首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
生物入侵及其与全球变化的关系   总被引:23,自引:1,他引:23  
陈兵  康乐 《生态学杂志》2003,22(1):31-34
生物入侵是一个影响深远的全球性问题,其对我国的生态系统、环境和社会经济的影响也日益明显。生物入侵不仅导致生态系统组成和结构的改变,而且能彻底改变生态系统的基本功能和性质,最终导致本地种的绝灭、群落多样性降低,并给社会经济造成重大损失。本文还分析了全球变化与当前生物入侵加剧的关系,由此提出加强对入侵种的预测和监控及立足于生态系统和整个社会来应对外来生物入侵的策略,以期对预防和控制我国外来生物入侵提供参考。  相似文献   

2.
基于稳定同位素的湿地食物源判定和食物网构建研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
湿地生物营养动力学是湿地生态系统结构和功能评价研究的基础.碳、氮稳定同位素作为识别营养关系的方法,已在湿地生态系统食物来源、组成和食物链传递研究中得到广泛运用.本文系统综述了稳定同位素食物贡献度计算模型和营养级确定的基本方法和理论;讨论了动物营养分馏值和基线的选择依据;概括了湿地生态系统典型食物源及其稳定同位素变化特征;总结了草食、杂食和肉食等不同营养级动物的食物来源.指出了稳定同位素在湿地食物源溯源和食物网研究中的不足;基于国内外研究现状和发展趋势及需求,展望了未来同位素技术在湿地食物网生态学研究中的运用前景和研究重点,提出需要加强稳定同位素营养分馏和基线的影响因素、样品处理和保存方式研究以及胃含物、分子标记物和多元素同位素结合分析.  相似文献   

3.
保水渔业对千岛湖食物网结构及其相互作用的影响   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
为预防千岛湖连续暴发了2a(1998—1999)的蓝藻水华和改善千岛湖水质,于2000年起在千岛湖开展了以人工放养鲢鳙和控制凶猛鱼类为主要措施的保水渔业试验。作为试验的主要研究内容之一,通过构建1999和2000年千岛湖生态系统的Ecopath模型,比较分析了实施保水渔业对千岛湖生态系统食物网结构及其相互作用的影响。结果表明:实施保水渔业,使千岛湖中的银鱼和鲤生物量减少,而鲌类(主要是蒙古鲌)、鲴类和大眼华鳊等增加;使各种鱼类的捕食者和食饵生态位重叠指数下降;各主要鱼类的相互作用中,鲢、鳙对鳡、鲌的促进作用增强,鳡对鲌的抑制作用及鲌对虾类、银鱼和鲤等以及银鱼对浮游动物的抑制作用减弱,鳙对银鱼、大眼华鳊对鲤的抑制作用增强。这些影响,使千岛湖食物网结构更趋合理,如底层碎屑食性鱼类如鲴类等的增加,有利于营养物的再循环和再利用,从而增强了水体对营养物的净化作用。  相似文献   

4.
长江口水生动物食物网营养结构及其变化   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为研究长江口水生动物食物网营养结构及其变化, 运用胃含物分析法研究了2016—2017年长江口及其邻近水域捕获的43种水生动物的食性类型与营养结构, 并与20世纪90年代和2006年文献数据进行了比较, 结果表明, 长江口及其邻近水域捕获的水生动物分为4种食性类型: 浮游生物食性、底栖生物食性、游泳生物食性、混合食性, 其中浮游生物食性消费者占绝对优势, 为39.53%; 游泳生物食性消费者所占比例最少, 为11.63%。所分析样品的营养级可分为3级, 其中植食性消费者占优势, 为76.75%; 中级肉食性消费者所占比例最少, 为4.65%; 与20世纪90年代相比, 12种常见鱼类的平均营养级由3.80下降到2.87。长江口水生动物食物网结构较为复杂, 生产者类型包括底栖藻类、浮游植物、有机碎屑3种, 主要由牧食食物链和碎屑食物链构成复杂的食物网。  相似文献   

5.
消费者多样性对食物网结构和生态系统功能的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
前所未有的生物多样性丧失使人们越来越关注生物多样性的生态系统功能.现有的绝大多数研究都是局限在单一营养级别上,主要是植物上,但是今天越来越多的证明表明消费者的多样性对生态系统结构和功能具有深刻影响.综述了消费者多样性对相邻或非相邻营养级的种群密度、物种多样性和生产力等方面影响的最新进展,同时也提出了若干研究展望.总体上.消费者多样性,无论是草食动物还是肉食动物,都倾向于增加该消费者所在营养级的养分和能量利用效率,以及生产力.这可能源于取样效应,或者物种之间的互补作用,类似于植物物种多样性影响初级生产力的机制.草食动物可能降低或者提高植物物种多样性,或者没有显著影响,其具体效应取决于生态系统生产力水平和草食动物的大小.捕食者哌能通过直接抑制草食动物而间接提高植物的多样性和生产力,但这种效应的大小差异很大,甚至效应的方向,都可能随团体内捕食者所占的比例而改变.未来的研究,应该考虑应用较大尺度的实验来检测食物网复杂营养关系对生态系统特性的影响,继续探讨消费者对生态系统功能的影响机制.认为异速生长法则和生态化学计量学在食物网组分关系研究中的应用将有利于增强人们对消费者.生态系统功能关系的理解.另外,全球变暖和转基因植物对食物网中消费者结构和生态系统的功能的影响也将是未来的一个重要研究方向.  相似文献   

6.
大气CO2浓度升高、降水格局改变、全球氮沉降增加和土地覆盖变化等全球变化不仅改变了森林土壤理化性质,而且影响了植物的生长和微生物活性,导致森林土壤碳、氮循环发生改变,进而影响土壤CH4的吸收.本研究综述了森林土壤CH4吸收的重要性,森林土壤CH4吸收对大气CO2浓度升高、降水格局改变、全球氮沉降增加和土地覆盖变化等全球变化的响应差异及驱动机制.大气CO2浓度升高抑制土壤CH4吸收;降水减少倾向于促进土壤CH4吸收;外源氮输入抑制富氮森林土壤CH4吸收,而对贫氮森林土壤CH4吸收则表现为促进或不影响;森林转化为草地、农田或人工林会减少土壤CH4的吸收量,而植树造林则会增加土壤CH4的吸收量.今后的研究重点是探讨全球变化对森林土壤CH4吸收产生长期影响和综合效应,并借助分子生物学方法进一步探究土壤CH4吸收的微生物学机制.  相似文献   

7.
谢斌  李云凯  张虎  张硕 《生态学杂志》2017,28(7):2292-2298
基于稳定同位素技术对2015年春季海州湾海洋牧场海域采集的中小型生物消费者,包括鱼类、虾类、蟹类、头足类、螺类和双壳类等与其潜在碳源样品进行分析,利用IsoSource模型计算该海域消费者碳源贡献率,并对2014年夏季生物学样品与2015年春季样品比较,分析食物网营养结构的季节性变化,根据稳定同位素测定结果绘制二维双标图,计算出6种营养结构的量化指标.结果表明: 2015年春季海州湾海洋牧场海域消费者的δ13C值范围为-18.9‰~-17.1‰,3种潜在碳源[浮游植物、悬浮颗粒有机物(POM)、沉积物(SOM)]的δ13C值范围为-18.1‰~-23.4‰,根据模型计算得出浮游植物对消费者的平均碳源贡献最大,为80.8%,其余依次为SOM和POM,分别为10.8%和8.4%.2014年夏季生物样品与2015年春季样品的δ13C值存在显著差异,而δ15N值无显著性差异;6种量化指标表明群落营养结构存在季节性差异, 2014年夏季的δ13C比值范围(CR)、总面积(TA)、平均最邻近距离(NND)和平均最邻近距离标准差(SDNND)均大于2015年春季,δ15N比值范围(NR)和平均离心距离(CD)无明显变化,夏季群落营养结构冗余度小于春季,且食源多样性水平高于春季,存在季节差异.  相似文献   

8.
全球变化下植物物候研究的关键问题   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
总结了全球变化下植物物候研究的主要进展,针对该领域国内外的几个热点问题进行了讨论。植物物候研究的重心从以前的野外观测和初步统计分析逐步过渡到以揭示物候周期的调控机制和环境效应为主,研究手段从植物物候对环境变化做出反应的表象描述转移到多尺度、多要素耦合关系的综合分析。随着学科交叉研究的不断深入,植物物候研究从植物个体及居群适应性研究转向植物物候变化对生态系统、气候演变、农业生产乃至人类健康等方面影响的系统评估。并且在该转变过程中出现了几个关键性问题,如不同温度带大气温度与光周期对植物物候期贡献力问题、植物物候变化对气候变暖的非线性响应特征、群落水平上植物物候研究的复杂性、以及农业生态系统中作物物候研究的重要性等。对我国植物物候研究现状和管理体系中亟待解决的问题提出了建议。  相似文献   

9.
徐光华  杨俊杰 《生态学报》2022,42(20):8492-8507
食物网理论沟通了群落生态学和生态系统生态学,将生物多样性和生态系统功能的研究统一起来,是理解生态系统运作机制的关键。自从1973年Robert May的经典研究引发著名的\"复杂性-稳定性\"论辩之后,人们认识到食物网的稳定性是其结构维持、功能发挥和动态演化的一个重要前提,并开始了对食物网稳定性机制的探索。早期研究主要关注只包含拓扑关系的定性食物网,但后来人们逐渐认识到相互作用强度的重要性,并提出了诸如自限性、弱相互作用、适应性捕食等一系列机制。本文系统梳理了过往研究中模块层面的各类稳定性机制和全网层面对各模块的整合机制,从而清晰地展示了\"模块-全网\"双层框架的全貌。通过在其基础上的扩展,进而提出了一个基于等级系统的食物网稳定性框架,并从动力学和能量学角度,对各层级内部的稳定性机制以及层级之间的关系进行了探讨,以期为建立普适的食物网稳定性理论提供一些思路。未来的研究方向包括:①将稳定性机制的研究从食物网扩展到更一般的生态网络;②综合考虑生物物理要素、动力学稳定性、系统对能流功率的追求、环境的平稳程度、演化历史等影响因素,从而得到关于食物网结构和动态的更为深刻的认识。  相似文献   

10.
在室内条件下,通过双通道选择实验比较艾虎在不同饥饿条件下对固定食物量斑块和变化食物量斑块的利用程度,确定艾虎对食物变化量的敏感性,以验证风险敏感取食原理。研究结果表明,训练期实验中,艾虎对固定食物量斑块中的取食量和利用频次明显高于变化食物量斑块,而对两个斑块的利用时间基本相同;艾虎饥饿一天后对固定食物量斑块中的利用频次明显高于变化食物量斑块,而对两个斑块的利用时间和取食量基本相同;艾虎饥饿两天后对两个斑块利用程度与训练期的结果相同;同时,艾虎在两个斑块中的取食量均与饥饿程度无关,而对两个斑块的利用时间和利用频次均随饥饿程度明显降低。因此,艾虎对固定食物量斑块和变化食物量斑块的利用程度基本相同,食物变化量对艾虎的取食行为没有明显影响,艾虎对食物变化量是不敏感的。产生这种结果的主要原因可能是艾虎的能量代谢水平较低,在食物受到限制时主要采用降低活动使单位活动时间内所获得的能量值达到最大的取食对策增加自身的存活机率。  相似文献   

11.
A number of recent studies indicated that establishment of exotic lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) may have adverse affects on native lady beetle species. In the present study, we analyzed changes in coccinellid community inhabiting potato crops in northern Maine over the past 31 years. Prior to 1980, lady beetle communities were comprised almost exclusively of the two native species, Coccinella transversoguttata Brown and Hippodamia tredecimpunctata(Say). Starting 1980, an exotic species Coccinella septempunctata L. became permanently established in potato crops and quickly started to dominate lady beetle community. Two other exotic species, Harmonia axyridis(Pallas) and Propylea quatordecimpunctata(L.) became prominent members of the lady beetle community in 1995 and 1996. Invasion by exotic species was followed by a significant decline in the abundance of C. transversoguttata and H. tredecimpunctata, and a significant increase in the overall diversity of lady beetle community. The abundance of aphid prey was substantially reduced after the establishment of H. axyridis. The observed trends demonstrate the profound effects that exotic natural enemies may have on target and non-target native species, and highlight the importance of their thorough evaluation before initiating biological control programs.  相似文献   

12.
1. The loss of a species from an ecological community can trigger a cascade of secondary extinctions. Here we investigate how the complexity (connectance) of model communities affects their response to species loss. Using dynamic analysis based on a global criterion of persistence (permanence) and topological analysis we investigate the extent of secondary extinctions following the loss of different kinds of species. 2. We show that complex communities are, on average, more resistant to species loss than simple communities: the number of secondary extinctions decreases with increasing connectance. However, complex communities are more vulnerable to loss of top predators than simple communities. 3. The loss of highly connected species (species with many links to other species) and species at low trophic levels triggers, on average, the largest number of secondary extinctions. The effect of the connectivity of a species is strongest in webs with low connectance. 4. Most secondary extinctions are due to direct bottom-up effects: consumers go extinct when their resources are lost. Secondary extinctions due to trophic cascades and disruption of predator-mediated coexistence also occur. Secondary extinctions due to disruption of predator-mediated coexistence are more common in complex communities than in simple communities, while bottom-up and top-down extinction cascades are more common in simple communities. 5. Topological analysis of the response of communities to species loss always predicts a lower number of secondary extinctions than dynamic analysis, especially in food webs with high connectance.  相似文献   

13.
Different species are of different importance in maintaining ecosystem functions in natural communities. Quantitative approaches are needed to identify unusually important or influential, ‘keystone’ species particularly for conservation purposes. Since the importance of some species may largely be the consequence of their rich interaction structure, one possible quantitative approach to identify the most influential species is to study their position in the network of interspecific interactions. In this paper, I discuss the role of network analysis (and centrality indices in particular) in this process and present a new and simple approach to characterizing the interaction structures of each species in a complex network. Understanding the linkage between structure and dynamics is a condition to test the results of topological studies, I briefly overview our current knowledge on this issue. The study of key nodes in networks has become an increasingly general interest in several disciplines: I will discuss some parallels. Finally, I will argue that conservation biology needs to devote more attention to identify and conserve keystone species and relatively less attention to rarity.  相似文献   

14.
Species Invasiveness in Biological Invasions: A Modelling Approach   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
The study of invasiveness, the traits that enable a species to invade a habitat, and invasibility, the habitat characteristics that determine its susceptibility to the establishment and spread of an invasive species, provide a useful conceptual framework to formulate the biological invasion problem in a modelling context. Another important aspect is the complex interaction emerging among the invader species, the noninvader species already present in the habitat, and the habitat itself. Following a modelling approach to the biological invasion problem, we present a spatially explicit cellular automaton model (Interacting Multiple Cellular Automata (IMCA)). We use field parameters from the invader Gleditsia triacanthos and the native Lithraea ternifolia in montane forests of central Argentina as a case study to compare outputs and performance of different models. We use field parameters from another invader, Ligustrum lucidum, and the native Fagara coco from the same system to run the cellular automaton model. We compare model predictions with invasion values from aerial photographs. We discuss in detail the importance of factors affecting species invasiveness, and give some insights into habitat invasibility and the role of interactions between them. Finally, we discuss the relevance of mathematical modelling for studying and predicting biological invasions. The IMCA model provided a suitable context for integrating invasiveness, invasibility, and the interactions. In the invasion system studied, the presence of an invader's juvenile bank not only accelerated the rate of invasion but was essential to ensure invasion. Using the IMCA model, we were able to determine that not only adult survival but particularly longevity of the native species influenced the spread velocity of the invader, at least when a juvenile bank is present. Other factors determining velocity of invasion detected by the IMCA model were seed dispersal distance and age of reproductive maturity. We derived relationships between species' adult survival, fecundity and longevity of both theoretical and applied relevance for biological invasions. Invasion velocities calculated from the aerial photographs agreed well with predictions of the IMCA model.  相似文献   

15.
生物入侵机制研究进展   总被引:97,自引:4,他引:97  
本文从外来种本身的生物学特性,外来种与新栖息地土著种之间的相互作用,群落生物多样性对入侵种的抵抗能力,新栖息地生态环境变化对入侵种的影响等方面综述了近年来有关生物入侵机制的研究进展,并探讨了研究方法的发展和亟待解决的问题,大量的研究表明生物入侵机制是极为多样的,可能没有一般的,通用的机制,阐明生物入侵的机制,对推动生态学理论的发展和控制有害外来种有重要意义。  相似文献   

16.
    
Phenology is a harbinger of climate change, with many species advancing flowering in response to rising temperatures. However, there is tremendous variation among species in phenological response to warming, and any phenological differences between native and non‐native species may influence invasion outcomes under global warming. We simulated global warming in the field and found that non‐native species flowered earlier and were more phenologically plastic to temperature than natives, which did not accelerate flowering in response to warming. Non‐native species' flowering also became more synchronous with other community members under warming. Earlier flowering was associated with greater geographic spread of non‐native species, implicating phenology as a potential trait associated with the successful establishment of non‐native species across large geographic regions. Such phenological differences in both timing and plasticity between native and non‐natives are hypothesised to promote invasion success and population persistence, potentially benefiting non‐native over native species under climate change.  相似文献   

17.
    
  1. Changes in precipitation patterns are one of the most pervasive components of climate change. It has been suggested that the increased frequency of extreme drought and flooding events could affect the outcome of competition between native and invasive plants. However, empirical evidence for this prediction remains scarce.
  2. We combined controlled experiments and field observations in a freshwater floodplain to assess how drought and flooding events affect growth and biomass production of a native and an invasive plant species, grown in monoculture and mixed culture. We used the native Panicum dichotomiflorum and the invasive Urochloa mutica, which are two common grasses that frequently grow in natural floodplains of the Neotropics.
  3. The experimental and observational data showed that biomass production, growth and relative dominance of the native species were higher under more stable water levels. By contrast, the invasive species had higher biomass production, growth and relative dominance under extreme drought and flooding conditions. Thus, extremes in precipitation can alter the relative dominance of the two species in favour of the invader.
  4. Our study provides comprehensive evidence that water-level oscillations may negatively impact the performance of the native species, whereas they did not alter the biomass production and growth of the invasive species. Under stable conditions, faster growth of the native species may hinder successful establishment of the invasive species. However, under extreme drought and flooding events, the invader could be favoured. Although our findings are based on the outcome of the interaction between only one native and one invasive plant species, our results suggest that biotic resistance might be higher under stable water conditions.
  相似文献   

18.
    
Termites are ubiquitous insects in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions and play an important role in ecosystems. Several termite species are also significant economic pests, mainly in urban areas where they attack human‐made structures, but also in natural forest habitats. Worldwide, approximately 28 termite species are considered invasive and have spread beyond their native ranges, often with significant economic consequences. We used predictive climate modeling to provide the first global risk assessment for 13 of the world's most invasive termites. We modeled the future distribution of 13 of the most serious invasive termite species, using two different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, and two projection years (2050 and 2070). Our results show that all but one termite species are expected to significantly increase in their global distribution, irrespective of the climatic scenario and year. The range shifts by species (shift vectors) revealed a complex pattern of distributional changes across latitudes rather than simple poleward expansion. Mapping of potential invasion hotspots in 2050 under the RCP 4.5 scenario revealed that the most suitable areas are located in the tropics. Substantial parts of all continents had suitable environmental conditions for more than four species simultaneously. Mapping of changes in the number of species revealed that areas that lose many species (e.g., parts of South America) are those that were previously very species‐rich, contrary to regions such as Europe that were overall not among the most important invasion hotspots, but that showed a great increase in the number of potential invaders. The substantial economic and ecological damage caused by invasive termites is likely to increase in response to climate change, increased urbanization, and accelerating economic globalization, acting singly or interactively.  相似文献   

19.
    
Despite the recognised conservation value of phylogenetic diversity, little is known about how it is affected by the urbanisation process. Combining a complete avian phylogeny with surveys along urbanisation gradients from five continents, we show that highly urbanised environments supported on average 450 million fewer years of evolutionary history than the surrounding natural environments. This loss was primarily caused by species loss and could have been higher had not been partially compensated by the addition of urban exploiters and some exotic species. Highly urbanised environments also supported fewer evolutionary distinctive species, implying a disproportionate loss of evolutionary history. Compared with highly urbanised environments, changes in phylogenetic richness and evolutionary distinctiveness were less substantial in moderately urbanised environments. Protecting pristine environments is therefore essential for maintaining phylogenetic diversity, but moderate levels of urbanisation still preserve much of the original diversity.  相似文献   

20.
动态物候模型发展及其在全球变化研究中的应用   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
物候模型可以通过环境因子预测植物物候期,是植物物候学一个重要内容。其中,试图反映生物过程的动态物候模型往往预测比较准确,因此这类物候模型有助于探讨植物在全球变化中的响应。本文把动态物候模型分为3大类,温度物候模型、冷激物候模型和其它物候模型,阐述了每个模型的基本原理和假设,重点论述了常见的温度物候模型.提出物候模型的真实性和广泛性还需要进一步提高,并介绍了温度物候模型在全球变化中运用的几个代表案例,指出目前的物候模型研究刚刚起步,还有许多方面需要进一步深入和开拓。  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号