吉林爆玉米遗传距离与杂种优势关系的研究

根据吉林省80个爆玉米自交系数量性状的表现,估算了它们之间的遗传距离。又估算了这80个自交系间随机组配的67个杂交组合F1代小区产量、爆粒率和膨胀倍数的杂种优势。相关和回归分析表明,F1代产量的对照优势与其双亲之间的遗传距离呈显著的二次曲线关系,而F1代品质特性爆粒率和膨胀倍数的对照优势与其双亲之间的遗传距离无确定性关系。因此,可以根据亲本间数量性状的综合遗传差异——遗传距离来预测吉林省爆玉米杂种一代的产量优势。 An experiment was conducted in 1990 to 1991 at the university,to study the relationships between genetic distance,cluster analysis and heterosis in popcorn(Zea mays var.everta).Results showed that there is no sense in cludtering parental lines for prediction of yield heterosis,but blood pedigree can beidentifed from cluster analysis.The relation between genetic divergence or distance and yield heterosis of F1 hybrids can be predicted from the genetic distances of their parental lines according to this model,but no definite relation could be found between parental genetic divergence and the quality heterosis of F1 hybrids.     

烟草数量性状遗传距离与杂种优势关系的研究

利用8个数量性状计算了主成分遗传距离,对15个烟草品种进行了聚类,在4.37的阀值下可将15个亲本分为5大类,分类结果与品种地理来源无必然的联系,而与品种的血缘关系有一定的联系,可将烤烟和晒晾烟分开,在一定程度上反映了品种的遗传差异。F1产量杂种优势指数(F1/MP）与亲本间遗传距离（D2）相关系数不显著,二者呈抛物线关系。在D2<5.63的范围内,二者呈一直线关系,二者相关系数为0.511**,达极显著水平,在此范围内随D2增大,优势指数增大,杂种优势增大,当D2>5.63时,亲本间D2增大,优势指数呈下降趋势。建议在杂种优势利用中选择遗传距离中等偏小的品种做亲本。 Abstract:Fifteen tobacco parental cultivars of 24 hybrids were classified into five groups on 4.37 clustering level by the genetic distance calculated on 8 agronomic quantitative characters. The relative cultivars were clustered into the same group. The result of correlation analysis showed that there was a parabola relationship between genetic distance (D2)and yield heterosis (F1/Mp). WhenD2<5.63, the correlative coefficient was significant(r=0.511**), and the heterosis increased with the increasing of genetic distance. When D2>5.63, the heterosis decreased with the increasing of genetic distance. Therefore, in order to obtain higher heterosis of yield in tobacco, it might be better to choose cultivars with small to medium genetic distance as crossing parents.     

蛋鸡品系RAPD变异及其与杂种优势关系的分析

为探讨RAPD标记在家鸡杂种优势预测中的应用价值, 分析了力康白壳蛋鸡纯系的RAPD变异及其与杂种优势的关系。5个纯系内和系间显示出低水平的变异。根据品系间遗传距离DS用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,品系a、e、d聚为一类, 而h、l聚为另一类。简单线性相关分析表明,父系相似系数与F1代的60周龄产蛋数存在正相关而与蛋重的杂种优势率存在负相关;母系相似系数与产蛋数的杂种优势率存在高度负相关。但品系间遗传距离与各性状及其杂种优势率之间没有显著的相关关系。 Abstract　To assess the value of RAPD markers for the prediction of heterosis in chicken, analyses of data from a crossbreeding experiment and RAPD assays of 5 Leghorn white shell lines (a, d, e, h, l) were conducted. The RAPD showed a low level of variability within and among 5 lines. The dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA based on inter-line genetic distance (DS), which indicted that 5 lines were clustered into two groups: one consisting of line a, e, d, and the other line h, l. The above results were consistent with the pedigree information of the pure lines. By using linear correlation, it was shown that similarity coeffcient within paternal line was positively correlated with 60-week egg number and negatively correlated with the heterosis for egg weight, and that similarity index within maternal line was highly negatively correlated with the heterosis for egg number. However, no significant correlations between genetic distance and traits or their heterosis were found.     

Additive and Over-dominant Effects Resulting from Epistatic Loci Are the Primary Genetic Basis of Heterosis in Rice

A set of 148 F9 recombinant inbred lines （RILs） was developed from the cross of an indica cultivar 93-11 and japonica cultivar DTI13, showing strong F1 heterosis. Subsequently, two backcross F1 （BCFI） populations were constructed by backcrossing these 148 RILs to two parents, 93-11 and DT713. These three related populations （281BCF1 lines, 148 RILs） were phenotyped for six yield-related traits in two locations. Significant inbreeding depression was detected in the population of RILS and a high level of heterosis was observed in the two BCF1 populations. A total of 42 main-effect quantitative trait loci （M-QTLs） and 109 epistatic effect QTL pairs （E-QTLs） were detected in the three related populations using the mixed model approach. By comparing the genetic effects of these QTLs detected in the RILs, BCF1 performance and mid-parental heterosis （HMp）, we found that, in both BCF1 populations, the QTLs detected could be classified into two predominant types： additive and over-dominant loci, which indicated that the additive and over-dominant effect were more important than complete or partially dominance for M-QTLs and E-QTLs. Further, we found that the E-QTLs detected collectively explained a larger portion of the total phenotypic variation than the M-QTLs in both RILs and BCF1 populations. All of these results suggest that additive and over-dominance resulting from epistatic loci might be the primary genetic basis of heterosis in rice.     

Epigenetic Variations in Plant Hybrids and Their Potential Roles in Heterosis

Heterosis,one of the most important biological phenomena,refers to the phenotypic superiority of a hybrid over its genetically diverse parents with respect to many traits such as biomass,growth rate and yield.Despite its successful application in breeding and agronomic production of many crop and animal varieties,the molecular basis of heterosis remains elusive.The classic genetic explanations for heterosis centered on three hypotheses:dominance (Davenport,1908;Bruce,1910;Keeble and Pellew,1910;Jones,1917),overdominance (East,1908;Shull,1908) and epistasis (Powers,1944;Yu et al.,1997).However,these hypotheses are largely conceptual and not connected to molecular principles,and are therefore insufficient to explain the molecular basis of heterosis (Birchler et al.,2003).Recently,many studies have explored the molecular mechanism of heterosis in plants at a genome-wide level.These studies suggest that global differential gene expression between hybrids and parental lines potentially contributes to heterosis in plants (e.g.,Swanson-Wagner et al.,2006;Zhang et al.,2008;Wei et al.,2009;Song et al.,2010).Research suggests that genetic components,including cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors,are critical regulators of differential gene expression in hybrids (Hochholdinger and Hoecker,2007;Springer and Stupar,2007;Zhang et al.,2008).However,other research indicates that epigenetic components,the regulators of chromatin states and genome activity,also have the potential to impact heterosis (e.g.,Ha et al.,2009;He et al.,2010;Groszmann et al.,2011;Barber et al.,2012;Chodavarapu et al.,2012;Greaves et al.,2012a;Shen et al.,2012).     

波尔山羊及其杂交改良后代群体遗传结构与亲缘关系研究

利用RAPD标记和POPGENE、PHYLIP及SPSS等统计分析软件,研究了波尔山羊及其杂交改良后代群体的遗传结构及遗传亲缘关系。结果表明,波尔山羊与其杂交改良后代间特别是高代杂种间具有相似的多态基因座百分率、等位基因数和基因多样性。随着级进杂交改良代数的递增,高代杂种之间以及与改良亲本之间的群体遗传结构的差异逐渐缩小,群体间的基因分化降低,基因流动和遗传相似度增加,遗传距离缩小,高代杂种与波尔山羊间具有更近的遗传亲缘关系。 Abstract:The genetic structure and relationship of Boer goat and its upgrading offspring to Tangshan Diary goat were studied using the RAPD marker and some statistical program,such as POPGENE,PHYLIP and SPSS.The results indicated that there were the similar percentage of polymorphic loci,observed and effective number of alleles,gene diversity between Boer goat and its upgrading offspring,especially higher upgrading offspring.With the increasing of upgrading,the difference of population structure decreased as well as the genetic distance and differentiation among higher upgrading offspring and their improving parental,but gene flow and genetic identity increased.There was a close genetic relationship between higher upgrading offspring and Boer goat.     

Isozyme Analysis of F 5 and BC 1F 4 from Cultivated Barley (Hordeum vulgare)× Roegneria ciliaris

栽培大麦,纤毛鹅观草,属间杂种,酯酶,过氧化物酶 ISOZYME ANALYSIS OF F5 AND BCiF4 FROM CULTIVATED BARLEY ( HORDEUM VULGARE ) ~ ROEGNERIA CILIARIS LI Wan-Ji LI Yi-Ping L1U Fang Abstract Esterase and peroxidase isozymes were analysed in the variants including 4 types, 16 lines of Fs, BC1F4 and the parents derived from cultivated barley ( Hordeum vulgare cv. Arupo) x Roegneria ciliaris (Trin.) Nevski in young roots, shoots, spikes and seeds. The zymogram patterns of esterase and peroxidase demonstrated that the 16 lines of F5 and BC1F4 had all or most bands of the cultivated barley parent cv. "Arupo", 1 to 3 bands from the male R. ciliaris, and new hybrid isozyme bands in various amount. Some bands of parent "Arupo" were lost. It suggested that the genetic substances come from R. ciliaris were stably inherited to the progenies of selfing and backcrossing, and there were some variations among the lines. There was certain relationship between isozyme variance and plant characters. Thus, in identifying the translocation lines by isozyme analysis, it would be preferable to study the various organ-specific isozymes or to trace one type of isozyme pattern in consequence.     

Index selection on seed traits under direct, cytoplasmic and maternal effects in multiple environments

Crop seeds are important sources of protein, oil, and carbohydrates for food, animal feeds, and industrial products. Recently, much attention has been paid to quality and functional properties of crop seeds. However, seed traits possess some distinct genetic characteristics in comparison with plant traits, which increase the difficulty of genetically improving these traits. In this study, diallel analysis for seed models with genotype by environment interaction （GE） effect was applied to estimate the variance-covariance components of seed traits. Mixed linear model approaches were used to estimate the genetic covariances between pair-wise seed and plant traits. The breeding values （BV） were divided into two categories for the seed models. The first category of BV was defined as the combination of direct additive, cytoplasmic, and maternal additive effects, which should be utilized for selecting stable cultivars over multi-environments. The three genetic effects, together with their GE interaction, were included in the second category of BV for selecting special lines to be grown in specific ecosystems. Accordingly, two types of selection indices for seed traits, i.e., general selection index and interaction selection index, were developed and constructed on the first and the second category BV, respectively. These proposed selection indices can be applied to solve the difficult task of simultaneously improving multiple seed traits in various environments. Data of crop seeds with regard to four seed traits and four yield traits based on the modified diallel crosses in Upland cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） were used as an example for demonstrating the proposed methodology.     

Behavior of meiotic chromosomes in Pinus wallichiana, P. strobus and their hybrid and nrDNA localization in pollen mother cells of the hybrid by using FISH

The complete process of meiosis was investigated in Pinus wallichiana, P. strobus and their artificial hybrid （F1） using microsporocytes. It is revealed that there were slightly lower chiasma frequency, lower ring bivalent frequency, lower meiotic index and distinctly higher frequency of aberrance （chromosomal bridges, fragments or micronuclei） in pollen mother cells （PMCs） of the hybrid （F1） than those of the parental species, which showed a certain degree of differentiation between homologous chromosomes of the two parents. However, relatively higher frequency of ring bivalents and higher meiotic index in all the three entities indicate the great stability of genomes of parental species, and the differentiation of genomes between the two parents must have been slight. Total nineteen signal loci of 18S rDNA were observed in nine bivalents of the hybrid （F1）, among which one bivalent bears two loci, while the others have only one. It is suggested that distinct differentiation at genetic level existed in homologous chromosomes of the two parental species, whereas only slight differentiation at karyotypic and genomic levels take place between the parent species.     

中籼杂交水稻亲本多态性的AFLP分析

对15个籼型杂交水稻亲本进行AFLP分析,结果表明：亲本间遗传距离小,在0.0589~0.3305之间,平均为0.2033。15个亲本按类平均法可聚为两类,Ⅰ类为不育系,Ⅱ类为恢复系。其中Ⅱ类又分为两个亚类,Ⅱ-1不含明恢63血缘、Ⅱ-2全部含明恢63血缘。Ⅰ/Ⅱ-1与Ⅰ/Ⅱ-2间的遗传距离无明显差异,揭示恢复系的遗传基础较一致,这可能是当前的品种不能超过汕优63的重要原因之一。要提高水稻的杂种优势,需丰富亲本的遗传基础,扩大其遗传差异。 Abstract:The polymorphisms were analyzed in 15 semilate indica parental materials with AFLPs.The genetic distances between parental materials were small with an average of 0.2033,ranged from 0.0589 to 0.3913.Fifteen parental materials were classified into two groups,cytoplasmic male-sterile lineⅠand restorer line Ⅱ.The latter were classified into two subgroups,Ⅱ-1 and Ⅱ-2.SubgroupⅡ-2 was consanguinity with Minghui63.The genetic distances between male-sterile line and two restorer line subgroups(Ⅱ-1 and Ⅱ-2) did not show significant difference,indicating that the genetic bases of restorer lines were similar,which maybe one of major reasons for the yield still not surpassing Shanyou63 in indica hybrid rice presently.To increase the heterosis of hybrid rice,we must enrich the genetic diversity and expand the genetic differences between parental lines.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

棉铃虫钙粘蛋白N端多肽多克隆抗体制备及对Bt抗性的初步检测

用重组表达的棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)中肠钙粘蛋白N端多肽片段制备兔多克隆抗体,并利用其对Bt抗性进行鉴定。通过RT-PCR方法对棉铃虫中肠钙粘蛋白N端多肽的基因片段Cad285进行PCR扩增,将其克隆到pET-30a原核表达载体中,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中经IPTG诱导表达,得到35ku的重组融和蛋白,融合表达的包涵体经过变性、Ni-NTA柱亲和纯化、复性等方法处理包涵体,获得可溶性纯化蛋白,用纯化后蛋白免疫新西兰兔制备多克隆抗体,ELISA检测其效价高于1∶16000;利用最终获得的多克隆抗体对室内纯合Bt抗/感品系的棉铃虫中肠钙粘蛋白进行Western blot分析,结果显示敏感和抗性品系之间有明显差异,表明其能够应用对Bt抗性进行初步检测。     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

青蒿素生物合成机理研究现状

本文总结了目前有关青蒿素生物合成机理方面的研究,主要包括青蒿素生物合成中生理因子的影响,青蒿素生物合成中间体及前体,青蒿素生物合成细胞定位等。指出了存在的一些问题及今后的研究发展前景。