论大白菜及其近缘芸薹属作物核不育材料的育性遗传兼基因互作的抑制效应

根据大白菜及其近缘芸薹属作物核不育材料育成的纯合两型系和杂合两型系可育株间互交F~1|可育株自交,其子代可能出现无育性分离情况或者产生13(可育株)∶3(不育株)两种表型的育性比资料,认为前者宜用复等位基因假说解释,而后者用抑制作用解释为妥。抑制作用的内涵有两种可能,一是由一对决定育性表现的育性基因与另一对不决定育性表现的抑制基因互作表现抑制作用,即抑制作用假说;二是由性质相同、作用相反且可育基因起上位作用的两对育性基因彼此互作产生抑制效应,权称之为上位抑制假说解释其育性遗传现象。 Abstract:The heading Chinese cabbage-pe-tsai and related crops genic male sterile materials can breed up homozygous two-type line and hyterozygous two-type line,intercrossing between fertile plants of this two lines,its F1 fertile plant selfed,generation show two possibles,one is being without fertility segregation,another is fertility segregation rate of 13 (fertile) ∶3(sterile).According literature above,its considerd that the former is proper to be interpreted by means of multiple alleles hypothesis,and the fertility heredity of the latter is appropriate to be interpreted using inhibition.The implecation of the inhibition has two possibilities,one is that a pair of fertility genes controlling fertility and another pair of inhibition genes not controlling fertility interact showing inhibition,i.e.,inhibiting effect hypothesis,and the other is that two pairs of fertility genes with identical property and contrary action and its fertile genes acting epistatically interact demonstrating inhibiting effect.It was temporarily here defined as epistatic inhibition hypothesis interpreting its fertility inheritance phenomenon.     

中国春小麦株高、育性近等基因系的建立及应用

以矮败小麦和中国春小麦为材料,经过杂交和连续回交,得到了中国春小麦遗传背景的分别表现矮秆不育、矮秆可育、高秆不育、高秆可育的近等基因系。根据近等基因系各成员系的株高表现,计算出矮秆基因Rht10的降秆强度是69.8%。借助于赤霉酸处理,在幼芽期就可分出矮败中国春小麦后代的不育株与可育株。 Abstract：　Use Dwarfing Male-sterile Wheat and cv. Chinese Spring as parents, after cross and continuously back cross, the isogenic lines with Chinese Spring background were developed. These lines include dwarfing male-sterile line, dwarfing fertile line, tall male-sterile line and tall fertile line. The dwarfing intensity of gene Rht10 was calculated to be 69.8% according the differences between the isogenic lines. Treated with GA3solution, the male-sterile and fertile plants in Chinese Spring Dwarfing Male-sterile Wheat can be identified clearly when they are seedlings.     

中国春小麦株高、育性近等基因系的建立及应用

以矮败小麦和中国春小麦为材料,经过杂交和连续回交,得到了中国春小麦遗传背景的分别表现矮秆不育、矮秆可育、高秆不育、高秆可育的近等基因系。根据近等基因系各成员系的株高表现,计算出矮秆基因Rht10的降秆强度是69.8%。借助于赤霉酸处理,在幼芽期就可分出矮败中国春小麦后代的不育株与可育株。 Abstract：　Use Dwarfing Male-sterile Wheat and cv. Chinese Spring as parents, after cross and continuously back cross, the isogenic lines with Chinese Spring background were developed. These lines include dwarfing male-sterile line, dwarfing fertile line, tall male-sterile line and tall fertile line. The dwarfing intensity of gene Rht10 was calculated to be 69.8% according the differences between the isogenic lines. Treated with GA3solution, the male-sterile and fertile plants in Chinese Spring Dwarfing Male-sterile Wheat can be identified clearly when they are seedlings.     

植物细胞核雄性不育的分子基础

植物细胞核雄性育性相关基因克隆,使我们对细胞核雄性育性的了解不仅局限于遗传分析和细胞学水平,而且对细胞核不育的分子基础,以及细胞核不育的分子机理也有了一定的了解。本文旨在对细胞核雄性不育相关研究的进展情况进行简要综述。 Abstract:With the cloning of nuclear male fertility genes,learning of nuclear male fertility not only limited in genetic analysis and cell biology,but also advanced in molecular basis of male nuclear sterility and postulated in possible mechanisms of nuclear male sterility.The objectives of this paper are to review the related progress of plant nuclear male sterility.     

合成甘蓝型油菜中双隐性雄性核不育材料的发现及遗传规律分析

从甘蓝型油菜与白菜型油菜的种间杂交获得的甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)中发现了雄性不育单株,兄妹交株系和不育株与甘蓝型油菜常规杂交F1和F2株系的育性分离分析表明,该不育材料属于双隐性雄性核不育类型.利用育性分离株系的可育株自交和可育株与不育株间兄妹交等方法筛选出7个纯合可育株系,等位测验表明这7个纯合可育株系(B1～B7)中存在两种基因型:Ms1Ms1ms2ms2和ms1ms1Ms2MS2.该材料对油菜核不育基因定位和杂种优势利用研究有重要意义.     

一种紫色水稻的遗传及其在光敏不育系育种中应用的研究

研究表明,本院获得的一种紫色水稻的植株色遗传受控于C、 A、Pl3个独立基因座位上显性基因的互补作用,另有一独立的显性基因对Pl基因的表达起抑制作用。由于该抑制基因在籼稻中的高频率存在,因而,紫稻与一般绿稻品种杂交F1多表现为绿株。紫稻光敏不育(株)系的不育性表达和配合力表现,均可达到与普通光敏不育系相似的水平。本文还讨论了选育籼型紫稻光敏不育系设想的可行性。 Abstract:The inheritance of a purple rice in crosses to green rices was investigated.A group of dominant and interactive genes,C,A and Pl,was found to control the expression of the trait and the other independent inhibitor I-Pl-1 to inhibit the effect of the gene Pl.Because of the wide existence of the gene I-Pl-1 in indica rice,most of F1 plants of the crosses between purple rice and green cultivars were green.The primary study indicated that,for the purple photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile lines,the degrees of the sterility and its stability in the sterile stage,and of the fertility in the fertile stage,and the combining ability levels of the purple rice were as high as the degrees and levels for the green rice.A tentative idea on breeding purple photoperiod-sensitive male-sterile lines of indica rice was suggested and its feasibility and advantage was discussed.     

重庆温光型雄性不育小麦的染色体分析

本研究采用种子醇溶蛋白酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（APAGE）和染色体C分带技术对重庆温光型雄性不育小麦的染色体组成进行分析,结果表明：不育系染色体1B短臂（1BS）已被黑麦1R短臂（1RS）取代,具有1RS/1BL易位染色体及普通小麦细胞质。 Abstract:Seed gliadin acid-polyacrlamide-gel-electrophoresis(APAGE) and chromosome C-banding techniques were used to identify chromosome constitution of Chongqing thermo-photo sensitive male sterile wheat.Results showed that 1BS of the male sterile lines was substituted by 1RS of rye.They were 1B/1R wheat with Triticum aestivum cytoplasm.     

雄性不育嵌合基因的构建及番茄转化研究

用从烟草里克隆的TA29启动子分离自Bacillus amyloliquefaciens的核糖核酸酶基因barnase,构建成雄性不育嵌合基因。再用农杆菌介导法转化番茄子叶,获得了具有雄性不育特征的转基因植株。 Abstract:The utilization of heterosis based on male sterility has great significance in raising crop yeld and improving quality.A tapetum-specific promoter TA29 from tobacco young leaves,and a Rnase gene-barnase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens have been cloned for the construction of male sterile chimeric gene.Transgenic tomato plants with male sterile property have been obtained after transformation with this gene.     

Characterization and mapping of a novel mutant sms1 （senescence and male sterility 1） in rice

Plant senescence plays diverse important roles in development and environmental responses.However,the molecular basis of plant senescence is remained largely unknown.A rice spontaneous mutant with the character of early senescence and male sterility (sms) was found in the breeding line NT10-748.In order to identify the gene SMS1 and the underlying mechanism,we preliminarily analyzed physiological and biochemical phenotypes of the mutant.The mutant contained lower chlorophyll content compared with the wild type control and was severe male sterile with lower pollen viability.Genetic analysis showed that the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene.By the map-based cloning approach,we fine-mapped SMS1 to a 67 kb region between the markers Z3-4 and Z1-1 on chromosome 8 using 1,074 F2 recessive plants derived from the cross between the mutant sms1 (japonica) × Zhenshan 97 (indica),where no known gene involved in senescence or male sterility has been identified.Therefore the SMS1 gene will be a novel gene that regulates the two developmental processes.The further cloning and functional analysis of the SMS1 gene is under way.     

从小麦雄性不育系的未授粉子房诱导单倍体植株

采用N₆培养基为基本培养基,附加不同水平的生长素,培养普通小麦、小麦雄性不育系及其保持系共10个材料的未授粉子房,所用的材料都能诱导出愈伤组织,出愈率在4.2-38.1%。经分化培养分别从T型不育系和太谷核不育材料获得了单倍体植株。供试材料的基因型、培养基中的生长素的种类及用量,对诱导愈伤组织及分化绿苗有重要的作用。 The unpollinated ovaries of male sterile lines and its manitainers of wheat, as well as common wheat, were cultured on N6 medium in vitro,when the pollen of the same panicle were at uninucleate stage. Callus were obtained from all of the materials, haploid plantlets were regenerated from the unpollinated ovaries of timopheevi cytoplasm male sterile line (T75-3369A) and Taigu nucleus male sterile line (Tal x C⁶⁸⁴₁).     

起源于组织培养的籼稻雄性不育体细胞无性系变异

IR8及IR54的成熟种子与幼穗培养在MS培养基,蔗糖6％附加生长刺激素及其它成分的条件下,在再分化植株第一代(R_1)中各发现了1株雄性不育突变(其中来自IR54的1株为育性嵌合体)。在IR24及IR54体细胞无性系第二代(R_2)各发现1个株系分离出雄性不育与育性正常两类植株。上述雄性不育有花粉败育与无花粉型两类。IR24对无花粉型的雄性不育(来自IR54)为半恢复。F_1及R_2代的育性分离完全符合15/16∶1/16的模式,表明雄性不育为两对独立的核基因所控制。通常雄性不育是通过杂交(包括远缘与品种间)理化诱变或自发突变产生的。最近在烟草上通过原生质体融合也获得了雄性不育。但从体细胞培养的无性系及其后代中获得雄性不育的突变,本研究乃属首次。     

水稻温敏核不育突变体0A15-1的育性表现及遗传学研究

水稻细胞质型雄性不育系IR69700A的幼穗经离体培养,获得一个体细胞克隆突变体0A15-1。经短日照和低温处理表明,0A15-1具有在高温下不育和低温下转为可育的特性,是一例温敏不育突变体。花粉染色显示0A15-l属于典败型不育。通过与明恢63、优B和广陆矮等多个父本的杂交,其F2和BC1群体的育性分离比都揭示0A15-1的不育性状受一对隐性核基因控制,并且为孢子体型雄性不育。该新种质可以用于对相关温敏核不育基因进行分子标记及用于两系法生产杂交水稻。     

矮败蓝标型小麦不育系的选育与研究

利用蓝粒太谷核不育硬粒小麦89-2343[AABB 4D(MS2)/4E]与普通小麦7739-3(2n=42)杂交、回交所产生的蓝粒可育株与白粒矮败材料杂交、回交,育成了一份矮败蓝粒小麦.选用13份遗传背景不同的白粒普通小麦与之杂交、回交,育成了13份矮败蓝粒小麦.对后代的粒色和育性分离进行分析,蓝粒矮败不育株占22.1%,白粒非矮秆可育株占77.7%,表明蓝粒基因、Ms2和Rht10均位于附加染色体上,且连锁紧密;但不同轮回亲本,矮败蓝粒的传递率有差异,477A的传递率最高,接近50%.细胞学分析表明矮败蓝粒小麦仍为单体附加系;探讨了矮败蓝粒小麦在群体改良和杂种小麦生产中的应用.     

茄子功能性雄性不育的遗传及其与果紫色基因连锁关系的研究

采用新育成的茄子功能性雄性不育系uGA 1-MS和2个栽培品种,进行双亲本杂交世代遗传试验,发现F_1和B_2代植株皆雄性正常,B_2和F_2代可育株和不育株呈1:1和3:1分离,表明茄子功能性雄性不育性状由单隐性基因支配,用基因符号fms表示。连锁测验数据表明基因+/fms与果紫色基因X/x紧密连锁。预期该雄性不育性可在茄子杂种优势育种和种子生产上加以利用。     

Aanlysis of short photo-periodic sensitive genic male sterility and molecular mapping of rpms3(t) gene in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using SSR markers

A research was conducted on the pollen fertility of rice sterile lines D52S and D38S responsive to photoperiod during the sensitive stage under natural and controlled conditions. Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) and recessive class approach were applied to identify DNA markers that co-segregate with gene conferring male-sterility in D52S mutant rice. The results showed that in day-light higher or equal to 14.00 h, D52S and D38S rice pollen were fertile; however, they were sterile when day-length was less than 14.00 h. They were therefore considered to be short photo-periodic sensitive genic male sterile lines(Short PGMS lines). Under short day-light conditions, the pollen fertility segregation of F₂ populations from crosses between D52S/Shuhui527 and D52S/Gui99showed 3:1 ratio of fertile to sterile plants suggestingthat male sterility in D52S was controlled by one recessive gene. Two markers RM244 and RM216 located on chromosome number 10 co-segregated completely with the rpms locus. The locus was mapped to the interval between SSR markers RM2571 (6.6 cM) and RM244 (4.6 cM).     

太空诱变玉米核不育突变体矮化的遗传及外施赤霉素分析

为了解太空诱变玉米核不育突变体矮化的遗传规律和原因,该研究以不育突变体为母本,自交系178、478为父本,对测交 F1、F2群体进行育性鉴定和株高分析,对 F2可育株进行基因型和株高分析,对姊妹交后代分离群体进行育性鉴定和株高、雄穗长度、节间数、节间长度分析,同时,还对姊妹交后代分离群体进行施赤霉素处理,调查育性和株高的变化。结果表明：178和478背景下的 F1表现出与测交母本一样的极显著差异;在178和478核背景下的 F2中,不育株株高极显著矮于可育株,两核背景下的不育株间株高差异不显著,而可育株间株高差异极显著;F2中纯合和杂合可育株的株高差异不显著;姊妹交后代分离群体中不育株株高、雄穗长度、节间数和节间长度极显著小于可育株;外施赤霉素的不育株在苗期表现出对赤霉素一定的敏感性,但株高最终未恢复正常高度。因此,得出该突变体矮化表现稳定,与不育性状并存,且不受细胞核背景的影响;核不育基因对植株株高的矮化无剂量效应;突变体的矮化与雄穗长度、节间数和节间长度有关;突变体不完全属于赤霉素不敏感型,其矮化并不是单一缺乏赤霉素而引起。该研究结果为认识太空诱变玉米核不育突变体矮化的遗传和生理机制提供了参考。     

A new source of cytoplasmic male sterility in maize induced by the nuclear gene,iojap

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) was found in plants derived from the F₂ progeny of fertile, normal cytoplasm plants of the inbred R181 pollinated with a genetic stock carrying the recessive nuclear gene, iojap. The male sterile plants were maintained by back-crossing with the inbred W182BN which maintains all known sources of cytoplasmic male sterility. The new male sterile progeny were found to exhibit stable male sterility under field conditions in two environments. However, they were partially fertile in the hot, dry summer of 1983 at Aurora, NY. It was found that these lines were restored by lines that characteristically restore cms S group cytoplasms. Pollen phenotype studies indicated that the restoration was gametophytic in nature, also characteristic of the cms S group. Agarose gel electrophoresis of undigested mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from these steriles indicated that these lines have the S-1 and S-2 episomes characteristic of the cms S group. Restriction endonuclease digest patterns of mtDNA from these sterile lines digested with BamH I indicated that these steriles fit into the CA subgroup of the cms S group. The new source of cms has been designated cms Ij-1.     

A new fertility restorer locus linked closely to the Rfo locus for cytoplasmic male sterility in radish

In this study, we have investigated a new fertility restorer (Rf) locus for cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in radish. We have obtained a CMS-Rf system consisting of sterile line '9802A1', maintainer line '9802B1' and restorer line '9802H'. F(1) plants from cross between sterile line '9802A1' and restorer line '9802H' were all male fertile, self pollination of F(1) plants produced an F(2) segregating population consisting of 600 individuals. The segregating population was found to fit a segregation ratio 3:1 for male fertile and sterile types, indicating that male fertility is restored by a single dominant gene (termed Rfo2) in the CMS-Rf system. Based on the DNA sequence of Rfo/Rfk1 (AJ535623), just one full length gene in the sterile line '9802A1', in the restorer line '9802H' and in the male fertile line '2006H', was cloned, respectively. The three sequences correspond to the same gene with two alleles: Rfob in '9802H' and rfob in '9802A1' and '2006H'. These two alleles differ from Rfo/Rfk1 and rfk1 (AJ535624) alleles by two synonymous base substitutions, respectively. Based on the differences between the Rfob and rfob genes, one PCR-based marker was developed, and designated Marker 1, which is identical to the corresponding region of Rfob by sequence analysis. In the F(2) segregating population described above, the Marker 1 was present in 5 sterile plants and in 453 fertile plants, absent in 4 fertile plants and in 138 sterile plants, and was found to fit a segregation ratio 3:1 indicating that Rfob was single copy in '9802H'. Linkage analysis showed that the Rfo2 locus for our CMS-Rf system was distant from the Rfo locus by about 1.6 cM. The sterile line '9802A1' was pollinated by the male fertile line '2006H' and the resulting F(1) plants were all male fertile. These results indicated that the male fertility of radish CMS can be restored by a new Rf locus, which linked tightly to the Rfo locus.     

植物细胞质雄性不育系育种的反向核置换技术分析

通过不育细胞质为选择背景,在田间事先鉴定出杂种后代的优异完全不育株,用花药培养或诱导孤雌生殖使其纯合,测定其配合力,可以筛选到优良的目标不育系。以下3种方法则可能通过目标不育系而获得其同型保持系：一是通过体细胞变异(花药培养)产生;二是在不育系孕穗期高温或低温处理使其转换成可育,选择仍具有不育保持能力的作为保持系,或作为轮回亲本,将其细胞核换到可育细胞质中;三是用原生质体融合的方式向不育系导入已杀死细胞核的可育细胞质而获得配套保持系。它可以使杂种优势利用变得有预见性,可能提高现有杂种优势水平。在创造雄性不育新质源,排除微效可育基因,进行不育系的定向改造,选育高配合力不育系,以及加速育种进程等方面具有重要价值。