势的形成奠定了基础.     

根据蛋白质互作网络预测前列腺癌相关蛋白质的细致功能

对于功能部分已知的前列腺癌相关蛋白质,提出了一种基于Gent Ontology的功能特异的子网构建方法来细化其功能注释。结果显示该方法能够以很高的精确率为前列腺癌相关蛋白质预测更为精细的功能。预测的相关蛋白质的功能对于指导实验研究前列腺癌的分子机制具有重要的价值。     

根据蛋白质互作网络预测乳腺癌相关蛋白质的细致功能

乳腺癌是最为常见的恶性肿瘤之一。已有的关于乳腺癌相关蛋白质的功能注释比较宽泛, 制约了乳腺癌的后续研究工作。对于已知部分功能的乳腺癌相关蛋白质, 提出了一种结合Gene Ontology功能先验知识和蛋白质互作的方法, 通过构建功能特异的局部相互作用网络来预测乳腺癌相关蛋白质的细致功能。结果显示该方法能够以很高的精确率为乳腺癌相关蛋白质预测更为精细的功能。预测的相关蛋白质的功能对于指导实验研究乳腺癌的分子机制具有重要的价值。     

森林生态系统中植食性昆虫与寄主的互作机制、假说与证据

围绕"多样性稳定性"假说、"联合抗性假说"、"生长势假说"、"胁迫假说"、以及下调、上调和推拉等机制与假说提出的背景与实验验证的证据,力图辨析其概念以及它们之间的相互关系。作者认为,多样性-稳定性机制关注森林生态系统的功能,是基于群落甚至景观层次。多样性条件下的联合抗性机制和联合易感性应属于稳定性中的抵抗力范畴。联合抗性机制的主要基础是基于资源集中假说和天敌假说,这些观点在种群层次上更易理解;上调力和下调力机制是以食物网底部的资源与顶端的天敌来探讨这种互作关系。因此,资源集中与上调力有着对应关系,而天敌假说只是下调力机制中的一个层面而已。植物生长势假说和植物胁迫假说力图从植物个体或种的群体的生长状态出发解析植食性动物的对寄主的选择趋势。上述有关植食性昆虫与寄主互作的机制、假说与证据是基于不同的层面提出的,因而在解析研究目标时,由于基本面的差异有可能会得出不同的结论。以近年来的研究进展和研究成果为依据有针对性地阐述这些理论对森林有害生物生态调控技术的指导作用,其中,联合抗性和联合易感性理论对指导森林有害生物生态控制具有更直接的指导作用。进一步提出了相应的亟待解决的科学问题。     

林草复合系统地上部分种间互作关系研究进展

林草复合系统因其具有产品多样性、生产高效性、环境友好性等特点,在世界范围内得到普遍应用,同时也是我国西部地区生态环境建设中的重要类型之一。在林草复合系统中,种间互作关系能够直接影响到系统经营的成功与否,因此一直以来都是本领域研究的热点内容。地上部分种间互作关系指发生或表现在地表以上的物种之间直接或间接的相互作用关系,在林草复合系统中主要表现为:系统对林地小气候的影响,林木与牧草在生长和生产过程中的相互作用,系统对生物多样性的影响以及林木的存在和生长与放牧活动之间的相互作用。在林草复合系统中,林分通过对诸多气象要素的调节,为牧草和牲畜的生长发育提供了良好的气象条件;同时牧草通过增加空气湿度、减小土壤和空气温度的变化幅度,可对林木(特别是幼树)起到一定保护作用。牧草能够发生一系列生理生态反应(增加叶面积指数和叶绿素含量、提高光利用效率等),以适应林分对小气候的改变,而其产量和质量会受到系统物种组成、配置模式和林木遮荫的共同影响。林木遮荫通常会降低牧草产量,但会使牧草品质得到一定改善。而热带稀疏草原上孤立树的遮荫和草牧场防护林的庇护,均可有效提高和改善牧草的产量和品质。将低竞争性的牧草(尤其是豆科牧草)引入森林或果园之中,林产品的产量和品质、林木生长特性能够得到相应的提高和改善;但在困难立地条件下进行这样的尝试,由于林草之间存在着激烈的竞争,往往会产生相反的结果。林草复合系统具有多样的物种组成和复杂的系统结构,可为害虫天敌提供丰富的食物和良好生境,有助于实现森林和果园的生态化经营。在有牲畜参与的林草复合系统中,尽管牲畜对林下植被的采食,可增加林木对土壤资源的占有率,而林分对小气候的改善,可有效改善牲畜生产特性和福利状况,但牲畜活动也会对林木造成一些机械伤害,因此有必要对林木进行一定的保护。通过对上述研究的分析总结,可为林草复合系统的设计、建设和经营管理提供一定的经验借鉴,以优化系统结构和资源利用格局,减小物种之间的负面影响,最终实现系统综合收益最大化。未来应加强生理学在林草复合系统种间互作研究中的应用,揭示种间互作结果的生理学原因;构建和完善林草对太阳辐射利用关系的长期动态模型;探索系统增加生物多样性的机理;研究牲畜造成的机械损伤对林木生长的影响及相应防护技术,以及开展林草复合系统地上部分种间互作关系对全球气候变化响应的研究等。     

基于复杂网络的生态系统稳定性与生态多样性

生态多样性和稳定性之间的内在机理一直是研究热点。本文利用复杂网络理论,根据具体的阔叶混交林生态系统,把物种看成是节点,物种间的捕食关系看成是有向边,物种之间捕食依赖程度看成是边权,构建食物网的复杂有向加权网络。在随机或有选择地移除网络节点的情况下,利用相关指标,计算系统的稳定性和多样性,研究它们之间的关联性。结果表明,在阔叶混交林生态系统中,特定物种的丧失使生态多样性降低,影响了生态系统中能量供求的平衡关系,引起相关物种生活习性的改变,转而对其他物种加大捕食力度,使原本稳定的捕食关系逐渐破裂。捕食关系的不断破裂最终促使生态系统的稳定性下降。因此,在阔叶混交林生态系统中,生态多样性的丧失会降低系统的稳定性,多样性与稳定性呈正相关。     

The dissimilarity of species interaction networks

In a context of global changes, and amidst the perpetual modification of community structure undergone by most natural ecosystems, it is more important than ever to understand how species interactions vary through space and time. The integration of biogeography and network theory will yield important results and further our understanding of species interactions. It has, however, been hampered so far by the difficulty to quantify variation among interaction networks. Here, we propose a general framework to study the dissimilarity of species interaction networks over time, space or environments, allowing both the use of quantitative and qualitative data. We decompose network dissimilarity into interactions and species turnover components, so that it is immediately comparable to common measures of β‐diversity. We emphasise that scaling up β‐diversity of community composition to the β‐diversity of interactions requires only a small methodological step, which we foresee will help empiricists adopt this method. We illustrate the framework with a large dataset of hosts and parasites interactions and highlight other possible usages. We discuss a research agenda towards a biogeographical theory of species interactions.     

Identifying important interaction modifications in ecological systems

Trophic interaction modifications, where a consumer–resource link is affected by additional species, are widespread and significant causes of non-trophic effects in ecological networks. The sheer number of potential interaction modifications in ecological systems poses a considerable challenge, making prioritisation for empirical study essential. Here, we introduce measures to quantify the topological relationship of individual interaction modifications relative to the underlying network. We use these, together with measures for the strength of trophic interaction modifications, to identify features of modifications that are most likely to exert significant effects on the dynamics of whole systems. Using a set of simulated food webs and randomly distributed interaction modifications, we test whether a subset of interaction modifications important for the local stability and direction of species responses to perturbation of complex networks can be identified. We show that trophic interaction modifications have particular importance for dynamics when they affect interactions with a high biomass flux, connect species otherwise distantly linked, and where high trophic-level species modify interactions lower in the food web. In contrast, the centrality of modifications in the network provided little information. This work demonstrates that analyses of interaction modifications can be tractable at the network scale and highlights the importance of understanding the relationship between the distributions of trophic and non-trophic effects.     

物种多样性与生态系统功能：影响机制及有关假说

本文主要介绍了有关物种多样性对生态系统功能的影响机制及有关假说,包括冗余种假说、铆钉假说、不确定假说、无效假说、补偿／关键种假说、非线性假说、单调／驼峰模型假说等。尽管这些假说的提出都有一定的理论或实验研究基础,但到目前为止,还没有一种假说被普遍认为反映了两者之间关系的实际情形（如果确实存在这样一种普适机制）。通过分析,我们发现在这些假说之间存在一定的内在联系,它们或者互相包含,或者互相补充,并且都可以归结到冗余种假说有关。     

试论土壤线虫多样性在生态系统中的作用

土壤线虫的物种多样性和功能群丰富, 不同功能群的土壤线虫取食习惯也不一样, 而土壤线虫取食习惯的多样性以及它们自身的一些属性决定了它们在土壤中与其他生物之间关系的复杂性。土壤中不同生物之间的相互作用决定了土壤食物网的复杂性, 进而影响着土壤生态系统功能。然而, 有关土壤线虫的多样性与土壤生态系统功能之间的关系的研究还很不足。要全面了解土壤线虫在生态系统中的作用, 研究工作必须: (1) 结合室内模拟和野外控制实验; (2) 结合物种多样性调查和不同功能群的功能分析。     

Relationship between grass species richness and ecosystem stability in Kruger National Park, South Africa

The relationship between grass species richness and ecosystem stability was investigated in the Kruger National Park. A total of 135 489 individual grasses were identified from 189 sites spread across 19 485 km² of savanna biome, making this one of the largest studies of its kind. At each site, grass percentage abundance and standing crop were measured at one year intervals to provide an index of ecosystem function. A severe drought that affected the region between 1991 and 1993 provided a convenient perturbation. At the height of the drought, mean species richness declined by 12.7% while standing crop declined by 38.1%, from 3199 to 1979 kg ha^?1. Percentage grass abundance declined to 87.5% of its pre‐drought value. After the drought had passed species richness, standing crop and percentage abundance recovered to 92.1%, 113.8% and 92.8% of their pre‐perturbation values, respectively. Statistical analysis of these responses revealed that grass assemblages of low species richness were more resistant to drought than assemblages of high species richness. Species‐poor sites also showed better recovery from perturbation after the drought had passed. These findings suggest that ecosystem stability may be negatively related to grass species richness in South African savanna grasslands.     

Linking species functional roles to their network roles

Species roles in ecological networks combine to generate their architecture, which contributes to their stability. Species trait diversity also affects ecosystem functioning and resilience, yet it remains unknown whether species’ contributions to functional diversity relate to their network roles. Here, we use 21 empirical pollen transport networks to characterise this relationship. We found that, apart from a few abundant species, pollinators with original traits either had few interaction partners or interacted most frequently with a subset of these partners. This suggests that narrowing of interactions to a subset of the plant community accompanies pollinator niche specialisation, congruent with our hypothesised trade‐off between having unique traits vs. being able to interact with many mutualist partners. Conversely, these effects were not detected in plants, potentially because key aspects of their flowering traits are conserved at a family level. Relating functional and network roles can provide further insight into mechanisms underlying ecosystem functioning.     

Correlation between interaction strengths drives stability in large ecological networks

Food webs have markedly non‐random network structure. Ecologists maintain that this non‐random structure is key for stability, since large random ecological networks would invariably be unstable and thus should not be observed empirically. Here we show that a simple yet overlooked feature of natural food webs, the correlation between the effects of consumers on resources and those of resources on consumers, substantially accounts for their stability. Remarkably, random food webs built by preserving just the distribution and correlation of interaction strengths have stability properties similar to those of the corresponding empirical systems. Surprisingly, we find that the effect of topological network structure on stability, which has been the focus of countless studies, is small compared to that of correlation. Hence, any study of the effects of network structure on stability must first take into account the distribution and correlation of interaction strengths.     

Keystone species and food webs

Different species are of different importance in maintaining ecosystem functions in natural communities. Quantitative approaches are needed to identify unusually important or influential, ‘keystone’ species particularly for conservation purposes. Since the importance of some species may largely be the consequence of their rich interaction structure, one possible quantitative approach to identify the most influential species is to study their position in the network of interspecific interactions. In this paper, I discuss the role of network analysis (and centrality indices in particular) in this process and present a new and simple approach to characterizing the interaction structures of each species in a complex network. Understanding the linkage between structure and dynamics is a condition to test the results of topological studies, I briefly overview our current knowledge on this issue. The study of key nodes in networks has become an increasingly general interest in several disciplines: I will discuss some parallels. Finally, I will argue that conservation biology needs to devote more attention to identify and conserve keystone species and relatively less attention to rarity.     

种间作用对物种分布模拟的影响及建模方法

物种分布模型(SDMs)通过量化物种分布和环境变量之间的关系,并将其外推到未知的景观单元,模拟、预测地理空间中生物的潜在分布,是生态学、生物地理学、保护生物学等研究领域的重要工具.然而,目前物种分布模型主要采用非生物因素作为预测变量,由于数据量化和建模表达困难,生物因素特别是种间作用在物种分布模型中常被忽略,将种间作用...