Myricetin in Tagetes: Chemosystematic significance

Myricetin 3- and 7-glucosides, as well as other flavonoid glycosides were identified in four species of Tagetes. The presence of myricetin glucosides in Asteraceae is reported for the first time. Some chemosystematic and evolutionary implications are discussed.     

重金属超富集植物东南景天毛状根的诱导

为建立重金属超富集植物东南景天(Sedum alfredii)的毛状根诱导体系,采用发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)A4侵染叶片,研究了预培养时间、侵染时间和共培养时间对毛状根诱导率的影响。结果表明,东南景天叶片外植体的预培养时间为48 h、农杆菌侵染时间为6 min、共培养时间为48 h是适宜的毛状根诱导时间,毛状根的诱导率可达85%。PCR检测表明诱导的毛状根中存在rol B基因片段。这是东南景天首次建立用发根农杆菌诱导毛状根体系。     

长药景天对重金属镉胁迫的生理及形态响应

以长药景天为实验材料,通过模拟重金属镉(Cd)污染,采用原子吸收光谱法和比色法,确定了Cd在长药景天体内积累最多的部位及长药景天对Cd(NO3)2的耐受浓度阈值;并采用半薄切片法、扫描电镜法及X射线能谱法对100μmol·L-1 Cd(NO3)2胁迫下长药景天的应答进行分析研究。结果表明:(1)Cd(NO3)2胁迫后,Cd在长药景天根、茎、叶中的分布情况为根茎叶。(2)在100μmol·L-1 Cd(NO3)2浓度处理下,长药景天能够进行正常的生理代谢,且无明显的Cd中毒现象。(3)100μmol·L-1 Cd(NO3)2处理后,长药景天根表面发生皱缩,根毛明显增多,外表皮与皮层细胞难以区分,薄壁细胞层数明显多于对照组根部皮层细胞层数,排列紧密、不规则,根部横截面积有增大趋势。(4)100μmol·L-1 Cd(NO3)2处理后,Cd在长药景天根部的分布情况为表皮皮层中柱。研究认为,长药景天能够耐受浓度为100μmol·L-1 Cd(NO3)2的胁迫,在修复土壤Cd污染方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

镉对超积累和非超积累生态型东南景天内生细菌多样性的影响

重金属胁迫对植物内生细菌群落结构的影响在很大程度上是未知的,目前也很少有研究超积累植物内生细菌的群落结构与多样性对根际土壤中重金属的响应。【目的】探索在不同镉污染水平下,超积累(HE)和非超积累生态型(NHE)东南景天的根系、茎和叶片中内生细菌的群落结构与多样性的变化及其差异性,试图从植物-内生菌之间的相互关系的角度补充解释2种生态型东南景天对有效态镉忍耐和积累能力的差异。【方法】采用Illumina新一代测序方法分析了在不同Cd~(2+)浓度土壤上生长的2种生态型东南景天根、茎和叶中的内生细菌群落结构。【结果】高浓度Cd~(2+)抑制NHE东南景天的生长,内生细菌的丰富度和多样性也降低;然而,高浓度Cd~(2+)促进HE东南景天的生长,茎和根系内生细菌的丰富度增加。在3种土壤上,2种生态型东南景天叶片、茎和根系内生细菌均以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)占优势。随着土壤中Cd~(2+)浓度的增加,HE东南景天叶片中Gammaproteobacteria纲、Negativicutes纲和Clostridia纲的相对丰度显著增加,茎中Alphaproteobacteria纲的相对丰度显著增加,Clostridia纲的相对丰度显著减少;NHE东南景天叶片中Alphaproteobacteria纲、Gammaproteobacteria纲和Clostridia纲的相对丰度没有显著变化,茎中Negativicutes纲的相对丰度显著减少,根系中Betaproteobacteria纲和Clostridia纲的相对丰度显著减少,Negativicutes纲却显著增加。在高Cd~(2+)污染土壤(50mg/kg)上,HE东南景天叶片中Sphingomonas属和茎中Veillonella属的相对丰度均大于NHE,且HE东南景天根系内生细菌的第一、第二、第三优势菌Veillonella、Sphingomonas、Prevotella属细菌均没有出现在NHE东南景天根系。【结论】土壤Cd~(2+)污染水平对2种生态型东南景天叶、茎、根中的内生菌群落结构有显著影响。     

Myricetin and quercetin methyl ethers from Haplopappus integerrimus var. Punctatus

Nine flavonoids including two new myricetin derivatives, myricetin 3′,4′-dimethyl ether and myricetin 3,3′, 4′-trimethyl ether, were obtained from Haplopappus integerrimus var. punctatus. The known compounds are quercetin 7,3′-dimethyl ether, querectin 3,3′-dimethyl ether, isorhamnetin, quercetin 3,7-dimethyl ether, quercetin 3-methyl ether, quercetin and quercetin 3-β-d-glucoside.     

干旱胁迫下景天植物能量水平与超微弱发光的关系

该试验以德景天幼苗为材料,设计PEG、PEG+H_2O_2、PEG+苯甲酸钠、蒸馏水(CK)4个处理,分析PEG模拟干旱胁迫及活性氧调控干旱胁迫下超微弱发光(ultraweak luminescence,UWL)和能量水平的变化及两者的关系,为揭示UWL的产生及其来源提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)在PEG模拟干旱胁迫过程中,CK和PEG处理德景天叶片的ATP含量、能荷和UWL强度均随着胁迫时间延长呈下降趋势,但PEG处理的上述指标的下降较CK更快、降幅更大。(2)进一步采用H_2O_2和苯甲酸钠调控活性氧的PEG干旱胁迫过程中,PEG+H_2O_2、PEG+苯甲酸钠处理的德景天叶片ATP含量、能荷和UWL强度的变化趋势与PEG处理基本一致,均随胁迫时间的延长呈下降趋势;但PEG+H_2O_2处理的上述指标均低于PEG处理,而PEG+苯甲酸钠处理的上述指标却高于PEG处理。(3)相关分析表明,在干旱胁迫及活性氧调控干旱胁迫下,德景天叶片UWL强度均与ATP含量和能荷呈显著正相关。研究发现,在干旱胁迫和活性氧调控干旱胁迫下,德景天叶片ATP含量和能荷较CK均明显下降,UWL强度也随之明显降低;UWL强度随着以ATP为代表的能量水平的下降而降低,说明植物中UWL的产生与其能量水平的高低显著相关。     

干旱胁迫下景天植物光合作用与超微弱发光的关系

该试验以德景天幼苗为试材,设计PEG、PEG+H_2O_2、PEG+苯甲酸钠、蒸馏水(CK)4个处理,分析20%PEG模拟干旱胁迫、以及活性氧调控干旱胁迫下超微弱发光(UWL)和光合作用参数的变化特征及其两者的关系,为揭示UWL的产生及其来源提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)在PEG模拟干旱胁迫过程中,CK和PEG处理的德景天叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)和叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、叶绿素总量(Chl)以及UWL强度均随处理时间呈下降趋势,但PEG处理的以上所有指标的下降较CK更快、降幅更大。(2)H_2O_2和苯甲酸钠调控PEG干旱胁迫过程中,PEG+H_2O_2、PEG+苯甲酸钠处理的Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci、Chla、Chlb、Chl以及UWL强度的变化趋势与PEG处理基本一致,均随处理时间呈下降趋势,但PEG+H_2O_2处理的上述光合指标和UWL强度均低于PEG处理,PEG+苯甲酸钠处理的光合指标和UWL强度却均高于PEG处理。说明苯甲酸钠处理具有缓解干旱胁迫并提高UWL强度的作用。(3)相关分析显示,干旱胁迫及活性氧调控干旱胁迫下UWL强度均与各光合指标呈显著正相关关系。研究发现,在干旱胁迫和活性氧调控干旱胁迫下德景天光合作用参数较CK均明显下降,UWL强度也随之明显降低;德景天叶片UWL强度随着光合作用效率的下降而降低,说明植物UWL的产生与其光合作用的强弱显著相关,植物UWL强度能够反映植物受到的逆境胁迫的程度。     

Effects of hydration conditions on the stroma inclusion of some CAM chloroplasts

Abstract The tubular protein inclusion of the chloroplasts of some CAM plants was found to maintain its normal pattern of accumulating by day and dissolving at night when the hydration state of the chloroplasts was reversed by promoting influx of water during the day and efflux of water during the night. Morphometric study of the chloroplast inclusion of Sedum telephium supports our suggestion that the behaviour of the aggregate of tubules is independent of the water content of the chloroplasts.     

江西景天属一新种——溪水景天

【目的】作者于2021年在中国江西东北部阳际峰国家级自然保护区进行林木种质资源调查时发现一种景天科（Crassulaceae）景天属（Sedum L.）植物,该种与已报道的同属植物均有区别,本文予以论述并确定其分类学地位。【方法】跟踪阳际峰上多个种群,在不同物候期进行详细观察和形态学比较,确定其相近种及区别特征;进而通过文献检索和标本查询确定其在全国分布情况。【结果】该种营养枝在幼苗阶段呈莲座状,最相似种为细小景天(Sedum subtile Miq.),区别特征包括;前者具有发达且3叶轮生的不育枝、花茎上每分枝5~16朵花,苞片匙状倒披针形,后者不育枝细弱且叶互生或对生、花茎每分枝3~5朵花、苞片线形。【结论】该种为景天科一新种,命名为“溪水景天”（Sedum fluviale B. Chen & Z. W. Zhu）。该种专一性地生于溪流环境,分布范围较广,包括江西、浙江、福建、安徽、湖南、贵州等省区,此前存在较多错误鉴定的情况。模式标本存放于上海辰山植物标本馆（CSH）。     

抑制水稻细菌性条斑病菌的没食子酸分离及其对水稻细菌性条斑病的防治作用

通过液—液萃取、硅胶和凝胶柱层析法,从佛甲草(Sedum lineare)分离出一种可以抑制水稻细菌性条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xoc)生长的单体化合物,经质谱分析,确定该化合物为没食子酸(gallic acid,GA)。在30 mg·m L-1浓度下,GA能抑制一些植物病原细菌如桃细菌性穿孔病菌(X.campestris pv.pruni)、水稻细菌性条斑病菌(X.oryzae pv.oryzicola)、水稻白叶枯病菌(X.oryzae pv.oryzae)、柑橘溃疡病菌(X.axonopodis pv.citri)、大豆细菌性斑点病菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv.glycinea)、番茄细菌性斑点病菌(P.syringae pv.tomato)和胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌(Pectobacterium carotovora subsp.carotovora)的生长;GA还对11种植物病原真菌如烟草疫霉(Phytophthora nicotianae)、指状青霉(Penicillium digitatum)、滇刺枣褐腐病菌(Streptobotrys streptothrix)、瓜果腐霉(Pythium aphanidermatum)、芒果拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis mangiferae)、新月弯孢霉(Curvularia lunata)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niverum)、西瓜专化型尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum f.sp.nicotianae)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)和齐整小核菌(Sclerotium rolfsii)的生长具有一定的抑制作用。在300 mg·m L-1浓度下,GA对水稻细菌性条斑病的田间防治效果达到64.62%。该研究结果表明没食子酸具有开发成为一种防治水稻细菌性条斑病的杀菌剂的潜力。     

Chloroplast ultrastructure in two Crassulacean species and an F1 hybrid with differing biomass δ13C values

Abstract. The chloroplasts of two species of the Crassulaceae and their F₁ hybrid were compared by electron microscopy. The two species had contrasting leaf tissue δ¹³C values of −25°/_∞ ( Sedum greggii ) and −13°/_∞ ( Cremnophila linguifolia ), and the F₁ hybrid had a value of − 18°/_∞. S. greggii had a mean of 8.9 thylakoids per granum in contrast to C. linguifolia which had a mean of only 3.8 thylakoids per granum. The F₁ hybrid had a mean of 6.4 thylakoids per granum. Crystaloids were observed in S. greggii and the hybrid but not in C. linguifolia     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Light period of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: Control of carbon transfer from malic acid to carbohydrates by CO2 concentration

In the CAM plants, Kalanchoë tubiflora (Harvey) Hasset, Sedum morganianum E. Walth and Sedum rubrotinctum R. T. Clausen, the effects of CO₂ concentrations on the light-dependent ¹⁴C transfer from the nocturnally synthetized [14C]-malic acid to starch have been studied. CO₂ concentrations up to 5 × 103 μ1 1–1 did not inhibit this carbon transfer. Higher CO₂ concentrations, however, were increasingly inhibitory. At 104 μl 1–1 CO₂, the carbon transfer was practically prevented.
The malic acid consumption in the light showed the same response to CO₂ concentrations as the [^l4C]-transfer. Photosynthesis itself was not inhibited by the CO₂ concentrations applied. It is assumed that, during phase III of CAM, light controls the internal CO₂ concentration via photosynthesis; and that the internal CO2 concentration then controls the rate of malate decarboxylation.     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Aquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung