阔叶红松林不同演替阶段灌木器官的N、P分配特征

氮（N）、磷（P）是植物生长发育重要的限制元素,N、P以及N、P间的关系是化学计量学研究的重要内容。植物不同器官对N、P的需求存在差异,因此N、P的分配与权衡对植物的生长发育起到重要的调节作用。为了探究阔叶红松（Pinus koraiensis）林不同演替阶段主要灌木器官的N、P化学计量特征及其分配格局,了解灌木的养分限制因子及其分配策略,在黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区的阔叶红松林四个演替阶段——白桦（Betula platyphylla）次生林、阔叶混交林、针阔混交林和阔叶红松林内,选取主要灌木种,分析了叶片、枝条、茎干和根的N、P化学计量特征以及异速生长关系。结果发现：灌木不同器官之间的N、P含量差异显著,其中叶的N、P含量均为最高,茎干的N、P含量均为最低。所有器官中,叶的N ： P最高,为7.59;根的N ： P最低,为5.47。灌木叶、茎干、根之间的N ： P存在显著差异,而茎干、根与枝条之间的N ： P没有显著差异。阔叶红松林不同演替阶段对灌木同一器官N、P化学计量的影响不同,灌木叶片的N含量在不同演替中具有显著差异,其他器官的差异不显著;不同演替阶段灌木器官的P含量均无显著差异。在不同演替阶段中各器官的N ： P均小于14,说明N元素是阔叶红松林各演替阶段灌木生长的限制因子,而P对灌木的生长没有起到限制作用。研究表明在不同演替阶段中,N、P的异速生长关系普遍存在于灌木器官中,呈现显著的正相关关系;整体上各器官之间的斜率没有显著差异,说明灌木采取保守分配策略,以此来适应环境和满足自身生长发育的需要。     

凉水原始阔叶红松林与白桦次生林植物多样性的比较研究

采用典型抽样法和生态群落学调查法对黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区紫椴（Tilia amurensis）红松（Pinus koraiensis）林、蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）红松林及白桦（Betula platyphylla）次生林的植物群落结构特征和物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明,紫椴红松林有维管束植物31种,隶属21科,25属;蒙古栎红松林有维管束植物32种,隶属25科,28属;白桦次生林有维管束植物31种,隶属20科,28属。白桦次生林乔木层和草本层的物种丰富度S指数显著高于2种阔叶红松林,而其灌木层的物种丰富度S指数最低;3种林型乔木层的Simpson物种多样性指数无显著差异,紫椴红松林的灌木层Simpson指数显著高于其他2种林型,3种林型草本层之间的Simpson指数差异显著;紫椴红松林乔木层的Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数显著低于其他2种林型,白桦次生林灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数显著低于2种阔叶红松林,蒙古栎红松林草本层的Shannon-Wiener指数最高;此外,蒙古栎红松林乔木层的Pielou均匀度指数显著高于其他林型,而3种林型灌木层的Pielou指数无显著差异,紫椴红松林草本层的Pielou指数最低。     

辽东山区不同森林类型生态化学计量特征

森林生态系统化学计量对于阐明养分元素在生态系统中的供应状况及其耦合关系,揭示影响森林结构与功能恢复的限制性因子具有重要作用。本研究以辽东山区主要森林类型——次生阔叶混交林、柞树林、油松林和落叶松人工林、红松人工林为研究对象,通过测定叶片、凋落物和土壤的C、N、P含量,分析了不同林型的化学计量特征及差异。结果表明:1)不同林型的C、N、P含量差异显著,且各林型叶片和凋落物C、N、P含量均大于土壤;其中阔叶混交林土壤N含量最高,而柞树林土壤N含量最低。2)5种林型C∶N和C∶P变化趋势均为凋落物叶片土壤,N∶P为叶片凋落物土壤;其中叶片N∶P平均值为12.16,表明该地区植物生长可能存在N限制。阔叶混交林和柞树林与油松林、落叶松林和红松林N∶P差异显著,前者受N、P共同限制,后者受N限制。3)辽东山区森林植被叶片与凋落物的N、P、C∶N和N∶P均表现为正相关关系,土壤与叶片和凋落物N、C∶N均呈负相关关系。本研究表明,理解养分元素在"植物-凋落物-土壤"之间的生态化学计量特征,对于揭示整个森林生态系统的养分状况和生物化学循环过程极为重要。     

植物特性和环境因子对阔叶红松林暗多样性的影响

可能栖息在局域群落但在局部地区不存在的物种集合构成了暗多样性。为探究物种特性和环境因子对阔叶红松林内暗多样性的影响, 该研究利用比尔指数模型估计了黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区的9 hm²阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林动态监测样地内的主要组成物种的暗多样性概率。基于物种水平, 评估了耐阴性指数、重要值和暗多样性概率之间的相关性, 并分析了生活型和耐阴性对暗多样性概率的影响; 基于样方水平, 分析了群落完整性与环境因子、物种多样性的相关性。结果表明: (1)该样地物种的暗多样性概率平均值为77.79%, 对于乔木, 胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)的暗多样性概率最高, 为97.21%; 对于灌木, 暗多样性概率最高的是鸡树条(Viburnum opulus subsp. calvescens)和鼠李(Rhamnus davurica), 为98.01%。(2)暗多样性概率与重要值呈显著负相关关系, 耐阴性指数与重要值呈显著正相关关系。(3)乔木和灌木的暗多样性概率无显著差异, 喜光物种的暗多样性概率显著高于耐阴物种。(4)坡度和地面凹凸度均与群落完整性呈显著正相关关系; 土壤有机质含量、土壤速效钾(K)含量、土壤密度、土壤质量含水率、土壤pH、土壤有效氮(N)含量和土壤全N含量均与群落完整性无显著相关关系, 土壤体积含水率、土壤速效磷(P)含量、土壤全P含量均与群落完整性呈显著的负相关关系。物种多样性指数与群落完整性呈正相关关系。综上, 在阔叶红松林内喜光物种和稀有种的暗多样性概率较高, 坡度、地面凹凸度、土壤体积含水率、土壤速效P含量、土壤全P含量是导致群落完整性差异的主要环境因素; 群落完整性越高, 群落物种多样性越高。     

阔叶红松林生态化学计量学特征及其对纬度梯度的响应

为研究红松叶片的养分及生态化学计量学特征的空间分布及其影响因素,依据我国温带阔叶红松林的分布特点,沿纬度梯度,选取长白山(42°27'N)、张广才岭(44°16'N)和小兴安岭(48°05'N)等3个地区的典型阔叶红松老龄林,测定红松叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,及表层土壤(0—15 cm)、中层土壤(15—30 cm)的有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量,分析了其分布特征及其相互关系。结果表明:1)红松叶片C、N、P含量显著高于土壤。表层土壤C、N、P含量变化范围分别为27.6—87.4,2.0—7.2 mg/g和0.26—0.92 mg/g;中层土壤为8.1—59.7,0.7—4.6 mg/g和0.2—0.82 mg/g;而叶片为495.5—507.4,12.7—172.5 mg/g和1.1—2.1 mg/g。2)土壤中的SOC、C/N、C/P均随纬度升高极显著增加,而叶片各元素计量特征随纬度的变化不显著。3)叶片N、P含量分别与土壤N、P含量显著正相关,同时,叶片N与土壤C/N、P与土壤N/P显著相关。相比较而言,红松叶片N、P含量较低,这可能说明阔叶红松林土壤N、P供应不足,而叶片N/P仅为9.9,说明东北阔叶红松林N限制更加明显。本研究为阐明东北温带阔叶红松林的养分供应状况和限制因素,为阔叶红松林区提高红松生产力的管理措施的提出奠定了基础。     

中国温带阔叶红松林不同演替系列土壤有机碳矿化特征

土壤有机碳矿化与陆地生态系统碳循环和全球气候变化关系密切,为准确评估中国温带小兴安岭阔叶红松林不同演替系列土壤有机碳矿化特征及变化规律。以年代序列法代替群落次生演替过程,采用室内恒温培养(碱液吸收法)测定阔叶红松林不同演替系列(中生演替系列、湿生演替系列、旱生演替系列)6种群落类型土壤有机碳矿化量和矿化速率。3个演替系列土壤有机碳含量均表现出一致的剖面变化特征,随着土层深度的加深有机碳矿化量逐渐降少。且不同演替系列土层间有机碳矿化量不同,中生演替系列原始阔叶红松林土壤有机碳累计矿化量最大,其次为旱生演替系列,湿生演替系列最小。3个演替系列土壤有机碳矿化速率随时间变化呈现基本一致的趋势,即培养前期快速下降、后期逐渐趋于平稳。3个演替系列6种群落类型土壤有机碳矿化差异显著,表现为原始阔叶红松林白桦次生林云冷杉红松林红松枫桦次生林蒙古栎红松林蒙古栎、黑桦次生林。阔叶红松林不同演替系列土壤有机矿化采用非线性指数拟合效果较好。阔叶红松林不同演替系列土壤有机碳矿化与土壤全氮、凋落物量显著正相关,与土壤含水率、容重、土壤酸碱度显著负相关。不同演替系列群落的演替历史、土壤质地和养分状况等生态因子是导致阔叶红松林不同演替系列土壤有机碳矿化差异的原因。     

猫儿山三种森林类型林下植物叶片与土壤化学计量特征

为探究猫儿山不同森林类型林下植物叶片与土壤化学计量特征,揭示其林下植物适应策略。该文对猫儿山针阔混交林(ZK)、常绿阔叶次生林(CLC)和常绿阔叶林(CL)林下草本层和灌木层主要植物叶片与土壤的化学元素含量进行测定,分析其化学计量特征及其相互之间的内在联系。结果表明:(1)从总体上看,草本层和灌木层植物叶片的C、N含量差异不显著,草本层植物叶片P、K含量极显著高于灌木层,N:P显著低于灌木层; 草本层植物更易受N限制,灌木层植物更易受P限制且其N和P利用效率更高; 不同森林类型之间的灌木层植物叶片化学计量差异不显著,草本层植物叶片N含量、C:N和C:P差异显著,针阔混交林草本层植物的养分利用效率较高。(2)3种森林类型的土壤C、N含量显示,CL>CLC>ZK且彼此之间差异极显著,针阔混交林土壤的P含量最高而C:P、N:P最低。(3)针阔混交林的土壤显著影响林下植物部分叶片化学计量,另外2种森林类型的土壤影响不显著。综上认为,猫儿山不同森林类型的土壤化学计量存在显著或极显著差异,林下不同层次的植物对营养元素的需求以及环境适应策略不同; 针阔混交林土壤对林下植物叶片化学计量影响较强,由于有机质分解效率较低导致土壤受N限制,因此应加强针阔混交林的N素管理。该研究结果为森林管理提供了数据支持。     

不同类型人工阔叶红松林高等植物物种多样性

采用Shahnon—Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数等指标研究了辽宁东部山区人工营造20年生5种阔叶树水曲柳、刺愀、紫椴、色赤汤、白桦与红松形成的混交林及人工红松纯林内各层次高等植物物种多佯性,并对该6种林分的垂直结构进行比较。结果表明,人工阔叶红松混交林内植物种类丰富,数量较多;红松纯林内的植物种数仅为人工阔叶红松混交林的42％～52％,植物总数量只有混交林的11％～37％。人工阔叶红松林各层次高等植物物种多样性均好于人工红松纯林,但与原始阔叶红松林相比。人工阔叶红松林的物种多样性还较低。在林分垂直结构方面,人工阔叶红松混交林的成层现象明显,层次结构复杂,垂直多样性丰富;红松纯林只有1个主林冠层,灌木层、草本层较矮,林分垂直结构单一。     

长白山白桦林不同演替阶段土壤有机碳组分的变化

为了解长白山天然针阔混交林群落恢复演替土壤碳储量的变化,采用空间代替时间的方法,选取白桦幼龄林、白桦中龄林、白桦成熟林、阔叶红松成熟林和阔叶红松过熟林5个不同演替序列,研究其土壤总有机碳(SOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)及颗粒有机碳(POC)含量。结果表明:随着白桦林从早期到晚期的演替,SOC、MBC、ROC、POC以及土壤全氮、全磷和碳氮比(C/N)均呈现先逐渐增加后保持稳定的规律。随着土层深度的增加,SOC、MBC、ROC和POC含量均显著降低(P0.05),5个演替序列内ROC/SOC和POC/SOC的变化范围分别为12.91%~47.95%和14.21%~69.46%。相关分析表明:MBC、ROC和POC含量与土壤总有机碳(SOC)含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),SOC、MBC、ROC和POC含量与全氮、全磷及碳氮比呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。研究结果为了解白桦林在演替过程中土壤有机碳的稳定性变化和固碳潜力提供数据支持。     

长白山阔叶红松林不同演替阶段土壤团聚体粒径组成及有机碳含量变化

阔叶红松林是我国东北重要的原生群落,其土壤团聚体在森林生态系统碳固定中具有重要作用.本研究采用空间代替时间的方法,选取白桦幼龄林、白桦中龄林、白桦成熟林、阔叶红松成熟林和阔叶红松过熟林5个不同演替序列,通过湿筛法研究长白山天然针阔混交林群落恢复演替中土壤团聚体粒径组成及有机碳含量的变化.结果表明: 土壤团聚体粒径组成受演替过程影响较大,不同演替阶段下土壤团聚体各粒级所占比例差异显著.团聚体平均质量直径随演替的进行表现为先升高再降低的单峰形式,且最高点出现在白桦成熟林阶段.土壤中不同粒级的团聚体内有机碳含量随着演替的进行呈先增加后略有下降的趋势,且团聚体内有机碳含量最大值出现在阔叶红松成熟林阶段.在同一演替阶段下,0～5和5～10 cm土层(除演替末期的阔叶红松过熟林外)中的各粒径团聚体内有机碳含量都随着粒径的减小而增加,而10～20 cm土层中的各粒径团聚体内有机碳含量都随着粒径的减小而减小.从演替初期的白桦幼龄林到演替末期的阔叶红松过熟林,每个样地内的同一粒径团聚体内有机碳含量均具有明显的垂直分布特性,均随着土层深度的增加而显著降低.     

林窗干扰与森林群落演替

林窗干扰是影响森林群落演替的一个重要因素。该文从林窗干扰和森林群落演替理论及林窗对森林群落微环境、植物入侵和定居、群落结构、群落演替的影响等方面简要介绍了当前国内外有关林窗干扰与森林群落演替的研究现状和研究前景。     

Comparison of old-field and forest revegetation dynamics in Provence

Abstract. This paper describes vegetation changes on cultivation terraces after abandonment, considered as secondary succession, and vegetation responses after clear-cutting, considered as regeneration. Species were grouped in life form and dynamic categories in order to infer dynamic patterns. By applying the Shannon diversity index to these characteristics, an index of functional diversity is obtained. Regenerative succession is considered here as a particular case of secondary succession, characterized by a fast vegetative regeneration of the dominant woody species, which controls the succession of the understorey species. Post-agricultural succession and forest regeneration succession show a similar relation between the diversity index and a forest index, indicating the relative amount of forest species. It appeared that the old-field dynamics resemble the deciduous oak-forest regeneration after the woody species have established. The species diversity at the end of the post-agricultural succession and in the forest is controlled by the nature of the dominant tree species.     

Functional Trait Strategies of Trees in Dry and Wet Tropical Forests Are Similar but Differ in Their Consequences for Succession

Global plant trait studies have revealed fundamental trade-offs in plant resource economics. We evaluated such trait trade-offs during secondary succession in two species-rich tropical ecosystems that contrast in precipitation: dry deciduous and wet evergreen forests of Mexico. Species turnover with succession in dry forest largely relates to increasing water availability and in wet forest to decreasing light availability. We hypothesized that while functional trait trade-offs are similar in the two forest systems, the successful plant strategies in these communities will be different, as contrasting filters affect species turnover. Research was carried out in 15 dry secondary forest sites (5-63 years after abandonment) and in 17 wet secondary forest sites (<1-25 years after abandonment). We used 11 functional traits measured on 132 species to make species-trait PCA biplots for dry and wet forest and compare trait trade-offs. We evaluated whether multivariate plant strategies changed during succession, by calculating a ‘Community-Weighted Mean’ plant strategy, based on species scores on the first two PCA-axes. Trait spectra reflected two main trade-off axes that were similar for dry and wet forest species: acquisitive versus conservative species, and drought avoiding species versus evergreen species with large animal-dispersed seeds. These trait associations were consistent when accounting for evolutionary history. Successional changes in the most successful plant strategies reflected different functional trait spectra depending on the forest type. In dry forest the community changed from having drought avoiding strategies early in succession to increased abundance of evergreen strategies with larger seeds late in succession. In wet forest the community changed from species having mainly acquisitive strategies to those with more conservative strategies during succession. These strategy changes were explained by increasing water availability during dry forest succession and increasing light scarcity during wet forest succession. Although similar trait spectra were observed among dry and wet secondary forest species, the consequences for succession were different resulting from contrasting environmental filters.     

气候变化对森林演替的影响

森林演替是森林生态动力源驱动下森林再生的生态学过程,自20世纪初建立群落演替理论以来,演替研究成为生态学研究中的热点．客观准确地认识森林演替规律,研究森林演替动力学机理及其模型,是科学管理森林生态系统的需要;对于天然林保护工程与森林植被的恢复重建,具有重要的理论与实际意义．干扰是森林循环的驱动力,导致森林生态系统时空异质性,是更新格局和生态学过程的主要影响因素．它可改变资源的有效性,干扰导致的林隙是森林循环的起点．回顾了目前演替研究的几种方法,即马尔科夫模型、林窗模型(GAP)、陆地生物圈模型(BIOME)和非线性演替模式．介绍了气候变化对森林演替的影响;并在已有成果的基础上,提出了目前研究存在的问题及未来的发展方向．     

Assemblages of wood-inhabiting fungi along the gradients of succession and naturalness in boreal pine-dominated forests in Fennoscandia

In boreal forests, the level of naturalness and the stage of succession explain most of the variation in forest structure within a particular forest type. Thus, these two factors should also have a major effect on species assemblages in forests, at least on species groups associated with wood. The present study is the first attempt to analyze empirically the simultaneous effects of forest succession and naturalness on wood-inhabiting fungi, a taxonomic group of special ecological importance. The study area was situated in eastern Finland, middle boreal zone. A total of 41 study plots were established in Pinus sylvestris forests representing three levels of forest naturalness: natural, seminatural and intensively managed forests. Five stages of succession were distinguished according to the age of the dominating tree layer (<10, 40, 70, 110, and >150 yr old), except in managed forests where only four stages were available. A total of 5328 records of 195 species of fungi were made. The first, open stage of succession was clearly the most species-rich period of succession in all levels of forest naturalness. In natural and seminatural forests, the first stage of succession was also very distinctive in its fungal composition, and thus of special value in protecting biodiversity in boreal forests. In the succession following the first stage, the level of naturalness had more effect on assemblages of fungi than did the stage of succession. Intensive forest management affects threatened species particularly. In conclusion, natural young stages of succession should also be included in the network of boreal forest reserves.     

Forest Succession and Distance from Forest Edge in an Afro‐Tropical Grassland1

Forest succession on degraded tropical lands often is slowed by impoverished seed banks and low rates of seed dispersal. Within degraded landscapes, remnant forests are potential seed sources that could enhance nearby forest succession. The spatial extent that forest can influence succession, however, remains largely unstudied. In abandoned agricultural lands in Kibale National Park, Uganda, recurrent fires have helped perpetuate the dominance of tall (2–3 m) grasses. We examined the effects of distance from forest and grassland vegetation structure on succession in a grassland having several years of fire exclusion. At 10 and 25 m from forest edge, we quantified vegetation patterns, seed predation, and survival of planted tree seedlings. Natural vegetation was similar at both distances, as was seed (eight species) and seedling (six species) survival; however, distance may be important at spatial or temporal scales not examined in this study. Our results offer insight into forest succession on degraded tropical grasslands following fire exclusion. Naturally recruited trees and tree seedlings were scarce, and seed survival was low (20% after 7 mo). While seedling survival was high (95% after 6 to 8 mo), seedling shoot growth was very slow (x?= 0.5 cm/100 d), suggesting that survivorship eventually may decline. Recurrent fires often impede forest succession in degraded tropical grasslands; however, even with fire exclusion, our study suggests that forest succession can be very slow, even in close proximity to forest.     

大兴安岭森林火烧后不同演替阶段土壤细菌多样性动态

【目的】研究我国最大的林区之一——大兴安岭森林火烧后不同演替阶段土壤细菌多样性动态,为天然林保护工程对于生物多样性的影响增添新的认识。【方法】以空间替代时间的方法分析大兴安岭森林演替对于土壤细菌多样性动态的影响。大兴安岭森林火烧后典型的自然演替序列为火烧迹地(LG-BA)、灌丛(SHR)、白桦林(BP)、白桦落叶松混交林(BP-LG)、落叶松林(LG-OM)。在演替序列的每个典型样地上采集0-10 cm土样,采用Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术测定土壤细菌群落组成及其多样性。【结果】细菌操作分类单位(OTU)数量从少到多的顺序为火烧迹地落叶松白桦混交林灌丛落叶松林白桦林。随着森林演替,多样性指数Simpson先增高后降低;Shannon指数先增加后减少再增加;OTU的丰度变化比较平缓,表明物种变化较小。在各演替阶段中,土壤细菌种类主要有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes),4个门的种类含量随演替顺序都呈现先增加后减少的趋势。主成分分析表明不同演替阶段土壤细菌群落存在一定的差异性。冗余分析表明有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和p H对于土壤细菌群落变化有影响。【结论】随着森林演替,大兴安岭地区土壤细菌种类和生物多样性会发生变化,其变化与土壤化学成分和p H有关。     

N limitation increases along a temperate forest succession: evidences from leaf stoichiometry and nutrient resorption

温带森林演替加剧了氮限制：来自叶片化学计量和养分重吸收的证据 森林生产力和碳汇功能在很大程度上取决于土壤氮和磷的有效性。然而,迄今为止,养分限制随森林演替的时间变化仍存在争议。叶片化学计量和养分重吸收是预测植物生长养分限制的重要指标。基于此,本研究测定了温带森林4个演替阶段所有木本植物叶片和凋落叶中氮和磷的含量,并分析了演替过程中非生物因子和生物因子如何影响叶片化学计量和养分重吸收。研究结果表明,在个体尺度上,叶片氮磷含量在演替末期显著增加,而叶片氮磷比无显著变化;氮的重吸收效率随演替显著增加,然而磷的重吸收效率先增加后减少;氮重吸收效率与磷重吸收效率的比值仅在演替末期显著增加。此外,植物氮素循环对土壤养分的响应比磷素循环更弱。在群落尺度上,叶片氮磷含量随森林演替呈现先降低后升高的趋势,主要受香农-维纳多样性指数和物种丰富度的影响;叶片氮磷比随演替而显著变化,主要由胸径的群落加权平均值决定;氮的重吸收效率增加,主要受物种丰富度和胸径的影响,而磷的重吸收效率相对稳定。因此,氮重吸收效率与磷重吸收效率的比值显著增加,表明随着温带森林演替,氮限制加剧。这些结果可能反映了较高生物多样性群落中物种间对有限资源的激烈竞争,强调了生物因子在驱动森林生态系统养分循环中的重要性,为中国温带和北方森林可持续经营的施肥管理提供了参考。     

红松林不同演替阶段夏季鸟类群落研究

红松林不同演替阶段夏季鸟类群落研究常家传鲁长虎刘伯文许青（东北林业大学,哈尔滨１５００４０）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅＢｉｒｄｓＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｉｎＤｉｆｅｒｅｎｔＳｕｃｃｅｓｉｏｎＰｅｒｉｏｄｏｆＫｏｒｅａｎＰｉｎｅＦｏｒｅｓｔ．Ｃｈ...