Polysaccharide Elicitor from the Endophyte <i>Bionectria</i> sp. Fat6 Improves Growth of Tartary Buckwheat under Drought Stress

Drought can limit the growth and reduce the yield of crops, but the safe and effective bio-approach to improve the drought resistance of crops is very little. We conducted an experiment in which we monitored the effects of polysaccharide from the endophyte Bionectria sp. Fat6 on the growth of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn) seedlings under control and drought-stressed conditions by determining gas exchange, photosynthesis parameters, photosynthetic pigment contents, and metabolite accumulation. Results indicated that the polysaccharide from endophyte stimulated plant growth and increased the aboveground biomass, root mass, and root/shoot ratio of Tartary buckwheat. Application of the polysaccharide to drought-stressed plants resulted in a significant increase in the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of Tartary buckwheat and decreased the intercellular CO₂ concentration. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a + b, and carotenoids in leaves were higher in polysaccharide-treated seedlings than that in control. Polysaccharide notably increased the soluble protein and proline content and decreased the malondialdehyde content in Tartary buckwheat leaves. The endophytic polysaccharide may protect Tartary buckwheat against drought by improving leaf gas exchange and photosynthetic capacity, and altering concentrations of protective metabolites. Together, these changes may compensate for the negative impacts of drought stress on the growth of Tartary buckwheat. Thus, the polysaccharide from the endophyte Bionectria sp. Fat6 may be an effective biotic elicitor and a promising bio-approach to improve Tartary buckwheat production worldwide.     

小麦叶片色素含量的高光谱监测

连续两年采用不同小麦品种在不同施氮水平下进行大田试验,建立了小麦叶片色素含量的光谱定量监测模型.结果表明,叶片色素含量随着施氮水平的增加而提高,品种间存在差异,叶绿素(Chl) a+b相对含量随生育时期的变化较Chl b和类胡萝卜素(Car)更为明显.群体叶片色素含量的敏感波段主要存在于可见光区,其中,红边区域表现显著.红边位置参数REP_LE和REP_IG与叶绿素关系较为密切,REP_LE的表现较好.以REP_LE为变量对Chl a、Chl b和Chl a+b进行方程拟合,决定系数R²分别为0.835、0.841和0.840;对Car含量进行方程拟合,其R²显著下降,且光谱参数间差异较小.经独立数据的检验表明,红边位置的估算结果较好,以REP_IG为变量对Chl b进行预测,模型测试的R²和RE分别为0.632和18.2%;以REP_LE为变量对Chl a、Chl a+b和Car含量进行预测,R²分别为0.805、0.744和0.588,RE分别为9.0%、9.7%和14.6%.表明红边位置与叶片色素含量关系密切且表现稳定,利用REP_LE可以对小麦叶片Chl a和Chl a+b含量进行可靠的监测.     

模拟大气硫酸铵污染对香樟幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

通过室内盆栽实验研究了大气颗粒污染物硫酸铵对香樟幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明,香樟幼苗叶片涂抹硫酸铵处理对植物生长无显著影响;低浓度硫酸铵(2 g·L^-1)提高了叶片叶绿素含量,而高浓度(4 g·L^-1)却降低了叶片叶绿素含量;与对照相比,低浓度处理的香樟叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度与蒸腾速率无显著差异;高浓度处理的香樟叶片净光合速率与蒸腾速率高于对照,而气孔导度与胞间二氧化碳浓度与对照无显著差异。机理分析表明,硫酸铵颗粒物主要通过影响叶片气孔导度来影响植物光合特性。     

香果树实生苗的光合特性及其与环境因子的关系

为确定香果树实生苗的适生环境并为其自然更新提出有针对性策略,研究了不同生境(冠下、冠缘、林窗和林缘)中2年生香果树实生苗的净光合速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素含量、苗高、基径、生物量等的变化及其与生态因子之间的关系.结果表明: 4种生境中的光合有效辐射最大值为50～1380 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,冠下和冠缘中香果树实生苗的净光合速率日变化呈单峰型,而林窗和林缘实生苗的净光合速率日变化呈双峰型;香果树实生苗为耐阴植物,但耐阴能力较弱,其功能叶的光饱和点、补偿点和暗呼吸在4种生境中大小顺序为: 林缘>林窗>冠缘>冠下,表观量子效率的变化规律与之相反;林窗和冠缘2种生境中香果树实生苗的适应能力较强,叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率和净光合速率较高;林窗中香果树实生苗叶片的叶绿素含量较低,但实生苗的生长速度最快,生物量最大;香果树实生苗的净光合速率与光合有效辐射和气孔导度呈显著正相关.对于冠下生境,需降低林冠层密度,增加透光率,以利于香果树实生苗的光合作用;对于林缘生境,则需要增加植被盖度,降低光照强度,以利于其快速生长.     

重庆石灰岩地区木豆与十大功劳叶片气体交换的比较

对重庆石灰岩地区固氮植物木豆与非固氮植物十大功劳叶片气体交换进行了比较研究.结果表明木豆的日均净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（E）、气孔导度（Gs）和光能利用效率（LUE）均大于十大功劳,但两者的水分利用效率（WUE）没有差别.净光合速率在中午出现了较明显的光合＂午休＂现象.经分析木豆的光合午休主要由气孔因素引起,而十大功劳的光合午休现象以非气孔因素为主.同样,在季节变化中木豆的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（E）、气孔导度（Gs）和光能利用效率（LUE）的季节均值也均大于十大功劳,但水分利用效率（WUE）却相反.木豆和十大功劳的叶绿素含量的季节变化与净光合速率季节变化趋势基本一致,木豆的叶绿素含量呈8月份高峰的单峰曲线,而十大功劳在8月份和10月份各有一高峰.木豆的叶绿素a/b的季节变化呈递减趋势,相反,十大功劳呈上升趋势.经分析,木豆和十大功劳的净光合速率的季节变化与叶绿素含量的季节变化相关联.木豆单位叶重的含氮量季节均值为37.6mg/g,明显高于十大功劳的14.8 mg/g,说明木豆的高固氮能力导致了木豆的高光合能力.但木豆的水分利用效率不如十大功劳,说明有高光合能力的固氮植物木豆在石灰岩地区的植被恢复中也存在其不适应的因素,但木豆是否真正适应干旱环境还需要进行全面的水分生理的研究.     

Leaf shape,stomata density and photosynthetic rate of the common oak leaves

Leaf shape and size, stomata dimensions and density, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of the common oak leaves were investigated in shoots of various growth phases (polycyclic growth). Mean and maximal daily net photosynthetic rates, shoot length, leaf area, stomatal density and chlorophyll contents were significantly higher in shoots of the second growth phase. Intraspecific differences in leaf shape were found within each shoot growth phase.     

Differential adaptation of two varieties of common bean to abiotic stress: II. Acclimation of photosynthesis

The photosynthetic characteristics of two contrasting varieties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) have been determined. These varieties, Arroz and Orfeo, differ in their productivity under stress conditions, resistance to drought stress, and have distinctly different stomatal behaviour. When grown under conditions of high irradiance and high temperature, both varieties displayed evidence of photosynthetic acclimation at the chloroplast level-there was an increase in chlorophyll a/b ratio, a decreased content of Lhcb proteins, and an increased xanthophyll cycle pool size. Both varieties also showed reduced chlorophyll content on a leaf area basis and a decrease in leaf area. Both varieties showed an increase in leaf thickness but only Arroz showed the characteristic elongated palisade cells in the high light-grown plants; Orfeo instead had a larger number of smaller, rounded cells. Differences were found in stomatal development: whereas Arroz showed very little change in stomatal density, Orfeo exhibited a large increase, particularly on the upper leaf surface. It is suggested that these differences in leaf cell structure and stomatal density give rise to altered rates of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Whereas, Arroz had the same photosynthetic rate in plants grown at both low and high irradiance, Orfeo showed a higher photosynthetic capacity at high irradiance. It is suggested that the higher yield of Orfeo compared with Arroz under stress conditions can be explained, in part, by these cellular differences.     

边缘效应带促进红松生长的光合生理生态学研究

以一个经过12a边缘效应带处理的14年生红松幼林生态系统为研究对象,通过对3种宽度(4m,6m,8m)边缘效应带及保留带内红松幼树的光合日进程、碳素日积累量及相关生理生态学因子(光照、气孔导度、小枝木质部水势、叶片温度、叶面饱和蒸气压亏缺)的研究,探讨了造成不同效应带和保留带内红松生长差异的光合生理生态学原因。结果：4m效应带光照不足引起的碳素日积累量过低导致红松生长较差,8m效应带气孔导度过低引起的光合午休现象导致了碳素日积累量低、红松生长较差。8m效应带引起气孔导度下降的因素主要是过强光照引起叶片温度较高、叶面饱和蒸气压亏缺较大以及小枝木质部水势过低。研究认为,太宽的8m带和太窄的4m带都在一定程度上引起了光合生理生态学的不适应,导致生长水平下降,6m宽度的边缘效应带是人工促进红松生长的最佳边缘效应带。     

Impact of nitrogen supply on growth,steviol glycosides and photosynthesis in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni

This work investigated the agronomic, physiological and biochemical response of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni grown under different nitrogen (N) rates. A pot trial in open air conditions was set up in 2012 with the aim to evaluate the effect of four N rates on the biometric and productive characteristics, steviol glycoside (SG) content as well as on leaf gas exchanges, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, Rubisco activity and N use efficiency. N deficiency caused a decrease in leaf N content, chlorophylls and photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation, resulting in a lower dry matter accumulation as well as in reduced SG production. The application of 150 kg N ha^? 1 seems to be the most effective treatment to improve rebaudioside A (Reb A) content, Reb A/stevioside ratio, photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation, stomatal conductance, N use efficiency, ribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and PSII efficiency. The results demonstrate that by using an appropriate N rate it is possible to modulate the SG biosynthesis, with a significant increase in the Reb A content and in the ratio between Reb A and stevioside. This finding is of great relevance in order to obtain a raw material designed to meet consumer needs and bio-industry requirements for high-quality, Reb A content, and safe and environmentally friendly products.     

低氧胁迫下24-表油菜素内酯对黄瓜幼苗叶片光合特性及多胺含量的影响

采用1/2 Hoagland营养液培养,研究了低氧胁迫下24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对黄瓜幼苗叶片光合特性及多胺含量的影响.结果表明：低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)显著下降,而叶绿素含量显著提高,幼苗生长受抑;低氧胁迫显著提高了黄瓜幼苗叶片的腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)、多胺(PAs)含量和Put/PAs,但降低了(Spd+Spm) /Put.低氧胁迫下,外源EBR不仅显著提高了黄瓜幼苗的P_n、g_s、T_r及叶绿素含量,也显著提高了黄瓜幼苗叶片的游离态Spm、结合态Spd、Spm及束缚态Put、Spd、Spm含量,促进了PAs的进一步积累,且降低了Put/PAs,提高了(Spd+Spm)/Put．可见,外源EBR调节了黄瓜幼苗内源多胺含量及形态的变化,维持了较高的光合性能,促进了叶面积和干物质量的显著增加,缓解了低氧胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的伤害.     

镉胁迫下硒对罗汉果组培苗光合特性的影响

实验以罗汉果组培苗为材料,室内栽培在内装市售营养土的塑料盆中,以0、10、50、100、200mg·kg-1浓度镉离子和1mg·kg-1浓度硒处理,培养20d后分析罗汉果幼苗的相关光合生理指标。结果表明:低浓度Cd2+对叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)影响不大或稍有上升,但高浓度镉离子处理植株叶片的叶绿素含量、光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)明显下降;随Cd2+处理浓度的增加,叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈现上升趋势;加硒则延缓叶绿素下降,促进光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)上升,降低叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci)。表明高浓度镉离子的毒害导致罗汉果组培苗叶片光合性能受到伤害,从而影响罗汉果幼苗生长。镉硒混合处理反映出硒对镉的毒害有缓解作用。     

Differences in stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics of five diploidy wheat species

Five diploidy wheat species were chosen as research materials to determine the differences in stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics. The results of the study showed that species with S genomes (Ae. Sect. Sitopsis) had the largest values in stomatal length, girth and area, and the lowest values in stomatal width, density and index. On the contrary, the species with D genomes (Ae. Tauschii) had the highest values in stomatal width, density and index, and the lowest values in stomatal length, girth and area. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were higher in species with D genomes (Ae. Tauschii) and lower in species with S genomes (Ae. Sect. Sitopsis), respectively. The net photosynthetic rate showed significant correlation with stomatal conductivity, and the changes in intercellular CO₂ content showed the opposite trend to the changes in stomatal limitation, indicating that the stomatal conductivity is the main factor limiting the photosynthetic rate. T. urartu with higher net photosynthetic ability showed higher values in stomatal conductivity and stomatal limitation, and lower values in intercellular CO₂ content. However, T. boeoticum showed the opposite trend. T. urartu had higher values of chlorophyll content in flag leaf area, while T. boeoticum had lower values, indicating that there might be higher chlorophyll content.     

水分胁迫下烯效唑对百日草幼苗光合特性及叶解剖结构的影响

以百日草‘芳菲1号’为试材,研究不同水分胁迫下烯效唑(S3307)对其幼苗生长、光合特性及叶解剖结构的影响,以明确S3307对百日草的抗旱作用及其机理。结果显示:(1)在水分胁迫下,百日草的生长均受到不同程度的抑制,叶绿素含量显著降低,光合作用受到抑制,叶解剖结构有所变化。(2)S3307处理后,均能够显著降低所对应的不同程度水分胁迫下百日草的株高,显著增加茎粗、叶面积、叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度和根冠比,显著增加叶绿素含量,提高百日草的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)。研究表明,S3307能够提高百日草的抗旱性,而且在轻度和中度水分胁迫下Pn的下降主要是由气孔因素引起,而在重度水分胁迫下光合速率的下降是由非气孔因素引起的。     

Improvement of Selected Morphological,Physiological, and Biochemical Parameters of Banana (<i>Musa acuminata</i> L.) Using Potassium Silicate under Drought Stress Condition Grown <i>in vitro</i>

Drought stress has become more common in recent years as a result of climate change impacts on the production of banana crops and other fruit trees. The growth and productivity of Musa spp are severely impacted by the gradual degradation of water resources and the erratic distribution pattern of annual precipitation amount. The aim of the work includes increased drought tolerance in light of water scarcity in the world as a result of the bananas’ being gluttonous for water needs. This investigation was carried out from 2019 to 2020 to study the effect of potassium silicate on morphological growth and biochemical parameters of Musa acuminata L under drought stress by PEG. As a result, drought stress reduced the morphological characteristics such as shoots number, shoot length, roots number, and survival percentage and biochemical characteristics such as chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, stomatal status, and RWC. While proline content increased in the leaf of M. acuminata L. Media complemented with K₂SiO₃ (2 to 6 mM) either individually or in combination with PEG led to an improvement in all morphological and biochemical characteristics. The activities of CAT, POD, and PPO enzymes increased signifi- cantly compared to control. Furthermore, the lowest PPO, CAT, and POD activity were achieved. Additionally, K₂SiO₃ treatments under drought stress successfully enhanced the leaf stomatal behavior. Our results suggest that K₂SiO₃ can help to maintain plant integrity in the tested cultivar under drought stress.     

二倍体小麦种间气孔与光合特征差异

选取5个二倍体小麦种为实验材料,利用数码图像显微镜处理系统、气体交换参数测定系统和叶绿素荧光动力学参数测定系统,研究了二倍体小麦种间气孔特征与光合特性的差异.结果表明,二倍体小麦种间气孔和光合特征存在较大的差异:其中S基因型(Ae.Sect.Sitopsis)的气孔长度、周长和面积最大,而其宽度、密度和气孔指数却是最小的;D基因型(Ae.Tauschii)的气孔宽度、密度和气孔指数最大,而其长度、周长和面积却是最小的;D基因型(Ae.Tauschii)的净光合速率最大,而S基因型(Ae.Sect.Sitopsis)的净光合速率最小.气孔周长与气孔面积呈显著正相关关系,而气孔密度与气孔面积呈显著负相关关系.二倍体小麦的净光合速率与气孔导度呈显著正相关关系,同时气孔限制值的变化趋势与细胞间隙CO2浓度的变化趋势相反,说明二倍体小麦的光合能力主要受气孔限制.在几个种中,乌拉尔图小麦(T.urartu)具有较高的净光合速率和气孔导度,同时细胞间隙CO2浓度最低,气孔限制值最大,在光合能力和耐光抑制方面有较明显的优势;而野生一粒小麦(T.boeoticum)则在光合能力和耐光抑制方面不存在优势.同时,乌拉尔图小麦(T.urartu)的叶绿素含量最高,而野生一粒小麦(T.boeoticum)最低,叶绿素含量可能也是造成二倍体种间光合能力差异的原因之一.     

水分胁迫下臭柏（Sabina vulgaris Ant.）光合特性和色素组成的季节变化

在室内砾耕栽培条件下,通过培养液中加入PEG(Polyethylene glycol 分子量为6000)以调节溶液渗透势,设置对照、弱水分胁迫和强水分胁迫3种处理 (培养液渗透势分别为0.02,-0.1,-0.34 MPa), 从1997年开始对臭柏进行长期干旱胁迫模拟实验.2003年测定了臭柏叶片光合色素和光合特性的季节变化.结果表明:对照区气孔导度季节变化在5月和9月份形成了典型的双峰曲线.尽管对照区的气孔导度明显高于其他两个处理,但日光合量却低于弱水分胁迫区.3个处理Chl a/b的比值在11月至翌年3月的低温期内均升高,以强水分胁迫区的增幅最大,其它月份该比值在3个处理之间没有显著的差异.3个处理的叶绿素总量(Chl a+b)在生长季的5～9月份均有不同程度的上升,但其中以强水分胁迫区增幅最小.在11月至翌年3月的低温期,各处理均大幅提高叶黄素总量(V+A+Z)和热耗散色素比例(A+Z)/(V+A+Z) (V:紫黄质、A:单环氧玉米黄质、Z:玉米黄质);在5～7月份的生长高峰期,各处理则明显降低了叶黄素总量和热耗散色素比例.这种趋势在强水分胁迫区表现的更为显著.     

Stay-green trait-antioxidant status interrelationship in durum wheat (Triticum durum) flag leaf during post-flowering

Three independent durum wheat mutant lines that show delayed leaf senescence or stay-green (SG) phenotype, SG196, SG310 and SG504, were compared to the parental genotype, cv. Trinakria, with respect to the photosynthetic parameters and the cellular redox state of the flag leaf in the period from flowering to senescence. The SG mutants maintained their chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate for longer than Trinakria, thus revealing a functional SG phenotype. They also showed a better redox state as demonstrated by: (1) a lower rate of superoxide anion production due to generally higher activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase in all of the SG mutants and also of the total peroxidase in SG196; (2) a higher thiol content that can be ascribed to a higher activity of the NADPH-providing enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in all of the SG mutants and also of the NADP⁺-dependent malic enzyme in SG196; (3) a lower pro-oxidant activity of lipoxygenase that characterises SG196 and SG504 mutants close to leaf senescence. Overall, these results show a general relationship in durum wheat between the SG phenotype and a better redox state. This relationship differs across the different SG mutants, probably as a consequence of the different set of altered genes underlying the SG trait in these independent mutant lines.     

镉胁迫对草莓光合的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了Cd胁迫对草莓叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度的影响.结果表明,Cd降低草莓叶片中的叶绿素总量,并改变叶绿素a和叶绿素b的比例;Cd降低草莓叶的光合速率和气孔导度,但在Cd胁迫初期,低浓度的Cd对草莓叶的光合速率和气孔导度有促进作用;Cd还降低草莓叶片的蒸腾速率和胞间CO₂浓度,其中,胞间CO₂浓度的降低幅度相对较小.     

两种生态型榕树的叶绿素含量、荧光特性和叶片气体交换日变化的比较研究

比较盆栽 生榕树和两栖型树的形态差异、叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光特性和气体交换的日变化。两栖型榕树具有较发达的气生根和水生不定根,叶片比陆生榕树宽,并有向中生性 倾向,陆生榕树的叶绿素含量比两栖榕树高,净光合速率略高于水培两栖型榕树,但明显高于土培两栖型榕树,蒸腾速率以水培两栖型树最高,陆生榕树次之,土培两栖型榕树最低,线性回归分析表明,三者的叶片气孔导度与净光合速率变化均呈正相关,气孔导度的变化     

NaCl胁迫对大米草光合·蒸腾等生理特性的影响

研究了NaCl胁迫下大米草净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr),叶片气孔导度(Gs)、细胞问CO_2浓度(Ci)、株高、叶长、叶宽、茎粗、叶绿素含量、气孔限制值和水分利用效率.结果表明:当NaCl浓度高于300mmol/L时,大米草Pn、Tr、Gs、株高、叶长以及叶绿素含量受到显著抑制(P＜0.05),叶宽及茎粗则无显著性差异.NaCl胁迫下,大米革光合速率的降低是气孔因素和非气孔因素综合导致的结果,Pn、Tr、Gs、株高以及叶绿素含量的降低可作为大米草受NaCl胁迫的症状,而WUE则保持在较高的水平,因此在防治大米草蔓延时,排水处理不是最佳选择.