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1.
在西双版纳282科近5000种高等植物中,有外来植物153科1127种,其中药用、花卉和可食用种类分别占39.0%、33.9%和20.3%。外来植物集中分布在植物园和当地居民的庭院中,并沿道路向外扩散。外来植物丰富了西双版纳的物种多样性,促进了地方经济发展,但少数杂草类入侵物种的生态危害很明显。  相似文献   

2.
山东省外来植物的区系特征及空间分布   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
外来植物及其生态入侵对当地生物多样性保护和生态系统产生的不利影响,是目前生态学研究的热点之一。本文在文献查阅和野外调查基础上,建立了山东省外来植物数据库,并对其组成、地理区系、空间分布等进行统计分析,结果表明:1)山东省现有外来植物共827种,隶属122科,416属,其中境外外来种348种;2)外来植物比例高,占山东植物区系的39.03%,且优势科和表征科明显;3)外来植物属的地理分布多样,温带成分占优势(52.51%),热带成分丰富(44.06%);4)外来植物来源地和分布地相对集中,反映了环境因子和人类活动在入侵因素中的共同影响;5)温带气候带来源的植物较易入侵山东。  相似文献   

3.
广州的外来植物   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
该文分析了127种广州外来植物的种类及其生长型、原产地、现状、生境和季节变化。结果表明:具有较强繁殖能力的草本、灌木和藤本植物以及一些世界广布或热带性科属的植物和原产美洲、非洲的一些植物具有较强的入侵能力;受人为干扰较强的路边、荒地、池塘、果园、菜园和人工林容易为外来植物入侵,而人为干扰较少的自然生境则不易为外来植物入侵。此外,文章对物种的入侵性和生境的入侵性问题进行了讨论,认为这实际上是一个问题的两个方面,物种的入侵性总是与被入侵的生境联系在一起并相互影响的。  相似文献   

4.
自然保护区是抵御外来物种入侵的重要屏障, 然而人类活动可能增加外来入侵物种扩散的风险, 导致自然保护区面临不同程度的入侵。为了对比研究自然保护区内外以及不同保护区之间外来入侵草本植物的分布格局及其与人类活动的关系, 本文基于贵州省四个国家级自然保护区(赤水桫椤、习水、梵净山和麻阳河) 380个样方的调查数据, 运用双因素方差分析和非度量多维标度分析方法分析了保护区内外的外来入侵草本植物多样性和物种组成差异, 并利用冗余分析探讨了影响不同保护区内外来入侵草本植物分布的关键人类活动因子。赤水桫椤、习水、梵净山和麻阳河4个保护区共调查发现外来入侵草本植物46种, 隶属于18科37属, 其中, 4个保护区内分别有16、18、7和20种, 保护区外分别有17、10、24和20种。赤水桫椤和梵净山保护区外的外来入侵草本植物丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数显著高于保护区内, 而习水和麻阳河保护区内外差异不显著。梵净山保护区内的Pielou均匀度指数显著高于保护区外, 其余保护区内外差异不显著。四个保护区内外的外来入侵草本植物物种组成无明显差异。保护区内的居民量和道路长度是影响保护区内外来入侵草本植物分布格局差异的主要原因。研究结果表明, 不同保护区对外来草本植物入侵的抵御能力不同, 而人类活动程度的差异是导致其不同的原因之一。建议加强自然保护区内及周边区域人类活动管控, 减缓外来入侵植物的扩散。  相似文献   

5.
植物入侵是最严重的全球问题之一,严重破坏生态系统的结构和功能。随着植物入侵现象日益严峻,要控制和解决外来植物入侵问题,了解和掌握植物入侵机制尤为重要。本文概述了植物入侵的多种机制及不同机制间的协同作用,阐述了植物入侵过程中的化感作用、植物-土壤反馈机制、互惠共生关系,以及植物功能性状和表型可塑性对入侵过程的影响,并对多种机制协同与植物入侵轨迹的关系进行综合分析。根据分析结果将外来植物在侵入地的入侵时间轨迹分为引入、定植、建立和侵入4个阶段,把遇到的各种阻碍和促进因素融入其中,提出外来植物入侵曲线图,有助于未来对入侵植物及其影响的研究和管理。对现有的植物入侵研究方法进行分析,提出现阶段研究的不足以及未来的研究方向和目标。  相似文献   

6.
7.
    
We described the plant communities on a large landslide in a human-dominated area of tropical dry forest landscape (Casita Volcano, Nicaragua) and in the adjacent forest, 3 yr after landslide occurrence. At both sites, we determined the relationships between spatial changes in environmental factors and the spatial distribution of species and plant traits. Subsequently, we tested the hypothesis that the compositional similarity between the landslide and the forest increased with a decrease in the distance from the forest edge and the width of the landslide. In the forest, the spatial distribution of species and plant traits was determined mainly by an elevational gradient that was associated with the amount of bare soil, whereas, on the landslide, there was no such gradient but species distributions were influenced mostly by the presence of residual agricultural and forest soils and human disturbance. We did not find an increase in compositional similarity between the landslide and the forest at the edge or in the narrow zones of the landslide. Compared to other landslides, the recovery process was strongly influenced by the extreme abiotic heterogeneity, climate seasonality, and human use in the area. The study of succession in tropical dry landslides located in densely populated zones should focus on understanding the response of regional ecosystems to a complex disturbance regime in which human-induced disturbances play a major role.  相似文献   

8.
杨平  仝川 《生态学报》2012,32(16):5254-5263
森林和湿地是CO2、CH4和N2O等温室气体重要的源、汇和转换器,在全球气候变化过程中起着重要作用。森林和湿地温室气体通量受到诸多因子的作用,其中干扰便是一个重要的因素。不同干扰因素对于森林和湿地生态系统温室气体通量的影响,国际上已经开展了相应的研究。基于人为和自然两大类干扰方式,分别从采伐、施肥、垦殖等人为干扰因素和火烧、台风(飓风)等自然干扰因素综述了干扰对于森林和湿地生态系统CO2、CH4和N2O通量的影响。根据目前研究中存在的不足,提出了今后应需加强的领域,以期更好地揭示干扰对于森林和湿地生态系统温室气体通量的影响及作用机制,为今后深入开展相关研究提供一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

9.
外来木本植物入侵的生态预测与风险评价综述   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
郑景明  李俊清  孙启祥  周金星 《生态学报》2008,28(11):5549-5560
外来植物引种导致的入侵已经成为当前生物多样性保育和引种工作面临的一个紧要研究课题。综述了木本植物入侵的生态预测和生态风险评价方面的国内外相关研究进展。首先介绍了目前国内外木本植物引种的概况,对木本植物入侵的生态预测基本原理做了较为详细的总结。目前比较被认可的生态预测途径主要包括编辑入侵植物名录利用入侵历史纪录预测、物种特征作为入侵的预测指标、繁殖体压力作为建群概率的决定性因素、环境匹配作为入侵潜力的预测工具及专家意见等,并对物种特征进行了归类和分析。物种特征指标主要包括物种的繁殖和快速生长性状指标、对入侵地区局部条件和干扰体系的适应性指标、生物地理分布指标等,并指出在生态预测中单独使用这些指标是不严谨的,而应当多途径互相结合验证。同时还简介了WRA等几个应用较为广泛的实用性植物入侵风险评价系统。分析了目前国内外在木本植物入侵的生态预测方面面临的一些困难,包括入侵机理的复杂性导致的预测难度增大和可信性下降,所用数据库标准的不统一和更新的困难等,指出在进行木本植物引种的生态预测和风险评价研究的同时,必须加强相关法律法规建设,重视入侵机理研究,完善相关的数据库。出于实际情况的限制,可以借鉴国际上实用性杂草风险分析和有害生物风险分析的方法,逐步建立我国的入侵风险评价系统,以满足目前对木本植物入侵的预测和风险评价的需求。  相似文献   

10.
【目的】了解我国口岸截获的检疫性蚧类害虫情况,为口岸进一步做好植物检疫工作提供参考。【方法】收集整理2010—2019年口岸截获蚧类害虫数据,重点统计分析被截获蚧类害虫种类、时间、数量、寄主、来源地的变化和关系。【结果】2010—2019年,我国各口岸共截获检疫性蚧类害虫24541种次,年截获种次总体呈上升的趋势。截获检疫性蚧类害虫共有12种,截获频率最高的3种为无花果蜡蚧、松突圆蚧和扶桑绵粉蚧。截获该类害虫数量最多的3个关区为深圳关、南宁关和上海关。货物检疫为主要截获途径,主要截获寄主植物为榴梿、香蕉、红毛丹、番荔枝。截获货物来源地为除南极洲以外六大洲的49个国家或地区,其中尤以东南亚为主,代表国家包括泰国、越南和菲律宾。【结论】蚧类害虫的截获与进口水果贸易密切相关,在相关贸易量不断增加的背景下,应警惕蚧类害虫疫情持续传入我国的风险,建议有关部门进一步完善检疫管理体系,提升检测和监测技术水平,加强检疫处置能力。  相似文献   

11.
    
  1. Thermal waters, characterised by high water temperatures throughout the year, harbour a special flora atypical of temperate climatic conditions that are adapted to the combination of high water temperatures and low oxygen and carbonate contents. However, these ecosystems are susceptible to the invasion of tropical macrophytes because conditions in thermal waters are similar to those of in warmer latitudes.
  2. We studied the vegetation and viable seed bank in an alien‐dominated upstream section of a thermal river in Hungary, and a native‐dominated downstream section of the same river where temperature was cooler and less stable. Our hypotheses were as follows: (1) alien and native plant species are clearly separated along the river, and this separation is driven by environmental factors (water temperature, conductivity and sediment characteristics); and (2) the species composition of seed banks reflects that of the established macrophytes, and thus, the seed‐bank composition would differ in the up‐ and downstream reaches.
  3. We defined 20 sampling units in two sections of the Hévíz River in West Hungary. The vegetation was surveyed in every sampling unit, and environmental variables (sediment and water) were recorded. Five sediment cores were taken from each sampling unit and incubated in a greenhouse under waterlogged conditions.
  4. The mean seed‐bank density was lower than any of the previously published values for aquatic plant communities. In total, fewer species germinated from the seed bank than the number of species observed in the vegetation. Moreover, the Sørensen similarity index, comparing the vegetation and seed‐bank species composition, was extremely low. The lowest seed‐bank density and diversity were detected in the alien‐dominated upstream river section, where significantly fewer native species were present in the seed bank.
  5. Despite favourable conditions for alien macrophytes to establish in this thermal river, they did not build up considerable persistent seed banks. We conclude that the dominance of aliens modified the species composition of both the vegetation and the seed bank, mainly by depleting the seed bank of native species. Therefore, future efforts to restore native vegetation from the seed bank may require a number of different strategies.
  相似文献   

12.
过度使用人造夜间灯光所引发的光污染会对多种类型的生物及生态过程造成负面影响。然而, 夜间灯光是否会影响外来入侵植物的入侵频度, 以及夜间灯光对外来入侵植物与本地植物群落组成和植物生长的影响是否存在差异, 尚需进一步解析。本研究通过实地调查, 对比分析了长春市有无路灯区域的外来植物入侵频度、外来入侵植物与本地植物群落组成和多样性以及外来入侵植物与本地植物的平均株高和相对盖度的差异。结果显示: (1)夜间灯光对外来入侵植物分布频度无显著影响; (2)夜间灯光对外来入侵植物和本地植物群落的β多样性也没有显著影响, 但是显著增加外来入侵植物的丰富度(α多样性); (3)夜间灯光显著增加外来入侵植物的平均株高和相对盖度显著增加, 显著降低本地植物的相对盖度, 而对本地植物的平均株高则无显著影响。综上所述, 夜间灯光可能会进一步强化外来入侵植物的竞争优势, 增加其入侵风险。因此, 在未来外来入侵植物防控策略制定中, 应当纳入对这一因素的考量。  相似文献   

13.
    
To protect the remaining biodiversity on tropical islands it is important to predict the elevational ranges of non-native species. We evaluated two hypotheses by examining land snail faunas on the eastern (windward) side of the island of Hawaii: (1) the latitude of a species' native region can be used to predict its potential elevational range and (2) non-native temperate species, which experience greater climatic fluctuations in their native range, are more likely to become established at higher elevations and to extend over larger elevational ranges than non-native tropical species. All non-native tropical species were distributed patchily among sites ≤500 m and occupied small elevational ranges, whereas species introduced from temperate regions occupied wide elevational ranges and formed a distinct fauna spanning elevations 500–2000 m. Most native land snail species and ecosystems occur >500 m in areas dominated by temperate non-native snail and slug species. Therefore, knowing the native latitudinal region of a non-native species is important for conservation of tropical island ecosystems because it can be translated into potential elevational range if those species are introduced. Because temperate species will survive in tropical locales particularly at high elevation, on many tropical islands the last refuges of the native species, preventing introduction of temperate species should be a conservation priority.  相似文献   

14.
    
To answer the long‐standing question if we can predict plant invader success based on characteristics of the environment (invasibility) or the invasive species (invasiveness), or the combination of both, there is a need for detailed observational studies in which habitat properties, non‐native plant traits, and the resulting invader success are locally measured. In this study, we assess the interaction of gradients in the environmental and trait space on non‐native species fitness, expressed as seed production, for a set of 10 invasive and noninvasive non‐native species along a wide range of invaded sites in Flanders. In our multidimensional approach, most of the single environmental gradients (temperature, light availability, native plant species diversity, and soil fertility) and sets of non‐native plant traits (plant size, photosynthesis, and foliar chemical attributes) related positively with invader seed production. Yet correlation with seed production was much stronger when several environmental gradients were assessed in interaction, and even more so when we combined plant traits and habitat properties. The latter increased explanatory power of the models on average by 25% for invasive and by 7% for noninvasive species. Additionally, we report a 70‐fold higher seed production in invasive than in noninvasive species and fundamentally different correlations of seed production with plant traits and habitat properties in noninvasive versus invasive species. We conclude that locally measured traits and properties deserve much more attention than they currently get in invasion literature and thus encourage further studies combining this level of detail with the generality of a multiregion and multispecies approach across different stages of invasion.  相似文献   

15.
梁军  孙志强  乔杰  张星耀 《生态学报》2010,30(9):2454-2464
如何评价天然林中原生的昆虫、病原的生态功能是制定病虫害防治措施首先要明确的问题之一。依据天然林生态系统稳定性与病虫害干扰之间关系的最新研究进展,系统阐述了当前有关天然林调控病虫害爆发的多样性-稳定性假说和联合抗性假说,指出联合抗性假说的不确定性以及多样性-稳定性假说的局限性。昆虫、病原在天然林演替过程对系统整体结构、健康、稳定以及可持续性上不但发挥着重要的生态调控功能作用,在有些情况下甚至加速或改变系统的演替途径。这种生物干扰目前在林业发达国家的天然林管理策略中被视为有益的干扰元素,由此提出将模拟自然干扰作为今后天然林管理策略一项指导方针。同时指出我国对此的认识不仅较国外林业发达国家晚,而且在实践中也未能有效地整合在森林生态系统健康管理的实践中,因此这种对天然林生物干扰的新认识有助于未来我国天然林病虫害生态控制治理决策的制定。  相似文献   

16.
黄小荣 《植物研究》2020,40(3):339-346
了解森林环境中多种外来植物对多种环境因子的互作效应,可以更有针对性地应对外来入侵威胁。在南宁老虎岭林区分6个区进行样方调查,以样方所有外来植物的相对百分比作为外来植物入侵程度,利用以分区为随机截距的混合效应模型和一般线性模型来分析有关因素对入侵的影响,用R-effects包的互作效应图形化和数据提取来解释互作效应的复杂变化。多因素混合效应模型分析表明,路边对入侵的主效应为正且极显著(P=0.000),林冠郁蔽度和优势最大株高对入侵的主效应为负(P=0.000),土著物种丰富度对入侵的主效应不显著,但土著物种丰富度与路边的互作对入侵的效应极显著(P=0.007);路边的土著物种丰富度明显提升入侵抵抗性,但林内的土著物种丰富度只能微弱增加入侵抵抗性;林冠郁蔽度和优势最大株高的互作对入侵的效应极显著(P=0.004),但两个因素对入侵的限制作用非可加。一般线性模型分析表明,林龄和抚育时间对外来植物入侵的影响趋势不明显;未发现引进树种造林与乡土树种造林的林下外来植物入侵程度有差异;相对于林道的样方位置高低影响入侵程度,林道下方的样方较易被入侵。在监测或防控林业外来植物时,重点应放在低于林道的森林。  相似文献   

17.
18.
中国木本植物病原木材腐朽菌研究   总被引:9,自引:15,他引:9  
戴玉成 《菌物学报》2012,31(4):493-509
简要论述了中国木本植物致病木材腐朽菌,报道危害活立木的木腐菌152种,其中49种(占总数的34%)在中国首次报道为林木病原菌。对每个种的寄主、侵染部位、腐朽类型、发生频率及分布进行了报道。它们中有135种(占总数的89%)造成木材白色腐朽,17种导致褐色腐朽;67种为常见种,33种为偶见种,52种为少见种。  相似文献   

19.
从上海外来杂草区系剖析植物入侵的一般特征   总被引:125,自引:6,他引:125  
全球化不仅改变了世界的政治和经济格局,而且也改变了生物分布的格局,导致生物种群的重新分布,由此而产生的生物入侵已成了各国政府,国际社会和学术界所共同关心的问题,本文从上海市杂草植物区系的构成入手,揭示了该区植物入侵的特点,产生的原因以及将来的发展趋势,同时还从一般意义上探讨了入侵杂草和入侵生境的特征,植物入侵的环境和经济后果以及入侵生态学领域中重要的研究方向。  相似文献   

20.
Whether non-native plant invasions are causes, consequences, or independent of the low species diversity in recipient ecosystems remains a debated question. We tried to test these three hypotheses in the special case of the American black cherry ( Prunus serotina Ehrh.), a gap-dependent tree species, which is invading European temperate forests. We compared plant communities, soil properties, and disturbance history between P. serotina -invaded and uninvaded paired-stands in a managed mixed forest. Relationships between invasion, disturbances, plant communities, and environmental conditions were investigated using redundancy analyses with variation partitioning. Several soil characteristics differed between paired stands, but were rather components of stand invasibility than invasion effects, except for topsoil available phosphorus. The disturbance history was similar among paired stands except for the amount of storm-induced tree falls, which correlated with the invader's density. Wild boar-disturbed soil areas were more important beneath P. serotina canopies, suggesting a positive feedback on its own establishment. Overall, species assemblages in invaded and uninvaded stands were similar; their ecological inconsistency suggested a management-sustained non-equilibrium. Habitat conditions and disturbances explained most of the variation in both plant diversity and P. serotina density, the last two factors exhibiting a weak direct association. We conclude that in managed forest ecosystems where plant communities are mainly driven by non-interactive factors and immigration processes, non-native plant species can naturalize without being directly influenced by measured features of the plant community in the receiving environment on the short term.  相似文献   

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