小麦-禾谷镰孢菌互作机制的研究进展

禾谷镰孢菌(俗称禾谷镰刀菌,Fusarium graminearum)引起的小麦赤霉病是小麦生产上一种极具毁灭性的真菌病害,在世界各主要产麦国普遍发生,我国是世界上受害面积最大的国家,该病害严重威胁我国粮食生产和食品安全.解析小麦-禾谷镰孢菌之间的互作机制,挖掘有效抗病基因,对于解决小麦赤霉病这一世界难题具有重要意义....     

小麦抗赤霉病外源种质的创制和育种利用

小麦赤霉病是危害小麦安全生产的重要病害之一,种植抗病品种是防治赤霉病最经济有效的手段。目前在生产上应用的抗源很少,越来越多的研究者将目光转移到小麦的近缘属种,寻找新的抗源以及寻求新的育种突破。携带抗性基因的外源染色体可以通过染色体工程手段以附加系、代换系和易位系等形式导入小麦。综述了将大赖草等多个小麦近缘种的抗赤霉病基因导入普通小麦、创制抗病外源种质和育种利用的最新研究进展,以期为小麦抗赤霉病育种提供参考信息。     

小麦DON毒素研究进展

近年来,由于全球气候急剧变化以及栽培、耕作制度的转变,导致禾谷镰刀菌引起的赤霉病频繁发生,不仅使小麦大面积减产,严重影响其品质,也造成经济上的重大损失。受赤霉菌侵染的小麦会在籽粒中产生脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol, DON）毒素,该毒素广泛污染小麦及其制品、粮油食品和饲料等,是世界上污染面积最大、污染量最高,对小麦危害最严重的真菌毒素之一。DON可以产生广泛的毒性效应,具有很强的细胞毒性,有明显胚胎毒性和一定致畸作用,严重威胁食品安全、人和动物健康。因此,对DON毒素调控机理及防控的研究已成为当前高度关注的热点问题之一。通过综述DON的理化性质、毒性机理、污染特征、分布规律、检测方法以及小麦抗DON毒素积累机制等方面的进展,以期为小麦抗DON毒素育种提供参考依据。     

小麦抗赤霉病研究现状与展望

小麦是我国最重要的口粮作物之一。在小麦生产所面临的各种病害中,赤霉病的发生具有愈来愈严重的趋势,引起小麦产业界的高度关注。近几十年来,科研人员在小麦抗赤霉病遗传育种以及防控技术领域进行了持续不懈的努力,在赤霉病病原菌致病基因、小麦赤霉病抗性基因定位、克隆及功能研究以及抗赤霉病分子育种等方面取得了重大进展。本文主要从赤霉病抗性基因资源的发掘和鉴定、不同抗源遗传基础解析、小麦赤霉病抗性基因、抗赤霉病分子标记辅助选择育种与基因聚合以及小麦抗赤霉病基因的克隆和功能研究等方面进行了综述,分析了目前小麦抗赤霉病研究中存在的问题,并提出应加强基因克隆、功能分子标记开发以及应用单体型辅助选择(HAS)和标记组辅助选择(MSAS)等小麦抗赤霉病研究的相关建议。     

单端孢霉烯族毒素的产生及分子调控机制

禾谷镰刀菌复合种(Fusarium graminearum species complex,FGSC)引起的赤霉病是小麦生产上危害最为严重的病害之一。赤霉病除了造成减产外,感病籽粒中含有多种镰刀菌毒素,如单端孢霉烯族的呕吐毒素,可引起人畜中毒和重大疾病,给食品安全构成严重威胁。过去20年,随着禾谷镰刀菌全基因组序列的公布和遗传转化体系的成熟,禾谷镰刀菌Fusarium graminearum的功能基因组学的研究取得了较大进展,单端孢霉烯族毒素的产生、调控机制及网络研究成为热点。本文综述国内外单端孢霉烯族毒素的生物合成和分子调控机制,包括合成基因簇及决定不同产毒化学型的基因、产毒调控元件、环境因子调控产毒的分子机制,可为小麦抗赤霉病的育种提供新思路,为新型药剂的研发提供分子靶标,为赤霉病的持续防控和毒素污染的有效治理提供理论依据。     

我国“十三五”育成小麦新品种（系）抗赤霉病进展分析与展望

小麦赤霉病严重威胁我国粮食和食品安全,培育抗赤霉病小麦品种是解决该病害最经济有效的途径。20世纪90年代后,以扬麦158为代表的扬麦、宁麦系列中抗赤霉病品种的育成和大面积推广有效抵御了长江中下游麦区的赤霉病危害,使我国抗赤霉病育种处于国际领先水平。尽管全球明确了7个抗赤霉病基因,为开展抗赤霉病育种提供了重要支撑,但由于赤霉病抗性机制复杂,实现高抗与高产的协调仍极其困难,抗赤霉病仍是当前及未来我国小麦育种的主要目标。对“十三五”期间我国小麦新品系和审定品种的抗性情况以及我国抗赤霉病育种方面取得的进展进行了综述,并提出了重视挖掘和利用扬麦等推广品种中优异抗性基因、将Fhb1导入扬麦等主栽品种的育种技术路线和重视表型精准鉴定等建议,以期为实现我国抗赤霉病育种突破提供借鉴。     

禾谷镰刀菌蛋白激酶研究进展

由禾谷镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病是小麦生产最重要的真菌病害之一,除了造成严重的产量损失外,其病原菌还会产生多种真菌毒素危害人畜健康。蛋白激酶在禾谷镰刀菌生长发育、植物侵染和胁迫应答等方面具有重要作用。综述了禾谷镰刀菌主要蛋白激酶在生物学功能和分子作用机制等方面的研究进展,并对未来禾谷镰刀菌蛋白激酶的研究趋势进行了展望,以期为今后禾谷镰刀菌蛋白激酶的研究与小麦赤霉病的防治提供理论参考。     

植物细胞工程在小麦抗赤霉病育种中的应用

小麦赤霉病是全球性小麦病害,严重影响小麦产量和品质,赤霉菌产生的毒素进一步威胁人畜安全,培育抗病品种是控制小麦赤霉病危害的根本途径。植物细胞工程技术可创造新的遗传变异、加快育种进程,已经广泛应用于小麦抗赤霉病育种。概述了体细胞无性系变异诱导、花药培养、小麦与玉米杂交培育加倍单倍体以及幼胚培养一年多代快速成苗等植物细胞工程技术研究进展,着重介绍了其在抗小麦赤霉病育种中的应用。最后对未来发展趋势做了展望,植物细胞工程结合分子育种技术将在小麦抗赤霉病品种培育中发挥更重要的作用。     

小麦隐匿柄锈菌与小麦互作不同阶段的基因差异表达分析

[目的]小麦叶锈病是影响小麦生产主要病害之一,其病原菌新小种的出现和劣势小种上升为优势小种导致抗病品种的抗病性不断被克服.小麦隐匿柄锈菌与小麦互作不同阶段差异表达谱分析对于揭示该病菌致病的分子机制,进而有效防控小麦叶锈病具有重要意义.[方法]利用转录组分析小麦隐匿柄锈菌致病生理小种与感叶锈病小麦品种MuTcLr19亲和...     

不同药剂对小麦赤霉病和白粉病的田间防效试验评价

小麦赤霉病和小麦白粉病是小麦生产中的重要病害,本研究通过田间试验明确了不同药剂对小麦赤霉病和白粉病的综合控制效果.试验结果表明,试验药剂对小麦赤霉病的防治效果较好,病穗防效和相对防效均达90%以上,其中氟唑菌酰羟胺防治效果最佳,病穗防效在94%以上,相对防效在93%以上.小麦白粉病于发病初期用药,防控效果最佳,大发生年份若发病初期用药仍不能控制其扩展,可在扬花初期使用40%环丙唑醇结合小麦赤霉病一并防控.     

浅议小麦赤霉病抗性类型与鉴定方法的对应性

由镰孢菌引起的赤霉病是小麦的重要病害,其抗性比较复杂。准确可靠的鉴定和评价方法是抗性改良成功的前提。评述了小麦赤霉病抗性类型及其不同赤霉病抗性鉴定和评价方法的优缺点,重点讨论了抗性类型与抗性鉴定方法的对应性。希望对赤霉病表型鉴定、不同抗性类型的理解和评价以及抗性改良有借鉴意义。     

小麦赤霉病新抗源的发掘与抗性位点的检测分析

小麦赤霉病是由禾谷镰刀菌引起的世界性重要病害,发掘优异的抗性种质资源、培育抗病品种是持续防治赤霉病最经济且环境友好的措施。为发掘新的赤霉病抗源,本研究于2017—2021年在弥雾保湿大棚中,采用单花滴注法对642份小麦种质资源的赤霉病抗扩展性进行鉴定,同时利用已知抗赤霉病基因/位点Fhb1~Fhb7的分子标记对筛选出的抗性种质基因型进行分析。结果表明,不同年份间赤霉病病小穗率的相关性均达到极显著水平。筛选到3年及以上赤霉病抗性优于扬麦158的种质81份,主要来自长江中下游麦区,其中33份种质连续4年抗性优于扬麦158;筛选到3年及以上抗性与苏麦3号相当的种质9份,分别为望水白、Grandin、浩麦1号、剑子麦、魁小麦、农林26、软秆洋麦、苏麦2号和武农6号,其中剑子麦、软秆洋麦、苏麦2号和Grandin连续4年抗性与苏麦3号相当。对抗性种质携带的抗赤霉病基因/位点进行分析发现,浩麦1号、冀师7225-28、南农13Y110、石优17和武农6号不携带任何已知抗赤霉病基因/QTL,为小麦抗赤霉病研究和品种培育提供了新的种质资源和理论依据。     

Fusarium head blight: distribution in wheat in Latvia

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat has, in recent years, been a very important worldwide disease in intensive growing of cereal. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the occurrence of FHB in wheat in Latvia and to identify the Fusarium species involved. This paper describes the distribution of Fusarium species that were isolated from samples representing winter and spring wheat varieties in Latvia, identified both by the classical morphological analyses of J. Leslie and B. Summerell (2006) and by PCR. The FHB incidence range in winter wheat was 1-20%, in spring wheat was 1-42%. The most significant factor affecting the incidence of fusarial head blight in wheat in Latvia was heightened temperature at the time of an thesis of wheat. In winter wheat 9 Fusarium species caused FHB: F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. equiseti, F. poae, F. oxysporum, F. cerealis, F. sporotrichoides and F. verticillioides were identified by morphological characterization, and 5 were confirmed by PCR-analysis. After experience of 5 years, it can be concluded that the most frequent in winter wheat were F. poae and F. culmorum. In spring wheat from F. culmorum was dominant among 8 Fusarium species. Among 13 varieties of spring wheat, three were sensitive ('Chamsin', 'W 166', 'Azurite') and one was resistant ('Granny') to FHB in conditions of high natural infection in 2009. The monitoring surveys demonstrate a significant presence of FHB in spring wheat in conditions of heightened temperature at the time of flowering in Latvia.     

A model wheat cultivar for transformation to improve resistance to Fusarium Head Blight

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum, is a major disease problem in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Genetic engineering holds significant potential to enhance FHB resistance in wheat. Due to the requirement of screening for FHB resistance on flowers at anthesis, the number of screens carried out in a year is limited. Our objective was to evaluate the feasibility of using the rapid-maturing dwarf wheat cultivar Apogee as an alternative genotype for transgenic FHB resistance research. Our transformation efficiency (number of transgenic plants/number of embryos) for Apogee was 1.33%. Apogee was also found to exhibit high FHB susceptibility and reached anthesis within 4 weeks. Interestingly, microsatellite marker haplotype analysis of the chromosome 3BS FHB resistant quantitative trait locus (QTL) region indicated that this region maybe deleted in Apogee. Our results indicate that Apogee is particularly well suited for accelerating transgenic FHB resistance research and transgenic wheat research in general. C.A. Mackintosh and D.F. Garvin contributed equally to the article and should be considered co-first authors     

Selection and evaluation of the potential of choline-metabolizing microbial strains to reduce Fusarium head blight

Choline and betaine are found in wheat flower tissues and have been implicated in stimulating hyphal growth of the primary causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), Gibberella zeae. Choline metabolizing strains (CMS) from wheat anthers may therefore be a useful source of antagonists of G. zeae. One-hundred twenty-three of 738 microbial strains that were recovered from wheat anthers collected from plants grown in Illinois and Ohio were CMS as determined by growth in a liquid medium containing choline as a sole carbon and nitrogen source and a colorimetric, choline oxidase-based assay of culture filtrate. Thirty-one out of 123 CMS reduced FHB disease severity by at least 25% in greenhouse tests on wheat and 17 reduced FHB severity by at least 50%. All five CMS selected for field testing in 2003 reduced disease severity compared to the untreated check at both field locations on moderately resistant cultivar Freedom. Freedom wheat treated with Pseudomonas sp. AS 64.4 had 63% and 46% less FHB severity than untreated wheat at the two sites. Three of five CMS reduced severity at both locations on susceptible cultivar Pioneer Brand 2545. Disease control was comparable to that obtained using the fungicide Folicur 3.6F. Selection of wheat anther colonists for ability to utilize choline as a sole carbon and nitrogen source has utility as a screening tool in the search for efficacious antagonists of G. zeae although choline utilization does not insure that an isolate will be an effective biocontrol agent against Fusarium head blight.     

sRNA的研究概述及其在小麦赤霉病防治中的应用展望

赤霉病是小麦中最难攻克的真菌性病害之一,不仅能够引起小麦减产,而且会造成DON毒素污染,目前小麦赤霉病的防控仍面临瓶颈。近年来,植物小分子非编码RNA(small noncoding RNA, sRNA)在植物抗病中的作用引起了广泛的关注。sRNA以其分子量小、可移动、靶向更精准等特点,理论上可以作为生物防治赤霉病制剂的主要成分。阐述了sRNA在植物抗病中的研究进展以及利用sRNA特异、高效防治赤霉病的可行性,以期为赤霉病的防治提供新策略。     

Selection and evaluation of the potential of choline-metabolizing microbial strains to reduce Fusarium head blight

Choline and betaine are found in wheat flower tissues and have been implicated in stimulating hyphal growth of the primary causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), Gibberella zeae. Choline metabolizing strains (CMS) from wheat anthers may therefore be a useful source of antagonists of G. zeae. One-hundred twenty-three of 738 microbial strains that were recovered from wheat anthers collected from plants grown in Illinois and Ohio were CMS as determined by growth in a liquid medium containing choline as a sole carbon and nitrogen source and a colorimetric, choline oxidase-based assay of culture filtrate. Thirty-one out of 123 CMS reduced FHB disease severity by at least 25% in greenhouse tests on wheat and 17 reduced FHB severity by at least 50%. All five CMS selected for field testing in 2003 reduced disease severity compared to the untreated check at both field locations on moderately resistant cultivar Freedom. Freedom wheat treated with Pseudomonas sp. AS 64.4 had 63% and 46% less FHB severity than untreated wheat at the two sites. Three of five CMS reduced severity at both locations on susceptible cultivar Pioneer Brand 2545. Disease control was comparable to that obtained using the fungicide Folicur 3.6F. Selection of wheat anther colonists for ability to utilize choline as a sole carbon and nitrogen source has utility as a screening tool in the search for efficacious antagonists of G. zeae although choline utilization does not insure that an isolate will be an effective biocontrol agent against Fusarium head blight.