普通小麦相关研究进展在遗传学理论教学中的应用

普通小麦(T.aestivum L.)又称异源六倍体小麦,其基因组是由来自3个不同二倍体祖先且亲缘关系较近的基因组(A、B和D)构成。普通小麦的进化历程一直是遗传学教学中阐述物种形成和染色体数目变异机制的经典案例。近年来,伴随着科学技术的快速发展和应用,普通小麦的相关研究在细胞学水平、分子水平、基因组水平均取得了重大突破和进展。本文对普通小麦最新研究成果进行了梳理和总结,将相关前沿科学内容与遗传学各章节的理论教学相结合,并应用于遗传学的理论教学中。这不仅是对经典遗传学教材内容的补充和发展,同时也能够让学生认识到遗传学是一门不断发展的自然科学,在提高学生学习兴趣的同时,实现对遗传学基本内容和前沿科学动态的系统学习。     

使用染色体数目符号的建议

我们感到目前使用染色体数目的符号不够准确,常常看到一些文章、小册子是这样叙述染色体数目的。 “以”表示基本染色体组的染色体数,称为单倍体,则含有二个染色体组的细胞或个体称为二倍体,用2n表示;含有三个染色体组的细胞或个体称为三倍体,用3n表示;依此类推,还有四倍体、五倍体、六倍体……可用4n、5n、6n……表示。凡体细胞中具有二倍以上的染色体数的生物均称为多倍体,包括三倍体、四倍体、五倍体……等”。 “小麦属的多倍体系有一粒小麦,体细胞染色体数2n=14;二粒小麦,体细胞染色体数2n=28,为异源四倍体;普通小麦,体细胞染色体数2n=42,为异源六倍体”。 这种说法并不少见。开始“以n代表基本染色体     

对双倍体与二倍体、单倍体与一倍体概念的看法

当我们讲到细胞染色体数目变异时,往往会遇到讲解双倍体与二倍体,单倍体与一倍体这四个概念,感到有些混淆不清。这是由于目前所出版的遗传学教科书和一些参考资料对这些名词概念没有统一的提法,多数书只提到二倍体与单倍体的概念,认为含有二个染色体组的生物体称为二倍体。认为二倍体生物所产生的配子(含一个染色体组)称为单倍体。有些书把二倍体也叫双倍体,单倍体也称一倍体,那更不确切。我认为,双倍体应对单倍体而言,二倍体应对一倍体而言。双倍体应该是指凡是能产生配子的生物体,它的合子染色体数用2n表示。包括二倍体,四倍体,六倍体等。双倍体的配子(染色体数减半)称为单倍体,用n表示。那么,二倍体,四倍体,六倍体的单倍体     

染色体倍性的几个重要概念及表示方法

为清楚理解和掌握染色体数目变异的内容,必须弄清有关染色体数目变异的一些重要概念,如染色体组、单倍体与一倍体、Zn、n、x符号的含意等。现将一些概念的确切含意叙述如一F。染色体倍性是指细胞中含的染色体组数,又分整倍性和非整信性,整倍性是指细胞中所含有的染色体组都是完整的染色体组,如单倍体、二倍体、三倍体等。非整倍性是指细胞中所含的染色体组处于不完整状态,一般指二倍体种成对染色体的成员增加了或减少了。在二倍体细胞或个体中,能维持配子正常功能,包括一定数目、形态结构和一定基因组成的一套染色体称为染色体组或…     

二倍体多年生类玉米及其与玉米的杂种的染色体Giemsa C-带的研究

利用Giemsa C-带显带技术分析亲本及其杂种体细胞有丝分裂中期核型的结果表明,二倍体多年生类玉米的大多数显带都在染色体的长臂末端,第1、2、9染色体的短臂末端也显带。所显现的带纹比玉米的稍小些。这些是与玉米不相同的。玉米除第9染色体的短臂末端显带外,其他染色体均为长臂近末端显带。根据两个亲本的同源染色体Giemsa C-带带型的特点表明,在杂种F_1的体细胞中,能够鉴别出来一组染色体来自父本二倍体多年生类玉米和另一组染色体来自母本玉米。作者还讨论了Giemsa显带技术在植物细胞遗传学特别是玉米细胞遗传学上的利用价值和重要性。     

中国遗传学会召开植物体细胞遗传和染色体工程讨论会

中国遗传学会植物体细胞遗传和染色体工程学术讨论会于1982年4月10日至15日在新落成的陕西省武功农业科技中心召开。来自26省市的173名代表出席了会议,在大会宣读的论文有:“植物细胞工程研究的现状和问题”,“蓝粒单体小麦研实”,“由异源八倍体小冰麦创制二体异附加系”,“将簇毛麦种质转移给小麦的研究”,“谈谈细胞融合问题”,“小麦花粉来源的非整倍体和异倍体”,“大豆-烟草杂种细胞系的染色体和     

普通小麦7B染色体两类低拷贝专化DNA序列的特性

研究表明 ,多倍体小麦基因组中存在一类低拷贝、染色体专化的DNA序列 ,其在多倍体形成时常表现出不稳定性。这类序列被认为在异源多倍体的建立和稳定中起着关键作用。为进一步研究这一问题 ,对通过染色体显微切割从普通小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)中分离的 5个 7B染色体专化DNA序列的特性进行了研究。以这些序列为探针对大量的多倍体小麦和它们的二倍体祖先物种进行了Southern杂交分析。结果表明 ,这些序列可被分为两种类型 :其中的 4个序列与所有的多倍体物种均杂交 ,但是在二倍体水平上 ,它们却只与和多倍体小麦B基因组紧密相关的物种杂交 ,这说明这些序列是在二倍体物种分化以后产生的 ,然后垂直传递给多倍体 ;其中的 1个序列与所有的二倍体及多倍体物种均杂交 ,暗示在多倍体形成后这些序列从A和D基因组中消除了。用这一序列分别与一个人工合成的六倍体和四倍体小麦进行Southern杂交的结果表明 ,序列消除是一个迅速的事件而且很可能与这些序列的甲基化状态有关。认为这些低拷贝的染色体专化序列对于多倍体形成后部分同源染色体之间的进一步分化起着重要作用。     

利用小麦微卫星引物建立簇毛麦染色体组特异性标记

选位于普通小麦1A-7A、1B-7B、1D-7D染色体上的102对微卫星引物对多年生簇毛麦、二倍体簇毛麦、小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体与后代和普通小麦中国春、R25、R111、MY11进行了PCR扩增, 发现引物对Xgwm301可以在含簇毛麦染色体的材料中扩出一条长415 bp的特异片段(命名为Xgwm301/415), 而所有供试小麦均未扩出此片段。进而用一套中国春-二倍体簇毛麦附加系来进行扩增, 发现1V-7V染色体均可以扩出该片段, 说明该片段为簇毛麦1V-7V染色体所共有。因此, Xgwm301/415是簇毛麦染色体组上的一个特异片段, 可以用来快速跟踪检测导入到普通小麦背景中的簇毛麦染色体。     

普通小麦7B染色体两类低拷贝专化DNA序列的特性

研究表明, 多倍体小麦基因组中存在一类低拷贝、染色体专化的DNA序列, 其在多倍体形成时常表现出不稳定性.这类序列被认为在异源多倍体的建立和稳定中起着关键作用.为进一步研究这一问题, 对通过染色体显微切割从普通小麦( Triticum aestivum L.)中分离的5个7B染色体专化DNA序列的特性进行了研究.以这些序列为探针对大量的多倍体小麦和它们的二倍体祖先物种进行了Southern杂交分析.结果表明, 这些序列可被分为两种类型:其中的4个序列与所有的多倍体物种均杂交, 但是在二倍体水平上, 它们却只与和多倍体小麦B基因组紧密相关的物种杂交, 这说明这些序列是在二倍体物种分化以后产生的,然后垂直传递给多倍体; 其中的1个序列与所有的二倍体及多倍体物种均杂交, 暗示在多倍体形成后这些序列从A和D基因组中消除了. 用这一序列分别与一个人工合成的六倍体和四倍体小麦进行Southern杂交的结果表明, 序列消除是一个迅速的事件而且很可能与这些序列的甲基化状态有关. 认为这些低拷贝的染色体专化序列对于多倍体形成后部分同源染色体之间的进一步分化起着重要作用.     

普通小麦双端二体的细胞学行为及在易位系检测中的应用

端体是指具有端着丝粒的染色体,它是非整倍体的一种表现形式,是由普通小麦完整染色体的错分裂而产生的。最早于四十年代,在普通小麦中发现了3B和4D染色体的各两个端体。随后,许多学者又发现了普通小麦的其它端着丝粒染色体。Sears在以“中国春”为材料培育出的缺体、单体、三体和四体的完整系列的基础上,近年来制备出了42个染色体臂的完整端体系列,并通过对“中国春”单体自交后代的不断选择、鉴定,得到了除7DL以外     

A method to recognize distant repeats in protein sequences

An automated algorithm is presented that delineates protein sequence fragments which display similarity. The method incorporates a selection of a number of local nonoverlapping sequence alignments with the highest similarity scores and a graphtheoretical approach to elucidate the consistent start and end points of the fragments comprising one or more ensembles of related subsequences. The procedure allows the simultaneous identification of different types of repeats within one sequence. A multiple alignment of the resulting fragments is performed and a consensus sequence derived from the ensemble(s). Finally, a profile is constructed form the multiple alignment to detect possible and more distant members within the sequence. The method tolerates mutations in the repeats as well as insertions and deletions. The sequence spans between the various repeats or repeat clusters may be of different lengths. The technique has been applied to a number of proteins where the repeating fragments have been derived from information additional to the protein sequences. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The Primary Structure of an Entamoeba histolyticaβ-Hexosaminidase A Subunit

ABSTRACT. An Entamoeba histolytica gene ( hex-A1 ) that encodes subunit A of the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase has been cloned and sequenced. The inferred 59 kDa hex-A1 protein has the same molecular weight and 32% amino acid residue identity with the human and mouse proteins and 28% residue identity with the Dictyostelium protein. Northern blot analysis identified a mRNA of approximately 1.6 kb, which is in agreement with the expected size of a mRNA encoding the 522 amino acid hex-A1 protein. Southern blot analysis indicated the presence of at least two β-hexosaminidase A subunit genes.     

Availability of short amino acid sequences in proteins

Much attention is being paid to protein databases as an important information source for proteome research. Although used extensively for similarity searches, protein databases themselves have not fully been characterized. In a systematic attempt to reveal protein-database characters that could contribute to revealing how protein chains are constructed, frequency distributions of all possible combinatorial sets of three, four, and five amino acids ("triplets," "quartets," and "pentats"; collectively called constituent sequences) have been examined in the nonredundant (nr) protein database, demonstrating the existence of nonrandom bias in their "availability" at the population level. Nonexistent short sequences of pentats were found that showed low availability in biological proteins against their expected probabilities of occurrence. Among them, six representative ones were successfully synthesized as peptides with reasonably high yields in a conventional Fmoc method, excluding the possibility that a putative physicochemical energy barrier in forming them could be a direct cause for the low availability. They were also expressed as soluble fusion proteins in a conventional Escherichia coli BL21Star(DE3) system with reasonably high yield, again excluding a possible difficulty in their biological synthesis. Together, these results suggest that information on three-dimensional structures and functions of proteins exists in the context of connections of short constituent sequences, and that proteins are composed of evolutionarily selected constituent sequences, which are reflected in their availability differences in the database. These results may have biological implications for protein structural studies.     

Sequencing and analysis of a genomic fragment provide an insight into the Dunaliella viridis genomic sequence

Dunaliella is a genus of wall-less unicellular eukaryotic green alga.Its exceptional resistancesto salt and various other stresses have made it an ideal model for stress tolerance study.However,very littleis known about its genome and genomic sequences.In this study,we sequenced and analyzed a 29,268 bpgenomic fragment from DunalieIla viridis.The fragment showed low sequence homology to the GenBankdatabase.At the nucleotide level,only a segment with significant sequence homology to 18S rRNA wasfound.The fragment contained six putative genes,but only one gene showed significant homology at theprotein level to GenBank database.The average GC content of this sequence was 51.1%,which was muchlower than that of close related green algae Chlamydomonas (65.7%).Significant segmental duplicationswere found within this fragment.The duplicated sequences accounted for about 35.7% of the entireregion.Large amounts of simple sequence repeats (microsatellites) were found,with strong bias towards(AC)_n type (76%).Analysis of other Dunaliella genomic sequences in the GenBank database (total 25,749bp) was in agreement with these findings.These sequence features made it difficult to sequence Dunaliellagenomic sequences.Further investigation should be made to reveal the biological significance of these uniquesequence features.     

窄叶鲜卑花(Sibiraea angustata)nrDNA ITS和cpDNA trnL-F序列分子进化特点的分析

应用PCR产物直接测序法分析了窄叶鲜卑花居群间nrDNA(核糖体DNA)ITS序列和cpDNA(叶绿体DNA)trnL-F的碱基差异,并与cpDNAtrnS-G序列和rpl20-rps12序列进行比较,从而初步研究两套植物基因组的变异速率。采用改良的CTAB法从硅胶干燥的窄叶鲜卑花叶片中提取总DNA,并对nrDNA ITS和cpDNAtrnL-F区域进行扩增、纯化、测序。nrDNA ITS序列共有601 bp,有变异位点3处,变异位点百分率为0.05%,(G+C)含量为41.4%。cpDNAtrnL-F序列共有927 bp,有变异位点1处,变异位点百分率0.01%,(G+C)含量为32.6%,两种序列的核苷酸多样性非常低。比较发现,窄叶鲜卑花nrDNA ITS区域较cpDNAtrnS-G序列和rpl20-rps12序列保守,变异速率较慢,比cpDNAtrnL-F序列变异速率稍快。通过对ITS序列单倍型(haplotype)进行分析发现,窄叶鲜卑花现有分布范围经历了居群近期范围扩张,与叶绿体基因组(trnS-G和rpl20-rps12序列)得出的结论一致。因此,窄叶鲜卑花nrDNA ITS序列适合该种的谱系地理学研究。     

A systematic search for protein signature sequences.

Signature sequences are contiguous patterns of amino acids 10-50 residues long that are associated with a particular structure or function in proteins. These may be of three types (by our nomenclature): superfamily signatures, remnant homologies, and motifs. We have performed a systematic search through a database of protein sequences to automatically and preferentially find remnant homologies and motifs. This was accomplished in three steps: 1. We generated a nonredundant sequence database. 2. We used BLAST3 (Altschul and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:5509-5513, 1990) to generate local pairwise and triplet sequence alignments for every protein in the database vs. every other. 3. We selected "interesting" alignments and grouped them into clusters. We find that most of the clusters contain segments from proteins which share a common structure or function. Many of them correspond to signatures previously noted in the literature. We discuss three previously recognized motifs in detail (FAD/NAD-binding, ATP/GTP-binding, and cytochrome b5-like domains) to demonstrate how the alignments generated by our procedure are consistent with previous work and make structural and functional sense. We also discuss two signatures (for N-acetyltransferases and glycerol-phosphate binding) which to our knowledge have not been previously recognized.     

一种能识别DNA重复顺序的序列装配方案

提出一种能识别ＤＮＡ重复顺序的序列装配方案。首先通过预筛选和序列联配来判断两处 否真正重叠。然后把来自不同重复区域的所有片段组建成一个重复重叠群（ｒｅｐｅａｔ ｃｏｎｔｉｇ）,而其余片段建成单拷贝重叠群（ｎｏｎｒｅｐｅａｔ ｃｏｎｔｉｇ）。接着重复重叠群被拆分成两个重叠群并与其余的单拷贝重叠群连接成全序列片段顺序。最后按照该全序列片段顺序进行序列多重联配,得到全序列。经过８个目标序列库的验证,表明     

EMBOSS软件包序列分析程序应用实例

本文介绍欧洲分子生物学开放软件包EMBOSS序列分析程序应用实例.第1节简单介绍EMBOSS软件包的概况和基本用法.第2节介绍格式转换、序列提取、序列变换和序列显示等常用序列处理程序.第3节介绍序列比对程序,包括双序列比对、多序列比对和点阵图程序.第4节介绍常用核酸序列分析程序,可用于核苷酸组分统计、开放读码框分析、C...     

基于核糖体基因的鳞钙皮菌种内分子关系分析

为探讨不同地域的鳞钙皮菌Didymium squamulosum种内分子亲缘关系,通过PCR扩增鳞钙皮菌子实体及原质团DNA,得到SSU、ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA基因区域,并以SSU、5.8S rRNA基因片段构建NJ亲缘关系树。