马铃薯Y病毒属病毒HC—Pro蛋白功能研究进展

马铃薯Ｙ病毒属病毒基因组编码的ＨＣ－Ｐｒｏ蛋白（蚜传辅助因子）具有多种功能,在病毒生活中史各个环节中起重要作用。ＨＣ－Ｐｒｏ蛋白具有蛋白酶活性,作为蚜传辅助因子参与病毒蚜传过程,调节病毒中宿主体内的转移,并在病毒复制、宿主症状表达及增强异源病毒复制等方面发挥作用。本文对ＨＣ－Ｐｒｏ蛋白的既定、预测功能作一综述。深入了解ＨＣ－Ｐｒｏ蛋白的功能不仅在理论上有助于明确病毒生活周期,而且在实践上也可根据其     

丙型肝炎病毒与宿主细胞蛋白的相互作用及其意义

蛋白－蛋白的结合是病毒与宿主细胞相互作用的分析基础。随着酵母双杂交系统等研究蛋白－蛋白结合新技术的广泛应用,人们对病毒复制的本质及致病机制有了更新的认识,本文综述了丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）核心蛋白Ｃ及非结构蛋白５Ａ（ＮＳ５Ａ）与宿主蛋白相互作用的进展,并讨论了它们在ＨＣＶ致病中的作用。     

磷酸化病毒蛋白的生物学功能及形成机制

磷酸化是病毒蛋白常见的一种翻译后修饰,在调控病毒与宿主的代谢中起重要作用。生物体内的代谢活动与细胞内的信号转导密切相关,通过磷酸化和去磷酸化修饰可改变蛋白生物活性,从而调控胞内生物信号的传递。磷酸化修饰的病毒蛋白参与调控病毒复制、病毒增殖和病毒粒子装配等一系列病毒的代谢活动,同时也影响宿主细胞内的信号转导,抑制宿主基因组复制和表达。本文就病毒蛋白的磷酸化修饰位点、其生物学功能及磷酸化修饰的分子机制进行综述,为病毒感染性疾病的防控治疗及药物开发提供参考。     

蛋白指纹图——一种新的病毒鉴定系统

<正>病毒蛋白可以通过单向SDS—PAGE进行分离而产生蛋白带图谱。这种图型或称指纹图对于不同的病毒是独特的。如果在病毒复制期间,由于病毒本身诱导或外加诱导抑制宿主蛋白合成,从而排除其干扰的情况下,这一规律可作为鉴定病毒的实用方法而加以应用。最近,我们介绍过一个适用于类似单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)鉴定的蛋白指纹图法。这类病毒在复制期可充分持续地抑制宿主蛋白的合成。 这里,我们介绍对于本身并不引起宿主蛋白合成抑制的病毒蛋白指纹图鉴定方法。该法依赖于在病毒复制期,对宿主蛋白的合成加以选择性地外源抑制。以没有宿主细胞蛋白干扰的感染有病毒的细胞培养物、可以直接显现能以重复的蛋白指纹图。     

狂犬病病毒颗粒的蛋白质组学分析

狂犬病病毒是一种囊膜RNA病毒,主要侵害中枢神经系统,引起人和哺乳动物致命性的脑脊髓炎。现有研究表明囊膜病毒颗粒从感染的细胞中出芽释放时会携带许多可能在病毒的复制过程中发挥重要作用的宿主蛋白。尽管先前已报道某些宿主蛋白可掺入到狂犬病病毒颗粒上,但还没有系统地鉴定狂犬病病毒颗粒上的蛋白质组成。为了理解病毒与宿主间的相互作用的分子机制,本研究在病毒培养和蔗糖密度梯度超离心纯化的基础上,采用蛋白质组学方法分析了纯化的狂犬病病毒颗粒(SRV9弱毒疫苗株)上的蛋白质组成。除了检测到狂犬病病毒编码的五个结构蛋白以外,我们还检测到了50个宿主编码的蛋白。按功能可将其分成十类:胞内转运蛋白(14%),分子伴侣(12%),细胞骨架蛋白(24%),信号转导蛋白(8%),转录调节蛋白(12%),钙离子结合蛋白(6%),酶结合蛋白(6%),代谢作用蛋白(2%),泛素化蛋白(2%),其他功能的蛋白(14%)。利用免疫印迹方法对病毒颗粒上的4个宿主蛋白(肌动蛋白,微管蛋白,微丝结合蛋白和热应激同源蛋白70)进行了验证。本研究首次鉴定了狂犬病病毒颗粒上的宿主蛋白组成,有助于进一步研究该病毒复制与感染机制。     

棉铃虫质型多角体病毒AB两种类型体外复制特性的比较研究

分析比较了棉铃虫质型多角体病毒江苏株Ａ,Ｂ两种类型的离体复制特性,ＨａＣＰＶ－Ａ型病毒可在多种昆早细胞系中复制,而Ｂ型病毒只能在同源细胞系中增殖;Ａ型病毒的感染率和细胞内游离病毒粒子的滴度均高于Ｂ型病毒;感染细胞持续传供表明,ＨａＣＰＶ－Ａ型病毒感染的ＨＡ－８３１细胞在连续传代７次后,感染率从最初的１０．６％上升到８０％以上,反之,Ｂ型病毒的感染的细胞,传供９次后已不能形成典型的多角体。     

同时表达多种外源基因的非复制型重组痘苗病毒的构建

利用非复制型痘苗病毒载体,构建了能同时表达乙型肝炎（乙肝）病毒ＳＳ１、麻疹病毒ＨＡ和Ｆ及白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）的非复制型重组痘苗病毒ＶＩＨＩＬ２△ＣＫＳＳ１,及其相应的复制型重组豇轩病毒ＶＨＦＩＬ２ＳＳ１。这两株重组病毒在ＣＥＦ细胞上连续传至第２５代,经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ,两株病毒均在Ａ２４、Ａ２７间稳定整合有ＳＳ１基因,非复制型重组病毒Ｃ、Ｋ间基因稳定缺失。经ＲＩＡ、ＥＬＩＳＡ及Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ     

黄病毒科病毒编码的非结构蛋白及其功能

黄病毒科病毒是一类具有囊膜的ＲＮＡ病毒,现包括黄病毒、瘟病毒及类丙型肝炎病毒三个属。该科的许多病毒均是引起人和动物一些严重疾病的病原,其基因组为一单股正链的ＲＮＡ分子,分别编码病毒的结构蛋白和非结构蛋白,其中非结构蛋白对于病毒的复制及病毒与其宿主细胞的相互作用起着极为重要的作用。本文综述了该科病毒编码的非结构蛋白及其主要功能,旨在深入了解和研究该科病毒的复制规律,以有助于由该科病毒引起的许多严重病毒病的防治     

肉食兽阿留申病毒VP2和NS1蛋白功能区回顾及比较分析

水貂阿留申病毒(Aleutian mink disease virus,AMDV)是引起水貂阿留申病(Aleutian mink disease,AD)的病原体,归属肉食兽阿留申病毒基因I型,是主要研究的阿留申病毒种。AMDV结构蛋白VP2与病毒趋性、致病性和宿主范围密切相关,非结构蛋白NS1在病毒的复制、转录调控和衣壳组装过程中起重要作用。本文首先回顾了与AMDV的复制、致病性、宿主范围和抗原性相关的VP2、NS1功能位点及区段的研究进展,在此基础上,与近年来发现的其它5种肉食兽阿留申病毒对应位点、区段进行比对分析,有助于认识肉食兽阿留申病毒蛋白功能区的自然变异和预测病毒的未知功能区,为阿留申病毒的蛋白功能研究和疫苗株筛选提供新的视角。     

细小病毒非结构蛋白诱导细胞凋亡研究进展

迄今,据最新报道可感染哺乳动物和禽类的细小病毒有17余种。被感染细胞常出现不同程度的凋亡和坏死,呈现典型以细胞折光性增强、圆缩直至溶解脱落等为特征的细胞病变。NS1蛋白是细小病毒主要的非结构蛋白,其结构和功能保守,在病毒生命周期与感染宿主中扮演重要角色。它不仅影响病毒复制,还参与诱导宿主细胞凋亡。细小病毒NS1蛋白主要经由线粒体途径诱导被感染宿主细胞发生凋亡,本文全面归纳与总结细小病毒NS1蛋白诱导细胞凋亡的分子机制的最新研究进展。     

Helper component‐proteinase enhances the activity of 1‐deoxy‐D‐xylulose‐5‐phosphate synthase and promotes the biosynthesis of plastidic isoprenoids in Potato virus Y‐infected tobacco

Virus‐infected plants show strong morphological and physiological alterations. Many physiological processes in chloroplast are affected, including the plastidic isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway [the 2C‐methyl‐D‐erythritol‐4‐phosphate (MEP) pathway]; indeed, isoprenoid contents have been demonstrated to be altered in virus‐infected plants. In this study, we found that the levels of photosynthetic pigments and abscisic acid (ABA) were altered in Potato virus Y (PVY)‐infected tobacco. Using yeast two‐hybrid assays, we demonstrated an interaction between virus protein PVY helper component‐proteinase (HC‐Pro) and tobacco chloroplast protein 1‐deoxy‐D‐xylulose‐5‐phosphate synthase (NtDXS). This interaction was confirmed using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays and pull‐down assays. The Transket_pyr domain (residues 394–561) of NtDXS was required for interaction with HC‐Pro, while the N‐terminal region of HC‐Pro (residues 1–97) was necessary for interaction with NtDXS. Using in vitro enzyme activity assays, PVY HC‐Pro was found to promote the synthase activity of NtDXS. We observed increases in photosynthetic pigment contents and ABA levels in transgenic plants with HC‐Pro accumulating in the chloroplasts. During virus infection, the enhancement of plastidic isoprenoid biosynthesis was attributed to the enhancement of DXS activity by HC‐Pro. Our study reveals a new role of HC‐Pro in the host plant metabolic system and will contribute to the study of host–virus relationships.     

Host-Specific Involvement of the HC Protein in the Long-Distance Movement of Potyviruses

Plum pox virus (PPV) is a member of the Potyvirus genus that, in nature, infects trees of the Prunus genus. Although PPV infects systemically several species of the Nicotiana genus, such as N. clevelandii and N. benthamiana, and replicates in the inoculated leaves of N. tabacum, it is unable to infect systemically the last host. The long-distance movement defect of PPV was corrected in transgenic tobacco plants expressing the 5"-terminal region of the genome of tobacco etch virus (TEV), a potyvirus that infects systemically tobacco. The fact that PPV was unable to move to upper noninoculated leaves in tobacco plants transformed with the same TEV transgene, but with a mutation in the HC protein (HC-Pro)-coding sequences, identifies the multifunctional HC-Pro as the complementing factor, and strongly suggests that a defect in an HC-Pro activity is responsible for the long-distance movement defect of PPV in tobacco. Whereas PPV HC-Pro strongly intensifies the symptoms caused by potato virus X (PVX) in the PPV systemic hosts N. clevelandii and N. benthamiana, it has no apparent effect on PVX pathogenicity in tobacco, supporting the hypothesis that long-distance movement and pathogenicity enhancement are related activities of the potyviral HC proteins. The movement defect of PPV in tobacco could also be complemented by cucumber mosaic virus in a mixed infection, demonstrating that at least some components of the long-distance machinery of the potyviruses are not strictly virus specific. A general conclusion of this work is that the HC-Pro might be a relevant factor for controlling the host range of the potyviruses.     

马铃薯Y病毒属病毒P3和P3-PiPo蛋白功能研究进展

Potyvirus属于马铃薯Y病毒科Potyviridae,是最大的植物病毒属,给农业生产造成严重的经济损失。P3是Potyvirus属病毒中变异很大、功能较复杂的编码蛋白,涉及到病毒复制、侵染、抗性及细胞间运动;P3-PiPo是P3编码框内新近发现的Potyvirus重要编码蛋白,已证实它在病毒的细胞间运动中起着决定性的作用。对病毒蛋白功能的研究为该属病毒的研究发展提供重要的理论基础,对Potyvirus侵染机制及抗病机理研究具有指导价值。     

Proline-rich regions and motifs in trafficking: from ESCRT interaction to viral exploitation

Most membrane-enveloped viruses bud from infected cells by hijacking the host ESCRT machinery. The ESCRTs are recruited to the budding sites by viral proteins that contain short proline (Pro)-rich motifs (PRMs) known as late domains. The late domains probably evolved by co-opting host PRMs involved in the normal functions of ESCRTs in endosomal sorting and cytokinesis. The solution and crystal structures of PRMs bound to their interaction partners explain the conserved roles of Pro and other residues that predominate in these sequences. PRMs are often grouped together in much larger Pro-rich regions (PRRs) of as many as 150 residues. The PRR of the ESCRT-associated protein, ALIX, autoregulates its conformation and activity. The robustness of different viral budding and host pathways to impairments in Pro-based interactions varies considerably. The known biology of PRM recognition in the ESCRT pathway seems, in principle, compatible with antiviral development, given our increasingly nuanced understanding of the relative weakness and robustness of the host and viral processes.     

Interaction between viral proteins with the transmission of Potyvirus

Potyviridae is the largest family in plant viruses, in which a group of potyviruses constitutes a very important role in causing diseases in plants. The organisation of the viral genome is positive-sense RNA, ranging in size from 9000 to 12000?bp. The viral genome encodes a large polyprotein that is processed by three virus-encoded proteinases (two proteinases and helper component proteinase) to yield the mature products. This review concentrates on the interaction between viral proteins with the transmission of Potyvirus. Transmission and long-distance movement of Potyvirus is only possible through vector and that time interaction between two viral proteins takes place, named as helper component-proteinase and coat protein. Interaction between NIb, NIa, 6K2 as well as with CI (helicase activity) also involved in the replication of potyviruses. Some researchers developed a yeast two-hybrid system and biomolecular fluorescence complementation system technology which proved the interaction among the viral protein. At last all proteins are correlated with each other and play a very significant role in the transmission of Potyvirus.     

Viral genome-linked protein (VPg) controls accumulation and phloem-loading of a potyvirus in inoculated potato leaves

The viral protein covalently linked to the 5' end of the plus-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of potyviruses (genus Potyvirus) can be an avirulence determinant in incompatible potyvirus-host combinations in which the resistance prevents systemic virus infection. The mechanism is not well known. This study shows that virus strain-specific resistance to systemic infection with Potato virus A (PVA) in Solanum commersonii is overcome by a single amino acid (aa) substitution, His118Tyr, in the viral genome-linked protein (VPg). Virus localization and other experiments revealed that Tyr118, controls phloem loading of PVA. The critical boundary may be constituted in phloem parenchyma, companion cells, or both. Tyr118 also controls the cellular level of virus accumulation in infected leaves, including phloem cells. Amino acid substitutions at three additional positions of the central part (aa 116) and C terminus (aa 185) of the VPg and of the N terminus of the 6K2 protein (aa 5) affect virus accumulation and rate of systemic infection but are not sufficient for phloem loading of PVA. These data, together with previous studies, indicate that the PVA VPg aa residues crucial for systemic infection are host specific. Also, our data and previous studies on other potyvirus-host species combinations indicate that the central part of the VPg is a domain with universal importance to virus-host interactions required for systemic invasion of plants with potyviruses.     

口蹄疫病毒与宿主细胞的相互作用研究进展

口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）导致了偶蹄动物口蹄疫的发生,它是一类有着自身特点的RNA病毒。首先,FMDV衣壳蛋白VP1识别结合宿主细胞膜上的整联蛋白等受体,以内吞的方式进入细胞,利用宿主细胞成分完成病毒蛋白的合成。这些新合成的L^pro、2C和3C^pro等病毒致病因子进一步抑制宿主基因的转录和翻译,诱导细胞凋亡和白噬,并抑制干扰素介导的一系列先天性和获得性免疫反应。宿主则在病毒侵染细胞的初期,利用病毒识别受体等来识别病毒并诱导合成干扰素等细胞因子,介导多种免疫反应以清除病毒。病毒和宿主两者在持续的利用和较量中完成疾病的发生和痊愈等。其次,不断发现的病毒受体、结合基序、致病因子及宿主细胞的多种免疫调节因子将成为相关领域新的研究内容。综上,开发高效安全疫苗、增强自身免疫力及利用RNAi直接抑制病毒RNA等便成为现代FMDV防治的主要内容。     

Virus variants with differences in the P1 protein coexist in a Plum pox virus population and display particular host-dependent pathogenicity features

Subisolates segregated from an M-type Plum pox virus (PPV) isolate, PPV-PS, differ widely in pathogenicity despite their high degree of sequence similarity. A single amino acid substitution, K109E, in the helper component proteinase (HCPro) protein of PPV caused a significant enhancement of symptom severity in herbaceous hosts, and notably modified virus infectivity in peach seedlings. The presence of this substitution in certain subisolates that induced mild symptoms in herbaceous hosts and did not infect peach seedlings suggested the existence of uncharacterized attenuating factors in these subisolates. In this study, we show that two amino acid changes in the P1 protein are specifically associated with the mild pathogenicity exhibited by some PS subisolates. Site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated that both substitutions, W29R and V139E, but especially W29R, resulted in lower levels of virus accumulation and symptom severity in a woody host, Prunus persica. Furthermore, when W29R and V139E mutations were expressed concomitantly, PPV infectivity was completely abolished in this host. In contrast, the V139E substitution, but not W29R, was found to be responsible for symptom attenuation in herbaceous hosts. Deep sequencing analysis demonstrated that the W29R and V139E heterogeneities already existed in the original PPV-PS isolate before its segregation in different subisolates by local lesion cloning. These results highlight the potential complexity of potyviral populations and the relevance of the P1 protein of potyviruses in pathogenesis and viral adaptation to the host.