药用菌防治老年痴呆研究进展

老年痴呆是现代老龄社会的常见病,对社会和病人的家庭都有重大的影响,因此老年痴呆有效成分已成为当今人们关注的研究热点之一,国内外抗痴呆化学药物的研究已取得了一定的进步,但由于此类药物具有较大的毒副作用,而药用菌则具有天然性和低毒副作用等特点,因而已成为科学家新的研究方向。药用菌抗肿瘤和提高免疫力等保健功效的研究已引起广泛的关注,而关于其抗痴呆的研究报道则较少见。本文就目前药用菌抗痴呆的研究进展作一阐述。     

食药用菌液体发酵及功能活性成分研究现状与展望

利用食药用菌液体发酵技术可获得品质稳定、产物可控、富含多种有效营养和活性成分的功能性原料。本文系统总结了食药用菌液体发酵技术的研究现状和瓶颈,以及食药用菌液体发酵产物中的主要成分和功效,并与栽培子实体进行了比较。通过对食药用菌液体发酵技术瓶颈突破的展望,为食药用菌液体发酵产物的进一步应用提供参考。     

近十年中国重要食药用菌研究进展

食用菌跻身我国第五大农作物,我国已经成为名副其实的食药用菌大国。本文对近十年来食药用菌重要种类名称变更、人工培植或栽培技术的突破和基因组学研究的进展进行了综述。随着分子系统学研究的深入,灵芝、黑木耳、毛木耳、桑黄等重要种类的名称得到更正和完善;冬虫夏草、羊肚菌、暗褐网柄牛肝菌等难栽培种类在全世界范围内首次实现人工栽培;大多数常见食药用菌种类完成了基因组解析。分析了分类和系统发育研究、生物学研究、组学研究与食药用菌产业发展的关系,基础研究促进食药用菌产业发展,同时产业发展为基础研究提出更多的科学问题。     

桑黄等十种食药用菌抗氧化和延缓衰老功效的比较研究

以桑黄、桦褐孔菌、灵芝、蛹虫草、姬松茸、鸡腿菇、猴头、灰树花、香菇和杏鲍菇等十种食药用菌作为研究对象,利用超氧阴离子和过氧化氢自由基清除模型、H2O2和NaN3分别诱导的PC12细胞氧化损伤和细胞衰老模型,比较了10种食药用菌醇提物抗氧化和抗衰老功效。研究结果表明,200 mg/mL桑黄、桦褐孔菌和灵芝子实体醇提物对超氧阴离子和过氧化氢的清除率分别为96.11%±0.30%、75.92%±0.77%、65.60%±6.66%和99.31%±0.03%、97.51%±0.05%、71.01%±0.79%;对PC12细胞氧化损伤和细胞衰老的修复作用分别达到0.868%±0.078%、0.270%±0.004%、0.261%±0.013%和1.419%±0.070%、0.693%±0.036%、0.701%±0.031%,均明显好于其它食药用菌。     

松茸多糖提取方法、结构分析及生物活性研究进展

松茸是一种珍贵的食药用菌,营养丰富。含多糖、蒽醌类、酚类、三萜、甾醇等多种生物活性物质,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、抗辐射等多种生物活性。多糖是松茸重要的生物活性物质,具有广泛的药理活性,本文综述了松茸多糖的提取工艺、纯化、结构分析及生物活性,为松茸多糖保健品及药品的开发提供参考。     

基于髓源性抑制细胞的食药用菌多糖抗肿瘤免疫作用机制

髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs)是一种异质性的免疫调节细胞。在癌症机体中,MDSCs是主要的免疫抑制细胞,通过多种途径诱导T淋巴细胞衰竭和凋亡,促进肿瘤细胞逃逸,从而导致肿瘤不受控制地生长,是癌症治疗的主要障碍。目前,MDSCs是癌症药物研究的热点和关键靶点。近年来,研究报道显示多糖可下调MDSCs在癌症患者及肿瘤实验动物体内数量和比例,并诱导免疫抑制功能丧失。食药用菌多糖是天然多糖的主要来源,可以通过多种途径激活肿瘤免疫应答,其抑制MDSCs功能的研究报道逐年增多,目前研究主要集中在香菇多糖、灵芝多糖等部分种类。因此,本文简要描述髓源性抑制细胞在癌症中的免疫抑制功能,然后详细地综述食药用菌多糖对髓源性抑制细胞作用的研究进展,以期为食药用菌多糖在肿瘤免疫药物开发及辅助增强(如免疫检查点抑制剂)等免疫治疗提供新思路。     

重要食药用菌多糖降血糖分子机制研究进展

目前以糖尿病为代表的糖代谢紊乱疾病愈演愈烈,严重危害人体健康.食药用菌多糖因其具有良好的调节糖代谢作用而被关注,但其调节糖代谢的作用机制并未被很好地综述.本文从关键基因、蛋白、信号通路等方面综述了食药用菌活性多糖的降血糖机制,包括抑制蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B(Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-1B,...     

CRISP R/Cas9介导的基因组编辑技术在食药用菌中的研究进展

CRISPR/Cas9凭借其独特的技术优势成为目前最成功的基因编辑技术。本文综述了CRISPR/Cas9介导的基因组编辑技术在双孢蘑菇、球孢白僵菌、蛹虫草、灰盖鬼伞、灵芝、裂褶菌、竹黄、玉蜀黍黑粉菌和金针菇等食药用菌中应用的研究进展,分析了目前食药用菌CRISPR/Cas9系统研究中存在的关键问题及可能的解决方案。CRISPR/Cas9系统有望在食药用菌分子育种、多基因功能研究和高通量基因筛选方面发挥重要作用。     

羊肚菌化学成分及药理活性研究进展

羊肚菌是羊肚菌属(Morchella Dill.ex Pers.)真菌的总称,是一类珍稀食药用菌,营养成分丰富,药用价值高。文中对国内外近50年来发表的有关羊肚菌的化学成分及药理作用的研究进行了综述。化学研究结果显示羊肚菌含有多类化学成分,包括酶、多糖、氨基酸、甾醇、有机酸和微量元素等;药理研究发现羊肚菌具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗疲劳、抗衰老、保护心血管系统、胃黏膜、肾脏和肝脏等多方面的药理活性。     

辽宁省浑河源自然保护区食药用菌资源调查

为查明辽宁省浑河源自然保护区大型真菌的资源情况,合理利用和开发当地野生食药用菌资源,本研究经过两年的系统调查和采集,得到大型真菌标本610余份,采用传统的形态学鉴定方法,得到283种食药用菌,隶属于2门6纲20目53科122属,其中食用菌124种,药用菌130种。结果表明,当地的食药用菌资源十分丰富,具有开发利用的潜力,同时也说明当地充足水源和保护完整的森林生态对于大型真菌的生长是有积极作用的,因而在开发和利用野生食药用菌资源时,要重视对生态环境的保护。     

DPD simulation of non-Newtonian electroosmotic fluid flow in nanochannel

We use the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method to simulate the non-Newtonian electroosmotic flow (EOF) through nanochannels. Contrary to a large amount of past computational efforts dedicated to the study of EOF profile, this work pays attention to the EOF of non-Newtonian fluids, which has been rarely touched in past publications. Practically, there are many MEMS/NEMS devices, in which the EOF behaviour should be treated assuming both non-continuum and non-Newtonian conditions. Therefore, our concern in this work is to simulate the EOF through nanochannels considering both non-Newtonian fluid properties and non-continuum flow conditions. We have chosen DPD as our working tool because it provides several important advantages comparing with the classical time consuming molecular dynamics method. Using the DPD method, we explore the effect of a few important fluid properties and nanochannel parameters on the EOF behaviour and the resulting flow rate magnitudes. Our investigation will result in a number of findings, which have not been reported in past research works.     

富硒虫草的研究进展

虫草是传统名贵中药,具有抗癌、抗菌、调节免疫、降血脂、降血糖等广泛的药理作用;硒是人体必需的微量元素,具有抗癌、抗氧化、抗衰老等多种生理功能,与许多种疾病密切相关。利用虫草菌将无机硒转化为有机硒,实现虫草与硒的有机结合,研究功能更好的富硒虫草,无论作为药用、保健品还是补硒食品都具有很重要的现实意义。本文综述二十余年来富硒虫草的研究状况。     

A critique of race-based and genomic medicine

Now that a composite human genome has been sequenced (HGP), research has accelerated to discover precise genetic bases of several chronic health issues, particularly in the realms of cancer and cardiovascular disease. It is anticipated that in the future it will be possible and cost effective to regularly sequence individual genomes, and thereby produce a DNA profile that potentially can be used to assess the health risks for each person with respect to certain genetically predisposed conditions. Coupled with that enormous diagnostic power, it will then depend upon equally rapid research efforts to develop personalized courses of treatment, including that of pharmaceutical therapy. Initial treatment attempts have been made to match drug efficacy and safety to individuals of assigned or self-identified groups according to their genetic ancestry or presumed race. A prime example is that of BiDil, which was the first drug approved by the US FDA for the explicit treatment of heart patients of African American ancestry. This race-based approach to medicine has been met with justifiable criticism, notably on ethical grounds that have long plagued historical applications and misuses of human race classification, and also on questionable science. This paper will assess race-based medical research and practice in light of a more thorough understanding of human genetic variability. Additional concerns will be expressed with regard to the rapidly developing area of pharmacogenomics, promoted to be the future of personalized medicine. Genomic epidemiology will be discussed with several examples of on-going research that hopefully will provide a solid scientific grounding for personalized medicine to build upon.     

Bringing Conservation Medicine into the Veterinary Curriculum: The Tufts Example

The Center for Conservation Medicine at Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine (TuftsCCM), has helped to define the concept of conservation medicine as a new science that examines the interaction between human, animal, and environmental health. One the Center’s main objectives in pursuing this new science has been to incorporate conservation medicine and ecosystem health principles into the veterinary curriculum. Environmental influences on disease dynamics in animals has always had a place in veterinary medicine, but often has not been adequately explored. Many opportunities exist within a traditional veterinary curriculum to strengthen this perspective, and to bring depth and new meaning to the understanding of disease and the role of animals in ecosystem health. The Tufts program is designed to reach both the general veterinary student and the student interested in a career in conservation medicine through core teaching, elective opportunities, research opportunities, and extracurricular seminars and workshops. The core curriculum exposes every veterinary student to an ecosystem health perspective of veterinary medicine that helps them realize the impact that this approach can have on their professional lives, regardless of their chosen specialty. Committed conservation medicine students benefit from specialty courses, a wide range of experiential and field research opportunities and active mentoring. Future challenges call for development of more graduate opportunities, continued interdisciplinary collaboration with other educational institutions, and continued curricular integration of this new paradigm of health and disease into veterinary medical education.     

医院科研管理与创新对转化医学实施的推动作用

转化医学是近年来国际医学界推崇的一个重要医学理念,正日益成为生命科学和医学研究关注的热点。转化医学已不仅强 调临床医学与基础医学的结合,而且涉及多个学科之间的融会贯通。因此,医院科研管理的支持和重视程度转化医学实施的主要 动力,而科研项目的创新性、可行性是决定转化医学研究立项的关键。我院自2010 年成立转化医学研究中心以来,已将多项成果 成功转化并应用于临床实践,为生命科学研究领域中人类健康计划的发展提供了借鉴。本文结合我院实际,分析科研管理对转化 医学成果实施的促进作用,为医疗机构的科研管理人员提供参考。     

益生菌抗衰老作用机制研究进展

衰老会引起机体诸多不良的生理变化并增加对疾病的易感性,明确引发衰老的机制对于寻找其干预措施至关重要。研究发现,自由基氧化应激、炎症性衰老、免疫衰老、肠道菌群失调是引发衰老的相关机制。益生菌被报道具有潜在的延缓衰老作用,比较分析了常用益生菌抗衰老评价模型,并从衰老引发机制出发,重点综述了益生菌对肠道菌群的调节机制和抗衰老相关信号通路的影响,旨为进一步研究益生菌抗衰老作用提供新思路。     

Use of Anti-aging Herbal Medicine, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lycium barbarum</Emphasis>, Against Aging-associated Diseases. What Do We Know So Far?

Lycium barbarum (Gouqizi, Fructus Lycii, Wolfberry) is well known for nourishing the liver, and in turn, improving the eyesight. However, many people have forgotten its anti-aging properties. Valuable components of L. barbarum are not limited to its colored components containing zeaxanthin and carotene, but include the polysaccharides and small molecules such as betaine, cerebroside, beta-sitosterol, p-coumaric, and various vitamins. Despite the fact that L. barbarum has been used for centuries, its beneficial effects to our bodies have not been comprehensively studied with modern technology to unravel its therapeutic effects at the biochemical level. Recently, our laboratory has demonstrated its neuroprotective effects to counter neuronal loss in neurodegenerative diseases. Polysaccharides extracted from L. barbarum can protect neurons against beta-amyloid peptide toxicity in neuronal cell cultures, and retinal ganglion cells in an experimental model of glaucoma. We have even isolated the active component of polysaccharide which can attenuate stress kinases and pro-apoptotic signaling pathways. We have accumulated scientific evidence for its anti-aging effects that should be highlighted for modern preventive medicine. This review is to provide background information and a new direction of study for the anti-aging properties of L. barbarum. We hope that new findings for L. barbarum will pave a new avenue for the use of Chinese medicine in modern evidence-based medicine.     

Community medicine for clinicians in Canada: a recommendation for postgraduate training.

A large gap presently exists between the predominantly biologic expertise of the medical profession and the complex mixture of biologic, behavioural and epidemiologic components of health problems today. Furthermore, the development of community medicine in Canada has been relatively separate from that of the clinical disciplines. To enable clinicians to acquire the knowledge and skills to manage these health problems, much more community-oriented research, applied behavioural science and clinical epidemiology is needed within the clinical sector of medicine. I have proposed a definition of clinical community medicine and presented a strategy for training clinicians in community medicine skills that calls for administrators of clinical postgraduate programs to develop training in clinical community medicine. Residency programs in community medicine cannot be expected to provide such training given their nonclinical priorities, which focus mainly on the training of public health physicians.     

Homeopathic Medicine in the City of Oaxaca, Mexico: Patients'' Perspectives and Observations

This article looks at the growth and use of homeopathic medicine in the city of Oaxaca, Mexico. Based on interviews with 174 male and female patients from half of the homeopathic clinics in the city, this research examined attitudes toward disease causation and how one stays healthy. Findings suggest that women are better at monitoring and trying to improve their health than are their male counterparts. Although homeopathy enjoys a strong and almost devoted following, women seem to be more convinced of the overall efficacy of homeopathic medicine than do men.     

天然抗氧化剂茶多酚的健康作用及其机理

喝茶有助于健康,可以预防一些疾病,这已被流行病学研究所证实。研究表明,茶叶中对身体健康非常有益的物质是具有很强抗氧化能力的茶多酚,茶多酚占茶叶干重的30%左右。茶多酚可以有效地清除氧自由基和脂类自由基,预防脂质过氧化,而且具有抑制肿瘤发生、延缓衰老等功能。本文就茶多酚的健康作用及其分子机理做一综述,其中大部分为我们实验室研究和发表在国内外杂志上的成果。